TOPIC 1 INTRODUCTION TO PARASITOLOGY.pptx

parasitology

1. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO PARASITOLOGY BT1092 PARASITOLOGY DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY MDM SITI BAINUN BINTI MOHD DALI

2. LEARNING OUTCOME 01 D efine parasite, host, vector, zoonozis 02 D efines types of organism relationships 03 Discuss the life cycles of parasites 04 Explain modes of infection At the end of this lecture, students should be able to:

3. INTRODUCTION 01

4. Fields In Medical Microbiology Bacteriology Virology Parasitology Mycology The study of bacteria The study of viruses The study of parasites The study of fungi

5. Parasitology is the branch of microbiology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another . Medical parasitology deals with the parasites which infect man, the disease they produce, the response generated by our body against the parasite various methods of diagnosis and prevention. PARASITOLOGY

6. Parasite: a living organism which receives nourishment and shelter from another organism where it lives Host: an organism which harbours the parasites Vector: a vector is an agent, usually an insect, that transmits an infection from one human host to another Zoonosis: it means a disease of animals. Leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, trichinelliasis and echinococcosis TERMINOLOGY

7. Type of Hosts De finitive host H ost in which the sexual reproduction of parasite takes place R eservoir host O rganism in which a parasite that is pathogenic for some other species, lives and multiplies usually without damaging its host I ntermediate host U sed normaly by a parasite in the course of it life cycle, in which it may multiply asexually and but not sexually

8. PREPATENCY The phase of the disease between infection and the appearance of diagnosable parasite stages The appearance of tape worm eggs in the faeces Malaria parasites in a routine blood smear This time frame can change with improvements in the sensitivity of diagnostic assays A patent infection is thus at an established diagnosable stage. DISEASE TERMINOLOGY

9. Incubation period: time between infection and the development of symptoms (signs of disease like fever, pain or discomfort) Acute disease Have relatively quick onset and short duration Symptoms worsen into a crisis and then the disease resolve spontaneously into healing, results in the death of the patient or transforms into chronic disease. Chronic disease Develop slowly, persistent and might show no symptoms The parasite survives or persists over time (can be the rest of the life of the patient) DISEASE TERMINOLOGY

10. PARASITE organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets its food from or at the expense of its host. 3 main types: Protozoa eg . Plasmodium spp . Helminthes eg . hookworm, roundworm, tapeworms Ectoparasites (Arthropods) eg . lice, fleas, mites

11. Protozoa : single-celled organisms that generally live inside the body of the host. Includes malaria, ciliates, flagellates an amoeba they obtain nutrition from the host and are able to multiply and increase in number. can be transmitted from one host to another CLASSIFICATION OF PARASITES

12. Helminths: Multicellular parasites that tend to be bilaterally symmetrical helminths are endoparasites Include members of cestode, trematode, and nematodes Using suckers or hooks (found in cestodes and trematodes), to remain attached to the walls of the gastrointestinal tract and continue absorbing nutrients. CLASSIFICATION OF PARASITES

13. Arthropods Multicellular organisms that are bilaterally symmetrical arthropods are ectoparasites ( attached to the skin of the host) have joined appendages used for movement and attachment as well as hard exoskeleton that protects the internal organs of the parasites. Examples of arthropods include lice, fleas, and ticks. CLASSIFICATION OF PARASITES

14. PROTOZOAN

15. LIFE CYCLE Parasite stages are shown in the outer circle and hosts in the centre

16. PORTAL OF ENTRY INTO THE BODY M outh S exual contact C ongenital K issing S kin Inhalation

17. Direct contact : transmitted from an infected site to another site Congenital : some parasite can cross the placental barrier from mother’s blood to the unborn fetus. Eg : malaria and toxoplasmosis Ingestion: food and water contaminated with ova or larvae Arthropod-borne : arthropods serve as vectors Active penetration: larval stage may have the capability of penetrating the host tissues Transfusion: certain blood and tissue parasites. MODE OF INFECTION

18. The individual, as well as the community, must get involved in the prevention of parasitic infections Life cycles of parasites may be interrupted by eradication of the vectors Education about hygiene, eating habits and disposal of human and animal wastes can also be used in combating parasites Treatment of diseased individuals not only relieves the suffering, but also prevents the spread of the disease PREVENTIVE MEASURES

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