Trabeated structures

Detailed study on trabeated structures through ages, working mechanism , case and literature studies and analysis.
--- Amity school of architecture and planning, 3rd year

1. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ANCIENT TRABEATED STRUCTURES TRABEATED STRUCTURES IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE LITERATURE STUDY CASE STUDY

2. INTRODUCTION DEFINITION | 3D DIAGRAMS | 2D DIAGRAMS INTRODUCTION

3. INTRODUCTION TRABEATED STRUCTURES In architecture, post and lintel (also called prop and lintel or a trabeated system ) is a building system where strong horizontal elements are held up by strong vertical elements with large spaces between them. This is usually used to hold up a roof, creating a largely open space beneath, for whatever use the building is designed for. The horizontal elements are called by a variety of names including lintel , header, architrave or beam, and the supporting vertical elements may be called columns , pillars, or posts. The use of wider elements at the top of the post, called capitals, to help spread the load, is common to many traditions.

4. INTRODUCTION The vertical elements are called posts The horizontal element is called lintel .

5. INTRODUCTION The horizontal distance between two posts is known as the span

6. INTRODUCTION LOADS AND COUNTER LOADS

7. INTRODUCTION The post and lintel structure is subjected to two kinds of loads:- Live load – It is the load by external forces e.g. Air pressure ii) Dead loads – It is the load the structure bears due to its own weight of its materials

8. INTRODUCTION

9. ANCIENT TRABEATED STRUCTURES NEOLITHIC | EGYPTIAN | GREEK ANCIENT TRABEATED STRUCTURES

10. NEOLITHIC STONE HENGE ANCIENT TRABEATED STRUCTURES

11. STONE HENGE SALISBURY, WILTSHIRE, ENGLAND ANCIENT TRABEATED STRUCTURES Prehistoric  stone circle monument Cemetery Built during the transition from Neolithic Period (New Stone Age) to the Bronze Age SOURCE: BRITANNICA STONE CUT SLABS HAVE BEEN USED AS THE HORIZONTAL ELEMENT AND VERTICAL STONE BLOCKS HAVE BEEN USED AS THE VERTICAL ELEMENTS

12. PLAN OF STONE HENGE 100 massive upright stones placed in a circular layout.  Sarsen sandstone slabs assembled into the iconic three-pieced structures called trilithons that stand tall in the center of Stonehenge ANCIENT TRABEATED STRUCTURES Stone boulders have been used as posts.

13. ANCIENT TRABEATED STRUCTURES TRABEATED ELEVATION AND SCIOGRAPHY DETAILS OF STONE HENGE

14. EGYPTIAN LUXOR TEMPLE ANCIENT TRABEATED STRUCTURES

15. LUXOR TEMPLE STYLE: ANCIENT EGYPT BUILDING TYPE: TEMPLE CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: BERING MASONRY, STONE WITH MASSIVE LINTEL . LOCATION: ON THE EASTERN BANK OF RIVER NILE . HISTORICAL BUILDINGS WITH TRABEATED STRUCTURES LOCATION

16. THE TEMPLE OF LUXOR ANCIENT TRABEATED STRUCTURES The temple measures 189.89m by 55.17m and consists of a colonnade . One of the temples of Amon , the forecourt , with papyrus bud capitals and a seated colossus of Ramses , connected by twin colonnades , 53m long to a lesser court by Amenophis in the distance. The obelisk is 25m high and the seated colossi of Ramses on a base of about 1m and 15m , both are made by pink granite.

