TTL-Module-1-week-2 discovering technology

TE HNOGY TEACHING AND LEARNING

1. Republic of the Philippines Bulacan State University Sarmiento Campus General Academics and Teacher Education Department _____________________________________________________________ EDUC 303: Technology in Teaching and Learning 1st Semester – A.Y. 2024 – 2025 DR. MARICIEL B. BALIGOD Module 1 Week 2: August 19-23, 2024

2. OBJECTIVES At the end of this meeting, the students should be able to: a. Trace the history and development of educational technology. b. Describe the development of the educational system during different periods or eras. c. Develop a critical analysis of the contributions of proponents in the history of educational technology.

3. Icebreaker activity: "Name an Educational Technology" Share a piece of technology you use in learning and how it helps you

4. History and Development of Educational Technology Evolution of Educational Technology A. Ancient tools and methods (e.g., abacus, chalkboards) Ancient tools and methods in education were foundational in shaping how knowledge was imparted and acquired. Here are some of the key tools and methods used historically: 1. Abacus ·  Description : A simple counting tool made of a frame with rods and beads that can be slid back and forth. ·  Use : Used for basic arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. ·  Historical Context : Originated in Mesopotamia and was widely used in ancient China, Greece, and Rome.

5. History and Development of Educational Technology A. Evolution of Educational Technology 2. Chalkboards (Blackboards) ·   Historical Context : Became popular in the 19th century and revolutionized classroom instruction by providing a reusable and visible surface for teaching.

6. History and Development of Educational Technology A. Evolution of Educational Technology 3. Clay Tablets and Styluses Description: Tablets made of clay on which students wrote using a stylus. Use: Used for writing exercises and keeping records in ancient Mesopotamia and other early civilizations. Historical Context: One of the earliest forms of written communication, dating back to around 3100 BCE.

7. History and Development of Educational Technology A. Evolution of Educational Technology BC and BCE = both refer to years before the birth of Jesus Christ AD and CE = both refer to years after the birth of Jesus Christ. BC and AD reference Christ's birth directly, while BCE and CE are more secular ways to tell time

8. History and Development of Educational Technology A. Evolution of Educational Technology 4. Papyrus Scrolls Description: Early form of paper made from the papyrus plant, rolled into scrolls. Use: Used for recording texts, lessons, and important information. Historical Context: Widely used in ancient Egypt and later adopted by Greeks and Romans.

9. History and Development of Educational Technology A. Evolution of Educational Technology 5. Quill Pens and Ink D escription: Writing instruments made from bird feathers, used with ink made from various natural sources. Use: Allowed for more detailed and lasting writing compared to earlier tools. Historical Context: Common in medieval Europe, particularly from the 6th century onwards.

10. History and Development of Educational Technology A. Evolution of Educational Technology 6. Hornbooks Description: A wooden paddle with a sheet of paper, usually containing the alphabet and simple prayers, protected by a transparent layer of horn. Use: Used as a primer for young children learning to read. Historical Context: Used in Europe and colonial America from the 15th to the 18th centuries.

11. History and Development of Educational Technology A. Evolution of Educational Technology 7. Sand Tables Description: Boxes filled with sand where children could draw letters and numbers with their fingers. Use: Served as an early form of writing practice for young students. Historical Context: Used in ancient cultures, such as China and Greece, for basic educational purposes and military planning

12. History and Development of Educational Technology A. Evolution of Educational Technology 8. Oral Tradition and Storytelling Description: The method of passing knowledge, history, and cultural values through spoken word and narratives. Use: Vital for preserving traditions, teaching moral lessons, and passing down history in societies without written language. Historical Context: Universal across all ancient cultures before the widespread use of writing.

13. History and Development of Educational Technology A. Evolution of Educational Technology 9. Wax Tablets and Styluses Description: Small wooden tablets coated with a layer of wax on which writing was done with a stylus. Use: Reusable writing surfaces used for note-taking, school exercises, and temporary records. Historical Context: Used extensively in ancient Greece and Rome for everyday writing tasks.

14. History and Development of Educational Technology A. Evolution of Educational Technology 10. Printing Press Description: A machine invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century that enabled mass production of books and written materials. Use: Revolutionized the availability of books, making education more accessible. Historical Context: Marked the beginning of the spread of literacy and learning across Europe during the Renaissance.

