Town planning -tirunelveli

town planning

1. TOWN PLANNING - TIRUNELVELI R.C.MANIKANDAPRABU -1451310001 V.THAMIL AMUDHAN -1451310026 K.ABI ANDREW -1451310027 E.VINOTH KUMAR -1451310028

2. Scope of the Study A critical understanding, analysis and presentation of the various aspects of the urban area as related to the following   Evolution of the settlement over time and urban form thus developed Physical characteristics eg . Land use, Topography, geology etc., People and its composition eg . Age, Sex, Literacy Major employment giving areas Location of housing and community Circulation, mode and movement pattern Amenities and facilities including open spaces Utilities and services network – water, electricity, drainage etc., New areas of development, places of historical interest Tax structure and administrative machinery

3. HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF TIRUNELVELI DISTRICT : Tirunelveli  also known as  Nellai  and historically (during British rule) as  Tinnevelly , is a city in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of the Tirunelveli District. It is the sixth-largest municipal corporation in the state (after Chennai, Madurai, Coimbatore, Tiruchirappalli, Salem). Tirunelveli is located 700 km (430 mi) southwest of the state capital, Chennai and 58 km (36 mi) away from Thoothukudi The city is located on the west bank of the  Thamirabarani River ; its twin city  Palayamkottai  is on the east bank. Tirunelveli is believed to be an ancient settlement; it has been ruled at different times by the  Early Pandyas , the  Medieval  and  Later Cholas , the later Pandyas, the  Ma'bar  and Tirunelveli sultanates, the  Vijayanagar Empire , the  Madurai Nayaks ,  Chanda Sahib , the  Carnatic kingdom  and the  British . The  Polygar War , involving  Palaiyakkarars  led by  Veerapandiya Kattabomman and forces of the British East India Company, was waged on the city's outskirts from 1797 to 1801.

4. The Tirunelveli District was formed in 1790 by the East India Company. Later it came under the direct control of the British Crown Queen Victoria. This has several distinct features of religious importance. In out epics there is a reference to the living of Saint Agasthiyar here. The name Tirunelveli has been derived from three Tamil words, viz , “Thiru-Nel-Veli” meaning “Sacred Paddy Hedge”. The Tirunelveli municipality was constituted on 1 November 1866 as per the Town Improvements Act of 1865.It, initially, covered the area of Tirunelveli alone while the city limits included the neighbouring municipality of  Palayamkottai  as well. tirunelveli was upgraded to a  municipal corporation  in 1994 along with  Tiruchirappalli  and  Salem .

5. Physical characteristics(Land use, Topography, geology): LOCATION OF THE DISTRICT: Tirunelveli district covers an area of 6,823 sq.kms. It is in the south eastern part of Tamil Nadu and is triangular in shape. It lies between 080 08’ and 090 23’ of northern latitudes and 770 09’ and 770 54’ of eastern longitudes. It is bounded by Virudhunagar District in the north, Kerala State in the west, Kanyakumari District and the Gulf of Mannar in the south, and Thoothukudi District in the east. The district comprises Tirunelveli, Cheranmahadevi and Tenkasi Revenue Divisions, 11 taluks, 19 Blocks, 425 Panchayats and 628 Revenue villages. CLIMATE OF THE DISTRICT: The district in general has a tropical climate with minor changes now and then. The temperature at selected places in the year 2010 – 2011 reveals that it varies between 31.10 C and 39.50 C at mean maximum and between 21.40 C and 27.10 C at mean minimum. The District experiences the hottest climate from March to May with mercury reaching 38.50 C at the highest. The climate is comparatively warm during the period from November to February.   TOPOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT: The soil condition of the district can be grouped into two namely, red soil and black soil. The black soil is rich in fertility compared to red soil. In the southeast coast, the soil is deep, loose red loam surfaced by sand with its depth varying from a few inches to 20 feet.

6. IRRIGATION FACILITIES IN THE DISTRICT: Irrigation is the artificial application of water to soil for crop cultivation. As the timing and amount of rainfall are not adequate to meet the moisture requirement of crops, irrigation becomes essential to raise crops for feeding human beings and animals. The irrigation system in Tirunelveli District consists of the river Tamirabarani and its tributaries, Via: Manimuttar, Pachayaru, Nambiyarau, and Chittar which originate in the Western Ghats and meander through the gentle slopes of the midlands. The Tamirabarani confluences in Bay of Bengal. Papasasam, Manimuttar, Chervallar are the major reservoirs and Gadana, Ramanadhi, Karuapanathi, Gundar, Adavi Nainar Kovil. Vadakku Pachaiyar, Kodumudiyaaru and Nambiyaru are the minor reservoirs in the district.

