TOWN PLANNING STUDY OF KOLKATA REGION.pdf

Town Planning Study Of Kolkata

1. TOWN PLANNING
KOLKATA

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
AR. NITYA DURVE ANUSHA PORWAL
AR. MONIKA SARAF 0809AR201013

2. INTRODUCTION

+ KOLKATA, FORMELY CALCUTTA, CITY, CAPITAL OF
WEST BENGAL STAT, AND FORMER CAPITAL OF
BRITISH INDIA.

«IT ISONE OF INDIA'S LARGEST CITIES AND ONE
OF IT’S MAJOR PORTS. THE CITY IS CENTRED ON
THE EAST BANK OF THE HUGLI RIVER, ONCE THE
MAIN CHANNEL OF GANGA RIVER, ABOUT 96 MILES
(154 KM) UPSTREAM FROM THE HEAD OF THE BAY
OF BENGAL; THERE THE PORT CITY DEVELOPED AS
A POINT OF TRANSSHIPMENT FROM WATER TO
LAND AND FROM RIVER TO SEA.

“A CITY OF COMMERCE, TRANSPORT AND
MANUFACTURE, KOLKATA IS THE DOMINANT
URBAN CENTRE OF EASTERN INDIA.

PLANNING OF KOLKATA

+ PRIVATELY MANY MAY THINK THAT KOLKATA AND
PLANNING LOOK LIKE A MISMATCH. BUT
“COLONIAL KOLKATA HAD NOT ONLY BEEN
PLANNED, IT HAD BEEN SEVERELY PLANNED. THE
IGNORANCE HAS ARISEN BECAUSE THE HISTORY OF
KOLKATA PLANNING WAS NOT WRITTEN ABOUT
BEFORE.”

THE MOST STRIKING ASPECT OF THE LAYOUT OF
THE KOLKATA IS IT'S RECTANGULAR NORTH-SOUTH
ORIENTATION. WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE
CENTRAL AREASWHERE EUROPEANS FORMELY
LIVED, THE CITY HAS GROWN HAPHAZARDLY.

«THE LAYOUT HAS ENCOURAGED THE
DEVELOPMENT OF A PATTERN OF DAILY
COMMUTING THAT HAS OVERBURDENED KOLKATA'S
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM, UTILITIES AND OTHER
MUNCIPAL FACILITIES

+ KOLKATA'S SYSTEMOF STREETS AND ROAD
REFLECTS THE CITY'S HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT.
= THE MAIN ROADS FORM A GRID PATTERN
PRIMARILY IN THE OLD EUROPEAN SECTOR, BUT
ELSEWHERE ROAD PLANNING HAS RANDOM
CHARACTER.

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‘Town Planning

3. CULTURE AND CONTEXT

+ POPULARLY KNOWN AS THE "SOCIAL AND
CULTURAL CAPITAL OF INDIA.

+ KOLKATA IS FAMOUS FOR IT'S RICH AND
VABRANT CULTURE.

2 THE “ADDA CULTURE” IS A SIGNIFICANT FEATURE
OF THE KOLKATA CULTURE.

> FESTIVALS AND CULTURAL EVENTS ARE AN
INTRINSIC PART OF THE KOLKATA CULTURE,
POETRY, MUSIC , DANCE AND THEATRE ARE FINELY
WOVEN INTO THE WHOLE FABRIC OF THE KOLKATA
CULTURE.

CULTURE A
WEST BENGAL IS A PLACE (Í

WHERE PEOPLE FROM ALL V4 =
RELIGION PROSPER. ALONG] J

WITH HINDUISM AND ISLAM, A 7 ct
SMALL POPULATION OF
BUDDHIST AND JAIN ARE ALSO CULTURE
PRESENT.