15. History and Development of Educational Technology A. Evolution of Educational Technology These tools and methods laid the groundwork for modern educational practices, each contributing to the development of literacy, numeracy, and systematic learning.

16. History and Development of Educational Technology B. The rise of print technology 1. Gutenberg Printing Press Description: Invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century, this device used movable type to mass-produce texts. Impact: Allowed for the mass production of books and written materials, significantly reducing costs and making literature and scientific works more accessible. Visualization: Imagine a large wooden press with individual metal letters arranged in a frame, inked, and pressed onto paper to produce multiple copies of a page.

17. History and Development of Educational Technology B. The rise of print technology 2. Textbooks Description: Books specifically designed for educational purposes, containing structured content, exercises, and illustrations. Impact: Standardized education by providing consistent and authoritative sources of information. Textbooks became the primary tool for structured learning in schools. Visualization: Picture thick, durable books with chapters, illustrations, and exercises used by students in various subjects.

18. History and Development of Educational Technology B. The rise of print technology 3. Printed Diagrams Description: Visual representations of concepts and information, including maps, anatomical charts, and scientific diagrams. Impact: Enhanced understanding of complex subjects through visual aids. Made detailed and accurate illustrations widely available. Visualization: Think of detailed maps, biological drawings, and technical schematics printed on paper, used in classrooms and laboratories.

19. History and Development of Educational Technology B. The rise of print technology 4. Newspapers and Periodicals Description: Regular publications containing news, essays, scientific articles, and literary works. Impact: Facilitated the spread of new ideas, current events, and scientific discoveries. Played a key role in informing and educating the public. Visualization: Imagine daily or weekly newspapers with multiple pages, filled with articles, images, and advertisements.

20. History and Development of Educational Technology B. The rise of print technology 5. Pamphlets and Brochures Description: Short printed works on specific topics, often used for spreading political, religious, or educational information . Impact: Enabled the quick and widespread dissemination of information and ideas. Used extensively during the Reformation and Enlightenment to spread new concepts. Visualization: Picture small booklets with concise information on a particular subject, distributed widely to the public.

21. History and Development of Educational Technology B. The rise of print technology 6. Encyclopedias Description: Comprehensive reference works that compile knowledge across various subjects. Impact: Provided an organized and accessible source of information on a wide range of topics. Essential for education and scholarly research. Visualization: Think of large, multi-volume sets of books, each covering different fields of knowledge, used for reference and study.

22. History and Development of Educational Technology B. The rise of print technology 7. Academic Journals Description: Periodical publications containing scholarly articles and research findings. Impact: Facilitated the dissemination and peer review of scientific research and academic scholarship. Crucial for the progress of science and higher education. Visualization: Envision slim, bound issues of journals with articles written by experts, filled with data, graphs, and references.

23. History and Development of Educational Technology B. The rise of print technology 8. Libraries Description: Institutions that collect, organize, and provide access to books and other informational resources. Impact: Became centers of learning and research. Provided public access to a vast array of knowledge and educational materials. Visualization: Picture large buildings with rows of shelves filled with books, study areas, and reading rooms.

24. History and Development of Educational Technology B. The rise of print technology 9. Broadsheets and Posters Description: Large printed sheets used for announcements, advertisements, and public information. Impact: Used to inform and educate the public quickly and effectively. Important for public health campaigns, political messages, and educational purposes. Visualization: Imagine large, printed sheets posted on walls or distributed, with bold text and images conveying important information.

25. History and Development of Educational Technology B. The rise of print technology The rise of print technology revolutionized education and knowledge dissemination, making information more accessible and fostering the spread of new ideas and scientific discoveries.

26. History and Development of Educational Technology C. Audiovisual advancements 1. Overhead Projectors Description: Devices that project transparencies onto a screen using a bright light and a series of lenses and mirrors. Impact: Allowed teachers to display handwritten notes, diagrams, and text to the entire class, facilitating interactive lessons. Visualization: Picture a box-shaped device with a glass top where transparencies are placed, projecting images onto a wall or screen in the classroom.

