Time And Motion Study

Time And Motion Study

1. 11
Time and Motion StudyTime and Motion Study
Rebecca JohnstonRebecca Johnston
Operations ManagementOperations Management
Dr. FosterDr. Foster

2. 22
Time and Motion Study: Time and Motion Study:
DefinedDefined
A method created to determine the A method created to determine the
‘correct time’ it takes to complete a ‘correct time’ it takes to complete a
certain taskcertain task
A method to establish ‘the one best A method to establish ‘the one best
way to perform a task’way to perform a task’

3. 33
Time and Motion Study: Time and Motion Study:
PurposesPurposes
To end ‘goofing off’ and to establish To end ‘goofing off’ and to establish
what constituted a fair days workwhat constituted a fair days work
To make sure that the job being To make sure that the job being
evaluated does not include any evaluated does not include any
unnecessary motion by the workerunnecessary motion by the worker

4. 44
Time and Motion Study: Time and Motion Study:
HistoryHistory
Frederick W. Taylor and his followers Frederick W. Taylor and his followers
developed and refined the Time Studydeveloped and refined the Time Study
Frank B. Gilbreth and his wife Lillian Frank B. Gilbreth and his wife Lillian
developed and refined the Motion developed and refined the Motion
StudyStudy
Historically the two studies are Historically the two studies are
discussed individually, today they discussed individually, today they
generally are discussed as onegenerally are discussed as one

5. 55
Time and Motion Study: Time and Motion Study:
In your OrganizationIn your Organization
Historically: T&M Historically: T&M
Studies were used in Studies were used in
the manufacturing the manufacturing
industry to evolve pay industry to evolve pay
scales with the scales with the
thought that money thought that money
was the only was the only
motivation for work motivation for work

6. 66
Time and Motion Study: Time and Motion Study:
In your OrganizationIn your Organization cont’dcont’d
Today:Today:
–T&M Studies can be effective for T&M Studies can be effective for
performance evaluationsperformance evaluations
–T&M Studies can be used for planning T&M Studies can be used for planning
purposes in order to predict the level of purposes in order to predict the level of
output that may be achievedoutput that may be achieved
–T&M Studies can be used to uncover T&M Studies can be used to uncover
problems and create solutionsproblems and create solutions
–T&M Studies can be used for time cost T&M Studies can be used for time cost
analysisanalysis

7. 77
Time and Motion Study: Time and Motion Study:
ObjectiveObjective
The objective of the Time and Motion Study is The objective of the Time and Motion Study is
to determine a ‘normal’ or average time for a to determine a ‘normal’ or average time for a
job, by using observers to record exactly how job, by using observers to record exactly how
much time is being devoted to each task. much time is being devoted to each task.

8. 88
How it Works How it Works Step-by-StepStep-by-Step
1. Establish the 1. Establish the
standard job standard job
method.method.
2. Break down the2. Break down the
job into elementsjob into elements
3. Study the job.3. Study the job.
4. Rate the worker’s 4. Rate the worker’s
performanceperformance

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How it Works How it Works Step-by-Step cont’dStep-by-Step cont’d
5. Compute the average time5. Compute the average time
6. Compute the normal time6. Compute the normal time
Nt=(t)(RF) orNt=(t)(RF) or
Normal Time=(elemental average time)Normal Time=(elemental average time)
(rating factor)(rating factor)
7. Compute the standard time7. Compute the standard time
ST=(Nt)(1+AF) orST=(Nt)(1+AF) or
Standard Time=(Normal cycle time)Standard Time=(Normal cycle time)
(1+Allowance factor)(1+Allowance factor)

10. 1010
Time and Motion Study:Time and Motion Study:
In ActionIn Action
How do medical residents How do medical residents
spend their time at the spend their time at the
hospital?hospital?