FESTIVALS

DURGA PUJA IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FESTIVAL AND
AND THE MOST GLAMOROUS EVENT IN KOLKATA
DURING THIS CULTURE OF BENGAL CAN BE PERCEIVED
AT IT’S MOST COLOURFUL. OTHER NOTABLE FESTIVALS
INCLUDE JAGADDHATRI PUJA, DIWALI, SARASWATI
PUJA, EID, HOLI, POILA BOISHAK, RATH YATRA, POUSH
PARBON (HARVEST FESTIVAL)

RELIGION PERCENT
Hindus (ml 73%
Muslims 23%
Christians 2
Jains 1%

RELIGION

Town Planning

U Mama

SOCIOLOGICAL MAP
‘OF KOLKATA

‘CONTEXT AROUND LAL BAZAR &
8 GANGULY STREET

DEMOGRAPHICS

«ACCORDING TO THE PROVISIONAL
POPULATION OF 2011, KOLKATA HAS A
POPULATION OF 4486679, WHILE THE
URBAN AGGLOMERATION HAD A
POPULATION OF 13216546 IN 2001.
«THE SEX RATIO 15 928 FEMALES PER
1000 MALES WHICH IS LOWER THAN THE
NATIONAL AVERAGE.

»LITERACY RATE IS 81% THAT EXCEEDS
THE ALL INDIA AVERAGE OF 66%
=KOLKATA MUNCIPAL CORPORATION HAS
THE LOWEST GROWTH RATE AMONG THE
MILLION PLUS CITIES IN INDIA (4.1%)

ECONOMY

AGRICULTURE USED TO BE THE BASIS OF
WEST BENGAL'S ECONOMY. BEFORE
PARTICIPATION IN 1947 THE REGION
USED TO HAVE THE MONOPOLY OF THE
JUTE PRODUCTION. THE LOSS OF THE
RICH AGRICULTURAL HINTERLAND DUE TO
PARTITION AFFECTED SEVERELY THE
AGRO - BASED INDUSTRIES AND WEST
BENGAL'S ECONOMY.

PRIMARY = SECONDARY = TERTIARY
ECONOMY SECTORS

AT PRESENT KOLKATA'S ECONOMY NO
LONGER DEPENDS ON THE PRIMARY
SECTOR. AS AN EMERGING CITY IT IS
STILL IN A TRANSITION PERIOD BETWEEN
SECONDRY AND TERTIARY SECTOR.

4. CITY GROWTH

«THE AREA, WHICH IS SOUTH OF THE MARATHA
DITCH, WAS FULL OF PONDS AND DITCHES AND
SPREADS OF JUNGLES.

+ IN THE SOUTHERN PART IT WAS MOSTLY THE
ENGLISHMEN AND THE RICH BUSINESSMAN WHO
STARTED BUILDING UP HOUSES.

2 THE ONLY DIRECTIONS FOR KOLKATA'S GROWTH
WERE EAST AND SOUTH.

- NORTH WAS ALREADY CONGESTED AND WEST
WAS THE RIVER.

«THE CAPITAL GOT SHIFTED IN 1912 AD TO DELHI.
THE GREAT TANK OF DALHOUSIE SQUARE WAS
DEVELOPED AS AN ADMINISTRATIVE CENTER.

CLIVE STREET TRAMWAYS

«FROM THE MID 19TH CENTURY, THE NUMBER OF
BRITISH MERCANTILE FIRMS MULTIPLIED

+ IN 1852, THE TOWN WAS MADE A MUNICIPALITY
WHICH LATER BECAME MUNCIPAL CORPORATION.
+ AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY, MUNCIPAL
MARKETS WERE A REGULAR FEATURE.

+ BY 1865, SEVENTY ONE FIRMS HAD OPENED
THEIR OFFICES THEIR OFFICES IN CLIVE STREET.
-TRAMWAYS AND STREET LIGHTING WERE
INTRODUCED IN THE CITY,

«WITH DEVELOPMENT OF ROADS, RAILWAYS AND
BRIDGES, KOLKATA BEGAN TO EXPAND.

Town Planning

Analyzing urban spatial patterns and trend of urban growth

HOWRAH PONTOON BRIDGE, 1874

KIDDERPORE DOCK, 1892

+ WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, AND BRIDGES KOLKATA BEGAN
TO EXPAND.

THE TWIN CITIES OF HOWRAH AND KOLKATA WERE LINKED BY A PONTOON
BRIDGE IN 1874.

+ IN 1870, KOLKATA PORT TRUST COMMISSION WAS FORMED.

+ THE KIDDERPORE DOCKS WERE COMPLETED IN 1892.