27. History and Development of Educational Technology C. Audiovisual advancements 2. Filmstrips Description : Strips of film with a series of images that can be projected onto a screen, often accompanied by an audio recording. Impact : Enhanced lessons by providing visual context and narrative. Commonly used in the mid-20th century for subjects like history, science, and geography. Visualization : Imagine a reel of film with individual frames of images, played through a projector to display a sequence of pictures on a screen, often with synchronized audio narration.

28. History and Development of Educational Technology C. Audiovisual advancements 3. Educational Films and Videos Description: Films and videos specifically created for educational purposes, covering a wide range of subjects. Impact: Brought dynamic visual and auditory elements into the classroom, helping to illustrate complex concepts and engage students. Visualization: Imagine watching a documentary or educational program on a TV or screen in a classroom setting, often using a VCR or DVD player.

29. History and Development of Educational Technology C. Audiovisual advancements 4. Slide Projectors Description: Devices that project photographic slides onto a screen. Impact: Enabled teachers to show high-quality images and diagrams to support their lectures, useful in subjects like biology, geography, and art. Visualization: Think of a projector with a carousel or tray holding multiple slides, projecting images one at a time onto a screen.

30. History and Development of Educational Technology D. Audio Cassette Players and Recorders 5. Audio Cassette Players and Recorders Description: Devices that play and record audio on magnetic tape cassettes. Impact: Allowed for the playback of recorded lectures, language lessons, and music. Facilitated language learning and the review of oral lessons. Visualization: Picture a small rectangular device with buttons for play, pause, stop, and record, connected to headphones or speakers.

31. History and Development of Educational Technology D. Audio Cassette Players and Recorders 6. Videotapes and VCRs Description: Magnetic tapes used to record video and audio, played back on video cassette recorders (VCRs). Impact: Made it possible to record and play back educational programs and lectures, allowing for repeated viewing and review. Visualization: Imagine inserting a VHS tape into a VCR, connecting it to a TV to watch educational videos.

32. History and Development of Educational Technology D. Audio Cassette Players and Recorders 7. Interactive Whiteboards (Smart Boards) Description: Digital boards that function as both whiteboards and interactive displays, connected to a computer. Impact: Transformed teaching by allowing teachers to display and interact with digital content, annotate, and save lessons. Visualization: Picture a large, touch-sensitive screen at the front of the classroom, displaying digital content that the teacher can manipulate directly on the screen.

33. History and Development of Educational Technology D. Audio Cassette Players and Recorders 8. Multimedia Projectors Description: Devices that project digital images and videos from computers onto a screen. Impact: Enabled the integration of multimedia content into lessons, including PowerPoint presentations, videos, and interactive applications. Visualization: Think of a compact projector connected to a computer, displaying digital content on a large screen or wall.

34. History and Development of Educational Technology D. Audio Cassette Players and Recorders 9. Computers and Laptops Description: Personal computing devices used for a wide range of educational purposes, from word processing to internet research. Impact: Revolutionized education by providing access to vast amounts of information, educational software, and online resources. Visualization: Imagine students using laptops in the classroom to take notes, research, and complete assignments.

35. History and Development of Educational Technology E. Educational Software and Applications Description: Software programs and mobile apps designed to support learning in various subjects. Impact: Offered interactive and personalized learning experiences, enhancing student engagement and understanding. Visualization: Picture students using educational apps on tablets or computers to practice math, learn languages, or explore scientific concepts

36. History and Development of Educational Technology F. Digital age innovations (e.g., computers, internet, e-learning platforms) 1. Computers and Laptops 2. Internet 3. E-Learning Platforms 4. Learning Management System 5. MOOC - Massive Open Online Courses 6. Interactive Multimedia 7. Social Media in Education 8. Cloud Computing 9. Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Education

37. History and Development of Educational Technology Key milestones and their impacts on education 1. Invention of Writing (c. 3200 BCE) Milestone: The development of writing systems such as cuneiform in Mesopotamia and hieroglyphics in Egypt. Impact: Enabled the recording and preservation of knowledge, facilitating complex administrative tasks, literature, and the development of education systems.

