TOEIC · Infinitives & Participle and Participle Clause.pptx

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1. Infinitives & Participle TOEIC Preparation

2. Participle Participle Clause Exercise Table of Contents. Infiniteves Gerund Exercise 2 1 2 3 4 5 6

3. An infinitive is a verb form that acts as other parts of speech in a sentence formed with to + base form of the verb Infinitive 1 3

4. Infinitive To + infinitive following the verb . Example: Jim always forgets  to eat The CEO decided to join the agreement He was forced to sign the contract 4 Agree, decide, expect, happen, pretend, promise, manage

5. Infinitive An object following the verb . Example: Jim advised me to visit the doctor The CEO wanted Charlie to join the agreement He forced them to sign the contract 5 advise, allow, expect, forbid, want, force, tell

6. Infinitive A subject at the beginning of a sentence . Example: To travel  around the world requires a lot of time and money To take down the TV station is his ultimate goal To post such news was never his real intention 6

7. Infinitive Infinitive without to (bare infinitive) after object . Example: I have Charlie lead the meeting this time ( have + V0) They let their children play freely inside the arena ( V0 comes after object ) You make me feel this way 7 have, let, make, feel, see, hear, smell, find, watch, notice, sense

8. Infinitive To+ infinitive after adjective . Example: It is difficult to follow what you have just said ( to+infinitive comes after adjective ) Carlisle said it was impossible to register for admission yesterday Comparing yourself to others is not important to hear 8

9. Gerunds are words that are formed with  verbs  but act as  nouns Gerund 2 9 Note: Present participles do not act as nouns. Instead, they act as modifiers or complete progressive verbs

10. Gerund Jogging   is a hobby of mine Jogging is not a verb, but a noun as a subject. Instead, is acts as verb of the sentence. Swimming works for me to build muscle  Gerunds can appear at the beginning of a sentence when used as a subject 10 Gerunds can act as an object following the verb Daniel quit   smoking  a year ago Quit serves similarly to the previous ones and smoking is only a noun. John doesn’t like going outside after 6 PM

11. Gerund They are afraid of   losing  the match Notice that losing is not verb but noun as it comes after preposition of . I manage it  by   working  much longer than 40-hour weeks  Gerunds can serve as an object after a preposition 11 Some verbs and verb phrases are directly followed a gerund Paul avoids   using  chemicals on the vegetables he grows In this case, not every word is eligible to be followed by gerund. I  enjoy singing

12. List of certain words followed by gerund abhor acknowledge admit advise allow anticipate appreciate avoid be worth can’t help celebrate confess consider defend 12 delay detest discontinue discuss dislike dispute dread endure enjoy escape evade explain fancy fear feel like feign finish forgive give up (stop) keep (continue) keep on mention mind (object to) miss necessitate omit permit picture postpone practice prevent put off recall recollect recommend report resent resist resume risk shirk shun suggest support tolerate understand urge warrant

13. However… Some verbs allow either gerund or to + infinitive without changing the meaning 13

14. 14 Example We love scuba diving We love to scuba dive the list goes to: can't bear can't stand cease continue hate love like neglect prefer propose

15. 15 Jojo expected you to help her with piling up documents Jojo is replaced with an object pronoun after the infinitive Subject of Gerund and Infinitive I fear your defeating me in this game You as an object is not used, instead possessive adjective is written to replace it.

16. Any question? If not, have fun with exercise 16

17. Exercise 3 17

18. Exercise 18

19. Exercise 19

20. Exercise 20

21. Not all V- ing /V-ed verbs are gerunds or the main verbs but adjectives Participle and Participle Clause 4 21

22. Participle To talk about the person, thing, or situation that has caused the feeling, use - ing . Example: It was a surprising moment for all the spectators It was such a long,  boring  flight Many people find spiders  frightening 22 All the bold words are adjectives that modify the noun and they cause the feeling (agent)

23. Participle To talk about how someone feels, use -ed . Example: I was really  bored  during the flight She's  interested  in history John's  frightened  of spiders  23 All the bold words are adjectives that modify the noun and they are what nouns feel Note: When making comparative degree, use more and most in these two forms

24. Participle Clause Sebastian reached across for the pipe,  signaling  his agreement Signaling refers to Sebastian as the subject. The ship caused a blockage, stopping all shipment - ing can be used two things at the same time 24 - ing can be used as the results of the first action The bomb exploded,  destroying the building  Destroying is the result of the bomb. Morocco compensated all the citizens,  making them angry

25. Participle Clause Wandering through the woods, my friends and I reminisced about our last trip and the time we spent together. Wandering explains my friends and I as the main clause and the main subject. - ing can be an explanation of the main clause 25

26. Any question? If not, have fun with exercise 26

27. Exercise 27

28. Exercise 28

29. Exercise 29

30. Participle or Gerund? 30

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