+ TEA WAREHOUSES ALSO STARTED COMING UP DURING THE ERA.

+ JUTE FOUNDRIES WERE MAILNLY ESTABLISHED IN HOWRAH.

+ EUROPE WAS SUPPLIED WITH INDIGO AND COTTON IN KOLKATA.

«RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIES IN KOLKATA DURING THE END OF 19TH
CENTURY,

THE VICTORIA MEMORIAL WAS BUILT BETWEEN 1906 AND KIDDERPORE IS A
NEIGHBOURHOOD OF METROPOLITAN KOLKATA, IN KOLKATA DISTRICT 1921.

5. CITY GROWTH (PRESENT

= WESTERN SIDE OF THE DITCH WAS ALSO
INHABITED BY THE EUROPEANS.

THE AREA BETWEEN THE PRESENT DAY PARK
STREET AND THE LOWER CIRCULAR ROAD WAS
KNOWN AS CHOWRINGHEE.

THE LOCATION IN THE NORTH, PRIMARILY FOR
THE NATIVE POPULATION HAD IRREGULAR ROAD
OR LANE PATTERN.

+ SEVERAL ROADS HAD DEAD ENDS.

+ ALONG THE BANK OF THE RIVER HOONGLY,
SEVERAL GHATS HAD DEVELOPED.

-'BLACK DOWN’ PATCH BETWEEN THE PRESENT
DAY LENIN SARANI AND PARK STREET

2 THIS AREA IS BETWEEN THE TWO EAST WEST
CORRIDORS MUST HAVE HAD A MIXED
CHARACTER BEING PREDOMINANTLY EUROPEAN
CLOSER TO THE NORTH SOUTH SPINE.

Town Planning

URBAN SETTLEMENT

2 THE URBAN SETTLEMENT OF KOLKATA CAN
BE DEFINED IN TO THREE DEFINITE Ñ
REGIONS, DISTINGUISHED ACCORDING TO
HISTORY, SOCIO - ECONOMIC CULTURE,
AND ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

NORTH KOLKATA
NEIGHBOURHOODS OF
ELITE BENGALIS,

THE BUSINESS DISTRICT
DEVELOPED BY THE

CRAFTS MEN, BRITISH WITH PALATIAL
ARTISIANS, AND STRUCTURES USED AS
TRADERS RESIDENCES FOR BRITIS

OFFICERS.

CENTRAL KOLKATA

SOUTH KOLKATA
NEIGHBOURHOODS OF
UPPER MIDDLE CLASS
BENGALIS

H

NORTH KOLKATA
LOCATION:

"LIES TO THE NORTH OF
ESPLANADE ON THE
EASTERN BANKS OF THE
RIVER.

+ BUILT IN THE AREA WHERE
THERE EXISTED THE
VILLAGE OF SUTANUTI.
"LOW HEIGHT BUILDINGS
WITH MAXIMUM OF
GROUND COVERAGE.

«THE BUILDINGS ARE ALL
ATTACHED TO EACH OTHER
AND HAVE PRACTICALLY NO

CENTRAL KOLKATA
LOCATION:

HIT IS ESTABLISHED ON THE
SITE OF THE GOBINDAPUR
VILLAGE

- MOSTLY COVERED
BETWEEN ESPLANADE AND
THE PARK STREET AND IS
STRETCHED TILL THE LOWER
CIRCULAR ROAD AS IT'S
LIMIT.

+ ADMINISTRATIVE AND THE
COMMERCIAL DISTRICT OF
THE CITY.

- THE BRITISH HAVE NOT

SIDEBACKS. DONE ANY COMPROMISE IN
+ OPEN SPACE IS LESS IN THEIR CITY ROAD LAYOUT,
THIS PART.

SOUTH KOLKATA
LOCATION:

+ IT IS ESTABLISHED ON THE
SITE OF THE GOBINDAPUR
VILLAGE.

+ EXTENDS TO THE EASTERN
WETLANDS AND TO THE
RIVER IN THE WEST.

+ DEFINED BY THE REGION,
WHICH LIES TO THE SOUTH
OF THE LOWER CIRCULAR
ROAD

- PREPLANNED AND HAVE A
DEFINITE CONTROL OVER
THE URBAN FORM.