17. ANCIENT TRABEATED STRUCTURES SOURCE: PLANETWARE

18. ANCIENT TRABEATED STRUCTURES MASSIVE STONE COLONNADES HOLDING THE HORIZONTAL STONE STRUCTURES

19. GREEK PATHENON | PROPYLAE OF ATHENS | ERECTHEUM | STOA OF ZEUS ANCIENT TRABEATED STRUCTURES

20. TRABEATED STRUCTURES IN GREECE Classical Greek temples used the basic post- and- beam construction, which is referred to as trabeated . All the types of Greek temples had the colonnade as the basic element of the temple; mostly surrounding the ' naos’of the Greek temple . ANCIENT TRABEATED STRUCTURES 21

21. PLAN OF A GREEK TEMPLE The grandeur and evident expense of a temple can be seen in the number of columns employed. An open area or porch in front, with supporting columns . Dipteral temples have double colonnade surrounding them. Peripteral temples (Parthenon) have both back and front porch as well as a colonnade surrounding the entire structure ANCIENT TRABEATED STRUCTURES 22

22. PARTHENON, GREECE (THE CURRENT BUILDING IS A RECONSTRUCTED VERSION OF THE ORIGINAL BUILDING ) ANCIENT TRABEATED STRUCTURES 23 COLUMNS WITH FLUTED SHAFTS HOLDING THE PEDIMENT AND ROOF REPRESENTING TRABEATED STRUCTURES

23. THE PARTHENON Stylobate measuring 30.9- 69.5 m(section of a large sphere). The east and west façade were lined with 8 towering Doric columns . Only octastyle peripteral temple with open porticos at both ends. Rising 41mm on its short sides, and 102 mm on its long flanks; the columns are not vertical but inclined towards the centre. ANCIENT TRABEATED STRUCTURES 24

24. PROPYLAE ATHENS, GREECE (TODAY PROPYLAE HAS BEEN PARTLY RESTORED, SINCE 1984, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF TASOS TANOULAS) ANCIENT TRABEATED STRUCTURES 25

25. THE PROPYLAE Monumental entry to the Acropolis . Approached by a massive ramp 20 m wide and 80 m long. Enters into a U-shaped structure with doric façade The road continues through the building; flanked by slender ionic columns. Remarkable is the intricate play for solid and void spaces. ANCIENT TRABEATED STRUCTURES 26

26. ERECTHEUM ATHENS, GREECE ( FROM 1902 TO 1909 N.BALANOS CARRIED OUT A MAJOR  RECONSTRUCTION PROJECT ) ANCIENT TRABEATED STRUCTURES 27

27. THE ERECTHEUM Built on two levels with three porticos of different designs. Four entrances. Continuing on the axis made on the porch of Poseidon , one goes up the flight of stairs to the caryatid porch . ANCIENT TRABEATED STRUCTURES 28

28. STOA OF ZEUS, ATHENS ( THE CURRENT BUILDING WAS  RECONSTRUCTED  IN 1952–1956 BY AMERICAN ARCHITECTS) ANCIENT TRABEATED STRUCTURES 29

29. STOA OF ZEUS Quintessential Greek civic building. 115*20 m long, defining the eastern edge of the agora . A row of 42 commercial stands, precedented by double doric and ionic colonnade, supporting a wooden roof. Same pattern of colonnades repeated in the second storey . Colonnade provided ventilation and shade. ANCIENT TRABEATED STRUCTURES 30

30. TRABEATED STRUCTURE IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE THE FARNSWORTH HOUSE  MIES VAN DER ROHE TRABEATED STRUCTURES IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE

31. THE FARNSWORTH HOUSE ARCHITECT MIES VAN DER ROHE LOCATION PLANO, USA TRABEATED STRUCTURES IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE SOURCE: ARCHDAILY

32. SITE PLAN AND GF PLAN The ground floor of the Farnsworth House is thereby elevated , and wide steps slowly transcend almost effortlessly off the ground, as if they were floating up to the entrance Aside from walls in the center of the house enclosing bathrooms, the floor plan is completely open exploiting true minimalism . TRABEATED STRUCTURES IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE

33. SECTIONAL DETAILS The single-story house consists of eight I-shaped steel columns that support the roof and floor frameworks, and therefore are both structural and expressive .  In between these columns are floor-to-ceiling windows around the entire house, opening up the rooms to the woods around it. TRABEATED STRUCTURES IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE HORIZONTAL ROOFS ON VERTICAL POSTS IS A POST MODERNISM TRABEATED STRUCTURE

34. TRABEATED STRUCTURE IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE SKETCH OF ELEVATIONAL DETAILS FRANSWORTH HOUSE IN DIFFERENT SEASONS