11. 1111
In ActionIn Action cont’dcont’d
1. Coders/observers training was the1. Coders/observers training was the
2. Activities were broken down into 2. Activities were broken down into
separate categories, 67 in totalseparate categories, 67 in total
3. The exact number of minutes per task 3. The exact number of minutes per task
were determinedwere determined
4. Percentages of time devoted to each 4. Percentages of time devoted to each
task were calculatedtask were calculated

12. 1212
In ActionIn Action cont’dcont’d
A total of 13,383 minutes of activities A total of 13,383 minutes of activities
were observed between the 8 were observed between the 8
residentsresidents
Residents were involved in 1,726 Residents were involved in 1,726
coded activitiescoded activities
These activities averaged 7.75 minutes These activities averaged 7.75 minutes
each with a standard deviation of 14.5 each with a standard deviation of 14.5
minutesminutes

13. 1313
Time and Motion Study: Time and Motion Study:
ExerciseExercise
1.053.574
1.104.213
1.155.292
1.102.511
RFt (min)Element Compute the Compute the
standard time standard time
for this job using for this job using
an allowance an allowance
factor of 20 factor of 20
percent. percent.

14. 1414
SolutionSolution
Use the formula Use the formula
(t)(RF)=Nt(t)(RF)=Nt
Element 1Element 1
(.251)(1.10)=.2761(.251)(1.10)=.2761
Element 2Element 2
(.529)(1.15)=.6084(.529)(1.15)=.6084
And so on for And so on for
element 3 and 4element 3 and 4
.3749.3571.053.574
.4631.4211.104.213
.6084.5291.155.292
.2761.2511.102.511
NttRFT(min)Element
To get the normal cycle
time you sum the Nt values.
Here = 1.73 min

15. 1515
SolutionSolution
To compute the standard time use the To compute the standard time use the
20 percent allowance factor20 percent allowance factor
Nt(1+AF)=ST Nt(1+AF)=ST
HereHere
1.73(1+.20)=2.081.73(1+.20)=2.08
So the standard time for each element So the standard time for each element
of this job is 2.08 minutes of this job is 2.08 minutes

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Time and Motion Study: Time and Motion Study:
ProblemsProblems
1.1.Observers are not Observers are not
always competentalways competent
2.2.Those conducting the Those conducting the
study are not always study are not always
proficient in the job proficient in the job
being observedbeing observed
3.3.The actions observed The actions observed
are not always are not always
reflective of the group reflective of the group
as a wholeas a whole

17. 1717
Time and Motion Study: Time and Motion Study:
ProblemsProblems cont’d cont’d
Workers may not cooperate with a time and motion study:Workers may not cooperate with a time and motion study:
2.2.They may resent the study if it is being used to They may resent the study if it is being used to
determine the pay scaledetermine the pay scale
3.3.Workers may change the rate at which they workWorkers may change the rate at which they work
4.4.Pressure may increase mistakes madePressure may increase mistakes made
5.5.Workers may alter normal work methods to disrupt the Workers may alter normal work methods to disrupt the
studystudy

18. 1818
ReferencesReferences
Ferguson, David S., Ferguson, David S., Don’t Call it “time and motion studyDon’t Call it “time and motion study”, ”, IIT IIT
SolutionsSolutions, Norcross. May 1997. Vol. 29, Issue 5. , Norcross. May 1997. Vol. 29, Issue 5.
Finkler, Steven A., Finkler, Steven A., A Comparison of work-sampling and time-A Comparison of work-sampling and time-
and-motion techniques for studies in health services researchand-motion techniques for studies in health services research, ,
Health Service ResearchHealth Service Research, Chicago. Dec 1993. Vol. 28, Issue 5., Chicago. Dec 1993. Vol. 28, Issue 5.
Koehler, Kenneth G., Koehler, Kenneth G., Time Cost AnalysisTime Cost Analysis, , CMACMA, Hamilton. May , Hamilton. May
1992. Vol. 66, Issue 4.1992. Vol. 66, Issue 4.
Russell, Roberta; Taylor, Bernard W., Russell, Roberta; Taylor, Bernard W., Operations ManagementOperations Management, ,
Prentice Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. 2000.Prentice Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. 2000.
Stevens, Larry, Stevens, Larry, Time Study Prompts New HR EfficienciesTime Study Prompts New HR Efficiencies, ,
Personnel JournalPersonnel Journal, Santa Monica. April 1994. Vol. 73, Issue 4., Santa Monica. April 1994. Vol. 73, Issue 4.
Stuttaford, Genevieve, Stuttaford, Genevieve, The One Best Way: Fredrick Winslow The One Best Way: Fredrick Winslow
Taylor & the Enigma of EfficiencyTaylor & the Enigma of Efficiency, , Publishers WeeklyPublishers Weekly, New , New
York. March 17, 1997. Vol. 224, Issue 11. York. March 17, 1997. Vol. 224, Issue 11.