38. History and Development of Educational Technology 2. Classical Greek Education (5th-4th Century BCE) Milestone: Establishment of formal schools and academies, such as Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lyceum. Impact: Introduced systematic philosophy, science, and mathematics instruction, influencing Western education and intellectual traditions. Key milestones and their impacts on education

39. History and Development of Educational Technology 3.Roman Education and the Codex (1st Century CE) Milestone: Development of Roman education systems and the introduction of the codex (bound book format). Impact: Standardized educational practices in the Roman Empire and improved the portability and durability of texts. Key milestones and their impacts on education

40. History and Development of Educational Technology 4. Medieval Universities (12th-13th Century CE) Milestone: Formation of universities in Europe, such as the University of Bologna and Oxford University. I mpact: Established the structure of modern higher education, including degree programs, academic disciplines, and scholarly communities. Key milestones and their impacts on education

41. History and Development of Educational Technology 5. Printing Press (1440 CE) Milestone: Johannes Gutenberg’s invention of the movable type printing press. Impact: Revolutionized the production and distribution of books, making education more accessible and promoting literacy and the spread of knowledge. Key milestones and their impacts on education

42. History and Development of Educational Technology 6.Public Education Movement (19th Century CE) Milestone: Introduction of compulsory public education systems in countries like the United States and the UK. Impact: Expanded access to education for all children, standardized curricula, and emphasized the importance of universal literacy. Key milestones and their impacts on education

43. History and Development of Educational Technology 7. Montessori Method (1907 CE) Milestone: Dr. Maria Montessori develops an educational approach focusing on child-centered learning and hands-on activities. Impact: Influenced early childhood education with an emphasis on independence, self-directed learning, and respect for the child’s pace of development Key milestones and their impacts on education

44. History and Development of Educational Technology 8.Computer-Based Learning (1960s CE) Milestone: I ntroduction of computer-assisted instruction and educational software. Impact: Enhanced interactive learning, allowed for individualized instruction, and paved the way for the integration of technology in education. Key milestones and their impacts on education

45. History and Development of Educational Technology 9. The Internet (1990s CE) Milestone: Widespread adoption of the internet for information sharing and communication. Impact: Transformed access to information, facilitated online research, and laid the groundwork for e-learning and virtual classrooms Key milestones and their impacts on education

46. History and Development of Educational Technology 10. Learning Management Systems (LMS) (2000s CE) Milestone: Development and adoption of platforms like Moodle and Blackboard for managing online learning. Impact: Streamlined course management, enhanced online learning experiences, and provided tools for tracking student progress and engagement. Key milestones and their impacts on education

47. History and Development of Educational Technology 11. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) (2010s CE) Milestone: Emergence of platforms like Coursera and edX offering free or low-cost courses to a global audience. Impact: Expanded access to high-quality education, democratized learning, and provided opportunities for lifelong learning. Key milestones and their impacts on education

48. History and Development of Educational Technology 12. Artificial Intelligence in Education (2020s CE) Milestone: Integration of AI technologies in educational tools and platforms for personalized learning, automated grading, and intelligent tutoring systems. Impact: Enhanced personalized learning experiences, improved administrative efficiency, and provided new ways to support and engage students. Key milestones and their impacts on education

49. History and Development of Educational Technology 13.Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR/AR) (2020s CE) Milestone: Integration of AI technologies in educational tools and platforms for personalized learning, automated grading, and intelligent tutoring systems. Impact: Enhanced personalized learning experiences, improved administrative efficiency, and provided new ways to support and engage students. Key milestones and their impacts on education

50. History and Development of Educational Technology These milestones represent significant advancements in educational practices, technologies, and accessibility, shaping the modern educational landscape and influencing how knowledge is disseminated and acquired.

51. History and Development of Educational Technology A. Ancient civilizations (e.g., Greek, Roman) 1. Philosophical Schools and Academies Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods Ancient Greece ·  Plato’s Academy (387 BCE) : Founded by Plato in Athens, it was one of the earliest institutions of higher learning, focusing on philosophy, mathematics, and science. ·  Aristotle’s Lyceum (336 BCE) : Established by Aristotle, it offered a wide range of subjects including logic, rhetoric, ethics, and natural sciences.

52. History and Development of Educational Technology A. Ancient civilizations (e.g., Greek, Roman) 2. Socratic Method Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods Ancient Greece Description: Developed by Socrates, this method involved questioning and dialogue to stimulate critical thinking and illuminate ideas. Impact: Promoted active learning and critical thinking, influencing modern pedagogical approaches

53. History and Development of Educational Technology A. Ancient civilizations (e.g., Greek, Roman) 3. Education for Citizens Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods Ancient Greece Description: In Athens, education was aimed at preparing citizens for participation in public life, emphasizing rhetoric, philosophy, and debate. Impact: Fostered democratic engagement and the development of oratory skills necessary for public discourse.