35. LITERATURE STUDY CHIPPERFIELD MUSEUM OF MODERN LITERATURE LITERATURMUSEUM DER MODERNE DAVID CHIPPERFIELD ,GERMANY LITERATURE STUDY

36. LITERATURE STUDY CHIPPERFIELD MUSEUM OF MODERN LITERATURE ARCHITECT: DAVID CHIPPERFIELD PROJECT START: 2002 PROJECT COMPLETION: 2006 GROSS FLOOR AREA: 3,800 SQ. M REGION: MARBACH COUNTRY: GERMANY LITERATURE STUDY : DAVID CHIPPERFIELD LITERATURE MUSEUM, AM NECKAR LITERATURMUSEUM DER MODERNE

37. LITERATURE STUDY : DAVID CHIPPERFIELD LITERATURE MUSEUM, AM NECKAR SOURCE: MAPHILL

38. LITERATURE STUDY : DAVID CHIPPERFIELD LITERATURE MUSEUM, AM NECKAR SATELLITE GOOGLE IMAGES

39. LITERATURMUSEUM DER MODERNE INTRODUCTION The Museum of Modern Literature is located in Marbach , on a rock plateau overlooking the Neckar River valley . The Museum of Modern Literature is Germany’s primary literary archive, home not just to just everything from Franz Kafka’s manuscripts but also the collective libraries of the country’s great writers. It displays artefacts from the extensive twentieth-century collection in the German Literature Archive, including the original manuscripts of Kafka’s The Trial and Alfred Döblin’s Berlin Alexanderplatz . LITERATURE STUDY : DAVID CHIPPERFIELD LITERATURE MUSEUM, AM NECKAR

40. LITERATURE STUDY : DAVID CHIPPERFIELD LITERATURE MUSEUM, AM NECKAR SOURCE: ARCHDAILY TRABEATED STRUCTURE OF POST MODERNISM WITH SLENDER CONCRETE VERTICAL ELEMENTS SUPPORTING THE ROOF

41. SITE PLAN AND HILLSIDE VIEW LITERATURE STUDY : DAVID CHIPPERFIELD LITERATURE MUSEUM, AM NECKAR SOURCE: ARCHDAILY

42. PLANNING OF THE MUSEUM A pavilion -like volume is located on the highest terrace , providing the entrance to the museum. The interiors of the museum reveal themselves as one descends down through the loggia, foyer and staircase spaces . T he dark timber- panelled exhibition galleri es are illuminated only by artificial light due to fragility and sensitivity of the works on display. Ea ch of these environmentally controlled spaces borders onto a naturally lit gallery, balancing views inward to the composed, internalized world of texts and manuscripts with the green and scenic valley on the other side of the glass. LITERATURE STUDY : DAVID CHIPPERFIELD LITERATURE MUSEUM, AM NECKAR

43. PLAN AND SECTION PLAN SECTION LITERATURE STUDY : DAVID CHIPPERFIELD LITERATURE MUSEUM, AM NECKAR SOURCE: ARCHDAILY

44. ELEVATION Since the museum is located on a rock plateau , the site has a varying topography . In order to complement the contours of the site, the museum has been built on two distinct levels . Embedded in topography, the museum reveals a single height elevation to the north and a double height elevation to the south . The steep slope of the site creates an intimate, shaded entrance on the brow of the hill facing the Schiller National Museum, the forecourt, the park and the grander open tiered spaces on the valley bellow it. On the highest terrace, the building appears as a pavilion, providing entrance to the museum. THE BUILDING REVEALS SINGLE HEIGHTED ELEVATION IN THE NORTH AND DOUBLE HEIGHTED ELEVATION IN THE SOUTH LITERATURE STUDY : DAVID CHIPPERFIELD LITERATURE MUSEUM, AM NECKAR