7. Individual classes of Land Use / Land cover in – 1999 and 2006 SETTLEMENTS The area of settlement in 1999 was about 4466.5 (9.26 %) ha, while in the year 2006 the settlement drastically increased by 8462.7 ha (Figs. 43, 44 and Tables.21, 22). In the last 7 years the settlement was increased about 8.29 %. (Fig.45).This change was mainly due to expansion of the urban in the form of newly developed sankar nagar area that was developed in the preexisting water body area

8. FOREST AND ROCK OUTCROP The forest land area in 1999 was 682.5 ha, while in 2006 increased by 2246.1 ha

9. People and its composition ( Age, Sex, Literacy) As per provisional reports of Census India, population of Tirunelveli in 2011 is 473,637; of which male and female are 233,659 and 239,978 respectively. Although Tirunelveli city has population of 473,637; its urban / metropolitan population is 497,826 of which 245,768 are males and 252,058 are females. Tirunelveli City Population 2011

10. Sl. No Item Number 1 Population 28,01,194 2 Density of population per sq.km 411 3 3 Literacy rate in percentage 68.44 4 Total member of workers 11,80,369 5 Marginal workers 74,326 6 a) Male b) Female c) Cultivators d) Agricultural Laborers 13,72,082 14,29,112 2,15,257 3,49,069 Major employment giving areas

11. places of historical interest Sankarankovil: Sankaranayinarkoil  temple was built in the early part of the 11th century C.E. The temple at  Sankarankovil  depicts  Hari  and  Hara  as one God. There is a deity named  Sankara Narayanan , which is half Lord Shiva and half Lord  Vishnu . There is another deity, named  Avodai ambal  or  Gomathi Ambal , after whom the temple is named; it was built by Ukrama Pandiyan in 900 C.E. Sacred sand is available, which is believed curative by some. June is marked by the  Adi Thabasu  festival. Swamy Nellaiappar and Kanthimathi Ambal Temple: The  Nellaiappar Temple  is located at  Tirunelveli . It is rooted in tradition and history, and is known for its musical pillars and other sculpted figures. The nearest airport is Tuticorin Airport (TCR) at  Vagaikulam , a 30-minute drive (32 km) from Tirunelveli.

12. Melaseval Navaneethakrishnan Temple: The Navaneethakrishnan Temple at Melasevel Village, 16 kilometers away from Tirunelveli Town, on the road leading to Ambasamudram , is around 730 Years old. Adhithyavarneshwar Temple, devoted for Lord Shiva is also famous in this village. The sun rays, twice in an year falls straight on the Lingam in the mornings. Annual festivals are conducted at both these temples by people to whom the deity is kuladivam . Old temples around Tirunelveli

13.   RECREATION AND HISTORICAL IMPORTANT AREAS (IN AND AROUND TIRUNELVELI): Manjolai Hills: Located between 1,000 meters (3,300 ft.) and 1,500 meters (4,900  ft ) of elevation, the Manjolai area is set deep within the Western Ghats within the Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve in the Tirunelveli District. Located on top of the Manimuthar Dam and the Manimuthar Water Falls, the Manjolai area comprises tea plantations, small settlements, the Upper Kodaiyar Dam and a windy view point called Kuthiravetti . The whole of the Manjolai Estates and the tea plantations are operated by The Bombay Burma Trading Corporation Ltd on forest land leased by the Government of Tamil Nadu. There are three tea estates within the Manjolai area: Manjolai Estate, Manimutharu Estate and Oothu Estate. The Estates are located at elevations ranging from 700 metres (2,300  ft ) to 1,300 metres (4,300 ft.). Courtallam : Courtallam is situated at a mean elevation of 160 metres (520  ft ) on the Western Ghats in Tirunelveli District of Tamil Nadu, India. The numerous waterfalls and cascades along with the ubiquitous health resorts in the area have earned it the title of "Spa of South India". The falls are fullest with rain on the hills. They are Main Falls, Five Falls, the Shenbhaga Falls, the Tiger Falls, old Courtallam Falls, Honey Falls, Orchard falls and Sitraruvi .

14. Tiger Reserve: The 900 square kilometres (350 sq. mi)  Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve was established in 1988. The reserve, at  8°39 ′ N 77°23 ′ E , is about 45 km west of Tirunelveli and is known as KMTR to forest and tiger researchers.  Kalakkad  is the nearest town. Kalakkad has a temple called Malainambi temple with a falls. Papanasam : Papanasam is a famous picnic spot in Tirunelveli district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It falls under the Ambasamudram Taluk. It is situated 50 km from Tirunelveli. The site is popular with tourist’s attractions like Thamirabarani River,  Agasthiyar Falls , Siva Temple, Papanasam dam and Hydro Electric Power Plant. Bird Sanctuary: A tiny village in the far south, Koonthankulam in Nanguneri Taluk of Tirunelveli District is emerging as a new favourite of the migratory birds. It is just 38 kilometres (24 mi) away. About 35 species of birds visit this calm but congenial village for breeding. The  painted storks  are coming from North India and East European Countries to this place. Similarly the flamingoes which flew in mainly from the Rann of Kutch have hatched and reared their young in the village.  