54. History and Development of Educational Technology A. Ancient civilizations (e.g., Greek, Roman) 4. Gymnasiums and Lyceums Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods Ancient Greece Description: Public spaces for physical and intellectual training, including gymnasiums for exercise and lyceums for intellectual pursuits. Impact: Integrated physical education with intellectual training, contributing to a holistic approach to education.

55. History and Development of Educational Technology A. Ancient civilizations (e.g., Greek, Roman) 5. Homer’s Epics Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods Ancient Greece Description: Works like the “Iliad” and the “Odyssey” were used as educational tools to teach values, history, and mythology. Impact: Provided a cultural foundation for Greek education and helped to transmit values and historical narratives.

56. History and Development of Educational Technology A. Ancient civilizations (e.g., Greek, Roman) 1. Roman Education System Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods Ancient Rome Description : Roman education was highly structured, with stages including elementary education (ludus), grammar school (grammaticus), and rhetorical training (rhetor). Impact: Emphasized rhetoric and oratory skills for public life, laying the groundwork for Western education and communication practices.

57. History and Development of Educational Technology A. Ancient civilizations (e.g., Greek, Roman) 2. Rhetoric and Oratory Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods Ancient Rome Description: Rhetoric was a central component of Roman education, with schools focusing on persuasive speaking and writing. Impact: Influenced political and legal practices, as well as the development of public speaking and writing skills.

58. History and Development of Educational Technology A. Ancient civilizations (e.g., Greek, Roman) 3. Roman Law and Governance Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods Ancient Rome Description: Education in law and governance was crucial for administrative and legal careers, reflecting the complexity of the Roman legal system. Impact: Contributed to the development of legal education and the codification of laws, influencing Western legal traditions.

59. History and Development of Educational Technology A. Ancient civilizations (e.g., Greek, Roman) 4. Libraries and Public Education Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods Ancient Rome Description: Romans established public libraries and promoted education for the elite , with private tutors and educational institutions available for wealthier families. Impact: Made education more accessible and supported the preservation and dissemination of knowledge.

60. History and Development of Educational Technology A. Ancient civilizations (e.g., Greek, Roman) 5. Greco-Roman Synthesis Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods Ancient Rome Description: The Romans adopted and adapted Greek educational practices, combining them with their own traditions and innovations. I mpact: Led to a synthesis of Greek and Roman educational practices, influencing the development of Western education.

61. History and Development of Educational Technology These ancient civilizations laid the foundation for many aspects of modern education, including the emphasis on critical thinking, rhetoric, and the integration of physical and intellectual training. Their contributions have had a lasting impact on educational systems and practices throughout history.

62. History and Development of Educational Technology B. Medieval period (e.g., monastic schools, universities) 1. Early Monastic Schools (6th-8th Century CE) Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods Monastic Schools Description: Monastic schools were established by Christian monasteries to provide education primarily for clergy and monks. Notable examples include schools run by the Benedictines and the Irish monastic tradition. Impact: Preserved and transmitted classical texts , and focused on religious and theological education . Monastic schools became centers of learning and scholarship during a time when secular education was limited.

63. History and Development of Educational Technology B. Medieval period (e.g., monastic schools, universities) 2.Curriculum and Instruction Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods Monastic Schools Description: The curriculum in monastic schools included the study of Latin, religious texts, and classical works. Education was based on the Seven Liberal Arts: Trivium (Grammar, Rhetoric, Logic) and Quadrivium (Arithmetic, Geometry, Astronomy, Music). Impact: Provided a structured approach to education , combining classical knowledge with religious teachings, and helped in the preservation and transmission of knowledge through the Middle Ages.

64. History and Development of Educational Technology B. Medieval period (e.g., monastic schools, universities) 3. Scriptoria Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods Monastic Schools Description: Monastic scriptoria were rooms dedicated to copying manuscripts and texts by hand. Impact: Played a crucial role in preserving ancient texts and producing new ones , contributing to the spread of knowledge and the maintenance of intellectual traditions.