45. Slender concrete columns articulate the façade and enclose the entrance. Once inside, the visitors work their way down the grand series of stairs(owing to the contours of the site) into the exhibition spaces, which consists of a sequence of five galleries. The galleries are timber-lined with richly coloured wood and connected to the naturally lit , glazed loggias, connecting to the world of manuscripts and texts to the valley beyond. ON THE HIGHEST TERRACE THE BUILDING APPEARS AS A PAVILLION PROVIDING ENTRANCE CONCRETE COLUMNS ARTICULATE THE FACADE LITERATURE STUDY : DAVID CHIPPERFIELD LITERATURE MUSEUM, AM NECKAR

46. ANALYSIS The space between the façade articulated by concrete columns and naturally glazed loggias, witnesses amazing play of light and shadow, as the glass too reflects the pattern. It locates a comfortable double heighted circulation space around the functional area. Since the columns are placed at a good distance from each other, it not only forms a sturdy structure with less number of structural elements, but also allows huge expanse of glass to be accommodated on the main skin of the building, which lets in more light . INTERPLAY OF LIGHT AND SHADOWS IN DOUBLE HEIGHTED CIRCULATION SPACE AROUND THE BUILDING LITERATURE STUDY : DAVID CHIPPERFIELD LITERATURE MUSEUM, AM NECKAR

47. The façade is made to cut off direct light and preserve the fragile manuscripts. As the building is built to complement the contours of the site, it exhibits variation in datum levels . The columns on the façade generate rhythm . The building thus creates an incredible fusion of ancient Egyptian , Minoan and Greek form with a more subtle modern form. CONNECTING NATURALLY GLAZED LOGGIAS TO TIMBER LINED GALLERIES VARIATION IN DATUM LEVELS COMPLEMENTS THE SITE TOPOGRAPHY LITERATURE STUDY : DAVID CHIPPERFIELD LITERATURE MUSEUM, AM NECKAR

48. MATERIALS Slender concrete columns articulate the façade and enclose the entrance . Once inside, visitors work their way down a grand series of concrete flights of stairs into the exhibition spaces, a sequence of five galleries. The galleries are timber-lined with a richly coloured dark wood and connected to naturally lit, glazed loggias, contrasting the internalized world of texts and manuscripts with the valley beyond. The walls and ceilings are fair-faced , in-situ cast concrete. Limestone is used internally for the floors, and is also used as an aggregate in the precast, sandblasted concrete elements of the façade. LITERATURE STUDY : DAVID CHIPPERFIELD LITERATURE MUSEUM, AM NECKAR

49. MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION SLENDER CONCRETE COLUMNS TIMBER LINED GALLLERIES CONCRETE STEPS CONCRETE BASED CONSTRUCTION LITERATURE STUDY : DAVID CHIPPERFIELD LITERATURE MUSEUM, AM NECKAR SOURCE: ARCHDAILY

50. LITERARY ARCHIVE DISPLAYS LITERATURE STUDY : DAVID CHIPPERFIELD LITERATURE MUSEUM, AM NECKAR SOURCE: ARCHDAILY

51. PRINCIPLES AND PHILOSOPHY A clearly defined material concept using solid materials (fair-faced concrete, sandblasted reconstituted stone with limestone aggregate, limestone, wood, felt and glass) gives the calm , rational architectural language a sensual physical presence . The museum is located in Marbach’s scenic park , on top of a rock plateau overlooking the valley of the Neckar River symbolizing the fall and rebirth of Germany through the dark ages of the World Wars and its re-emergence as a stronger and an economically strengthened country. As the birthplace of the dramatist Friedrich Schiller , the town’s park already held the National Schiller Museum, built in 1903, and the Archive for German Literature, built in the 1970s. And hence the creation of light and shadow pattern to enhance the drama. LITERATURE STUDY : DAVID CHIPPERFIELD LITERATURE MUSEUM, AM NECKAR

52. CASE STUDY PRINCEP GHAT CASE STUDY

53. PRINSEP GHAT INTRODUCTION Prinsep ghat is a ghat built in 1841 during the British Raj, along the Kolkata bank of the Hooghly River in India. The Palladian porch in the memory of the eminent Anglo-Indian scholar and antiquary James Prinsep was designed by W. Fitzgerald and constructed in 1843. Prinsep Ghat is one of the oldest recreational spots of Kolkata. People visit it in the evenings on weekends to go boating on the river, stroll along the bank and purchase food from stalls there. CASE STUDY: PRINCEP GHAT