15. Location of housing and community

16. Circulation, mode and movement pattern The Map showing the National Highway, Major roads, other Roads, District Headquarter, Town, etc in the Tirunelveli District,

17. New areas of development ELCOT IT PARK The IT Park is formed in a total extent of 500 acres of land. An area of 390 acres has been allotted to IT/ITES industries. Social infra-structures such as schools, hotels, hospitals,Mall , Club and residential area formed in 110 acres. An extent of 100 acres has already been approved as IT specific SEZ.

18. Utilities and services network – water, electricity, drainage WATER Tirunelveli district enjoys the benefit of the early showers of south west monsoon and of the later rains of the north-east monsoon. The district is chiefly irrigated by rivers rising in Western ghats . The dams and anaicuts constructed on Tamiraparani and Manimuthar rivers serve both agriculture and power generation. The total rain fall, though is light, averaging about 814.8 mm per annum, is generally well distributed. The Tamiraparani river affords perennial irrigation to a fairly large area on which two crops are normally raised. Several tanks and wells form part of the other sources of irrigation. The Tamiraparani is a symbol of Tamil culture and civilization and an identity of the far south of India. In Tamil and Sanskrit literature of earlier times, the Pandyas were referred to as the rulers of the land where the Tamiraparani flowed. He concludes that it seems more natural that Tamiraparani , the tree with the red leaves should have been first the name of a tree, then of a town, then of a district and then of a river. Some scholars interpret the name Tamiraparani as Tamiram (Copper) + Varuni (stream or river). They ascribe this origin as the bed of the river is of red soil and when the water flows on the red soil it gives a copper like appearance. The Greeks of the Ptolemy’s time refer to this river as Solen .

19. ELECTRICITY

20. Tax structure and administrative machinery    The New bus stand has got one free toilet and 3 pay and use toilets.  The bus stands has been constructed in the area of 19 acres. It has got 25000  sq.m  of  BT  roads and 42,912  sq.ft . of open area.  There is terminal building with 2 bus bays with facility for parking 68 buses with floor area of 9000  sq.m .  There are 128 shops and 2 restaurants.  The garbage is expected to be generated by the general public using the bus stand.  Shops and Restaurant also generate huge quantity of garbage.  As per very conservative initial estimate it was felt that minimum 25 Sanitary Workers and 9 NMRs are required to collect the pay and use toilet charges and to main sanitation and upkeep in the new bus stand.  Deputation of such large number of workers to bus stand will effect cleanliness and sanitation in the other areas as Corporation is already having shortage of Sanitary Workers.  Against sanctioned strength of 885  Sanitary Workers only 736 are actually on rolls.   Council in its Resolution No.1326 dated 17-3-2003 approved privatization of sanitation, up keep and maintenance of 3 pay and use and one free toilet in the New Bus stand.  It was decided to make open offer and call tenders.  Council also decided to adopt an innovative approach as indicated below:-     1.    Maintenance work will be allotted to an NGO only. 2.      NGO should be a registered society 3.    NGO should have previous experience of 5 years in sanitation work 4.    NGO should have annual turn over of Rs.15 lakhs and above in each of previous 3 years.     

21. New Self sustaining Model I. Income to NGOs    Charges of pay and use toilets approved by council can be collected by NGO as indicated below:  Urination & Toilet                           : Rs.1/-  Bathing                                             : Rs.2/-    Projected income form collection of above charges was Rs.10.75 lakhs per annum.     II.  Expenditure of NGOs        1.          To meet salary of the Sanitary Workers/ Supervisors, Electrician-Cum-Plumber etc. 2.          Purchase of consumables like soap, phenyl, brooms, dust bins etc. 3.          Payment of EB charges 4.          To meet service charges of the NGOs     III. Payment to Corporation    NGO has to calculate all the above expenditure and deduct the amount from the projected income.  The remaining amount has to be paid by the NGO in monthly installment to the Corporation.  The above amount has to be quoted by the NGOs in its tender.     

22.  A Committee of  Officers was constituted .  They have conducted brain storming sessions and finalize terms of reference.  Tenders were incited, 3 Tenders were received.  Based on comprehensive evaluation by Tender Scrutiny Committee Council has approved the tender of M/ s.Food , Chennai.  Food NGO is a registered society and in existence since 1987.  They have previous experience in handling urban sanitation .  They have annual turn over of Rs.53 lakhs in 2002.  They have won number of international awards and are of sound financial status.  The agency has taken up sanitation work from  1-6-2003  for a period of one year.  They have appointed totally 55-60 Sanitary Workers and Supervisors and taken up the maintenance of pay and use and free toilets, sanitation and up keeping at the new bus stand .  A formal agreement has been signed between contracting NGO & Corporation.  Initial response from Public & passengers is quite encouraging.  Road sweeping, removal of garbage, mopping and cleaning of toilets is being done all through day and night.  Sanitary Workers are provided uniforms.               This is a new model which is beneficial to Corporation, as Corporation without spending a pipe is able to maintain new bus stand in co-ordination with NGO.  Corporation is getting yearly revenue of  Rs.3.24 lakhs on Salary of  60 Sanitary Workers and supervisors if bus stand is to be maintained by its worn staff .  Level of  efficiency of  NGO with its previous experience in sanitation is better.