= THE BUILDINGS HAVE
PROPER SETBACKS ON ALL
THE FOUR SIDES.

6. INFRASTRUCTURES IN CITY

RAIL VIKAS NIGAM LIMITED

= TO BRIDGE THE INFRASTRUCTURE DEFICIT ON
INDIAN RAILWAYS, THE PRIME MINISTER,
BHARAT RATNA LATE ATAL BIHARI VAJPAYEE
ANNOUNCED NATIONAL RAIL VIKAS YOJNA
(NRVY) ON 15TH AUGUST 2002 IN HIS ADDRESS
FROM RED FORT.

«TO IMPLEMENT NRVY, RVNL WAS
INCORPORATED AS A PSU, IT IS 100% OWNED
BY MINISTRY OF RAILWAY (MOR)

«RVNL WORKS FOR & ON BEHALF OF MoR AS AN
EXTENDED ARM, NOT AS AN CONTRACTING
COMPANY,

EMPOWERED TO ACT AS AN UMBRELLA SPV TO
UNDERTAKE PROJECT DEVELOPMENT, RESOURCE
MOBILIZATION ETC. DIRECTLY OR BY CREATING
PROJECT SPECIFIC SPVs OR BY OTHER
FINANCING STRUCTURE FOUND SUITABLE

CA TURNOVER

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A ACHIEVEMENT

Town Planning

TRAM SERVICE

TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
VARIOUS MODE OF TRANSPORT

BUS SERVICE CIRCULAR METRO RAILWAY
RAILWAY

KOLKATA : GATEWAY TO
EASTERN REGION

= KOLKATA WAS THE CAPITAL OF
INDIA TILL 1912.

= THE SECOND TRAIN IN INDIA
FROM HOWRAH TO HOOGHLY IN
1854.

2 THE FIRST TRAMWAYS SERVICE
IN INDIA (HORSE DRAWN) IN
KOLKATA 1873.

2 THE FIRST U/G METRO RAILWAY
IN INDIA STARTED IN KOLKATA
IN 1984

= THE CIRCULAR RAILWAY
STARTED IN 1990.

SA CITY WITH ALL DIFFERENT
MODES OF TRANSPORTATION

EXISTING METRO NETWORK

KOLKATA METROPOLITAN AREA (KMA) - POPULATION
KMA, THE LARGEST URBAN AGGLOMERATION IN EASTERN INDIA, EXTENDS OVER 1851.41
SQ. KM AND ENVELOPES 3 MUNCIPAL CORPORATIONS INCLUDING KOLKATA MUNCIPAL
CORPORATION, 38 MUNICIPALITIES AND 24 PANCHAYAT SAMITIES

7. APPLYING GIS TO URBAN ISSUES IN KOLKATA

MEGACITY - KOLKATA HOW THE LANDUSE CHANGED?

2 THE GREATER KOLKATA EXTENDING URBAN AREA - 26% TO 44%

OVER 1851 SQ. KM AND HOLDING A

POPULATION OF ABOUT 15 MILLION. THE RURAL AREA - 21% TO 12%

KOLKATA MEGACITY 15 BISECTED BY

HOOGHLY RIVER OVER A LENGTH OF WET LAND - 14% TO 5.5%

ABOUT 80 KM.

SOUTHERN FRINGE OF KOLKATA AND VACANT LAND = 4% TO 0.5%

THE BAY IS ABOUT 30 KM. AND AS SUCH

KOLKATA ALWAYS HAS THE RISK OF VEGETATION - 0.5% TO 2%

STORM SURGE DURING THE MONSOON

THROUGH RIVER HOOGHLY STRECHED AGRICULTURE - 25% TO 36%
Er OVER À PERIOD OF FOUR MONTHS.
HS -KOLKATA HAS WITNESSED SERIES OF THE AREA OF KOLKATA METROPOLITAN
Beet ce tor EVENTS INVOLVING SOCIAL AND INCREASED FROM 1552 SQ KM TO 1722 SQ KM
Ha ECONOMIC CHANGES.

bunden Ml Mein Ven can and

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Town Planning

8. WATERBODIES IN KOLKATA