54. VIEWS OF PRINSEP GHAT CASE STUDY: CASE STUDY PRINSEP GHAT IN EVENING PRINSEP GHAT AT NIGHT

55. LOCATION It is l ocated between the Water Gate and the St George’s Gate of the Fort William It is located near Strand Road, beside the banks of Hooghly River. It is situated near Vidyasagar Setu , Kolkata, in West Bengal, India. CASE STUDY: PRINCEP GHAT

56. ACTIVITIES AROUND THE SITES CASE STUDY: PRINCEP GHAT . BOATING AND ROWING VISITORS IN THE EVENING HOURS FISHERY

57. SITE SURROUNDINGS Located along the banks of the beautiful Hooghly River (River Ganges), the Ghat is surrounded by greenery and overlooked by the Vidyasagar Setu . There are many food-stalls nearby that sell a variety of street delicacies . There is also 50 year old ice-cream cum fast-food joint near the Ghat , which is popular among the crowds, especially the youngsters. The short river cruises on the traditional wooden boats and speedboats are available nearby. After the recent beautification of the Prinsep Ghat premises with gardens, lawns, park benches and shady trees, the Ghat has become a very peaceful retreat for nature lovers. There is a jetty nearby called the Man-O-Wa r jetty that belongs to the Kolkata Port Trust and commemorates the role played by the port in the Second World War. The jetty is mainly used by the Indian Navy. CASE STUDY: PRINCEP GHAT

58. ABOUT THE STRUCTURE Architect, Captain W. Fitzgerald built the colonial monument Princep Ghat in memory of James Princep . The Palladian porch has been designed with rich Greek and Gothic inlays. Six ionic columns lines each of the two side facades and two ionic columns lines each of the two shorter sides. There are a total of 4 rows of ionic columns that support the entablature above. The ionic columns have fluted shafts . It has a rectangular plan . At the four corners there are projections, having thick walls. Towards the outside they bears arches supported on Ionic pilasters , also the projections have been cut out such that they provide a platform for sitting. CASE STUDY : PRINCEP GHAT

59. The entablature bears the name James Princep , in whose memory the structure has been built. There are finials atop the entablature. CASE STUDY: PRINCEP GHAT PROJECTIONS AT CORNERS, BEARING ARCHES AND ACCOMODATING SEATING PLATFORM IONIC COLUMNS HOLD THE ENTABLATURE FINIALS ATOPS THE ENTABLATURE

60. ARCHITECTURE The Palladian porch in the memory of the eminent Anglo-Indian scholar and antiquary James Prinsep . It was designed by W. Fitzgerald and constructed in 1843. The memorial is set in a square with Ionian Columns holding up a 40 foot roof painted entirely in white. The monument rich in Greek and Gothic inlays was restored by the state’s public works department in November 2001 and has since been well-maintained CASE STUDY: PRINCEP GHAT

61. SKETCH SKETCH DURING SITE VISIT CASE STUDY: PRINCEP GHAT

62. S.I. TIMELINE AGE BUILDING PLACE COUNTRY USE 1 NEOLITHIC STONE AGE STONE HENGE SALISBURY PLAIN ENGLAND CEMETARY STONE CIRCLE MONUMENT POST LINTEL STRUCTURE USE OF MONOLITHIC SARSEN STONE TRITITHONS 2 MIDDLE KINGDOM, 1400 BCE ANCIENT EGYPT LUXOR TEMPLE COMPLEX THEBES EGYPT TEMPLE COMPLEX BERING MASONRY MONUMENTAL SANDSTONE POST LINTEL STRUCTURES 3 ATHENIAN EMPIRE ANCIENT GREECE PARTHENON ATHENS GREECE TEMPLE COLUMNS WITH FLUTED ROOF HOLDING PEDIMENTS. 4 21 ST CENTURY MODERN LITERATURMUSEUM DER MODERNE MARBACH, STUTTGAURT GERMANY BEAM POST STRUCTURE

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