65. History and Development of Educational Technology B. Medieval period (e.g., monastic schools, universities) 1. Origins and Establishment (12th-13th Century CE) Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods Medieval Universities Description: The first universities were established in Bologna (1088 CE), Paris (c. 1150 CE), and Oxford (1096 CE). These institutions initially emerged from cathedral schools and grew into formal institutions of higher learning. Impact: Marked the beginning of structured higher education, with a focus on law, medicine, and theology. They standardized academic practices and curricula, and became centers of intellectual and cultural life.

66. History and Development of Educational Technology B. Medieval period (e.g., monastic schools, universities) 2. University Structure Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods Medieval Universities Description: Medieval universities were organized into faculties (e.g., Arts, Theology, Law, Medicine) and had a formal system of degrees (Bachelor’s, Master’s, Doctorate). The system of academic disputation and lectures was central to instruction. Impact: Established the framework for modern universities, including degree programs, faculty structure, and academic governance.

67. History and Development of Educational Technology B. Medieval period (e.g., monastic schools, universities) 3. Scholasticism Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods Medieval Universities Description: A method of critical thought that dominated medieval universities , focusing on the reconciliation of Christian theology with classical philosophy, particularly that of Aristotle. Impact: Influenced the development of Western thought, combining faith and reason , and led to the development of key philosophical and theological concepts.

68. History and Development of Educational Technology B. Medieval period (e.g., monastic schools, universities) 4.The Rise of Latin as the Language of Learning Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods Medieval Universities Description: Latin was used as the primary language of instruction and scholarly writing in medieval universities. Impact: Facilitated communication and scholarship across different regions of Europe, and helped in the preservation and transmission of academic knowledge.

69. History and Development of Educational Technology B. Medieval period (e.g., monastic schools, universities) 5. Academic Freedom and Autonomy Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods Medieval Universities Description: Universities were granted certain privileges and autonomy from local authorities, allowing scholars to teach and research with relative freedom . Impact: Supported the development of independent academic inquiry and contributed to the growth of intellectual and scientific advancements.

70. History and Development of Educational Technology B. Medieval period (e.g., monastic schools, universities) 6. Cathedral Schools Development of Educational Systems through Different Periods Medieval Universities Description: Predecessors to universities, cathedral schools were attached to cathedrals and provided education primarily for the clergy. Impact: Played a key role in the educational system of the Middle Ages and laid the groundwork for the development of universities.

71. History and Development of Educational Technology 1. Religious and Theological Studies Educational Focus Description: The primary focus of medieval education was on theology and religious studies, preparing clergy for their roles in the Church. Impact: Shaped the intellectual life of the period and influenced various aspects of European culture and society.

72. History and Development of Educational Technology 2. Classical Studies and Translations Educational Focus Description: Education included the study of classical texts, often translated and interpreted through a Christian lens. Impact: Helped preserve and integrate classical knowledge with Christian teachings, contributing to the intellectual continuity of the period

73. History and Development of Educational Technology These educational developments during the Medieval period played a crucial role in preserving classical knowledge, shaping intellectual traditions, and laying the foundation for modern higher education.

74. History and Development of Educational Technology Public Schooling Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing) 1. Compulsory Education Laws (19th Century) Description: Legislation requiring children to attend school, such as the Elementary Education Act of 1870 in England (Forster Act) and similar laws in other countries. Impact: Increased access to education, reduced illiteracy, and ensured that more children received basic education.

75. History and Development of Educational Technology Public Schooling Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing) 2. Expansion of Public Schools Description: The growth of public school systems to provide education to all children, regardless of their social or economic background. Impact: Made education more widely accessible and helped in the development of a more educated workforce, supporting economic growth and social mobility.

76. History and Development of Educational Technology Public Schooling Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing) 3. Curriculum and Pedagogy Description: The development of a standardized curriculum that included subjects like r eading, writing, arithmetic, and basic sciences . Emphasis on discipline and uniformity in teaching methods. Impact: Standardized education across different regions, contributing to the development of a more uniform educational experience and preparing students for the industrial economy.

77. History and Development of Educational Technology Standardized Testing Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing) 1. Early Forms of Standardized Testing (Late 19th Century) Description: Initial attempts to assess student performance using standardized tests to measure educational outcomes and guide instruction. Impact: Laid the groundwork for modern testing practices , providing a means to evaluate student progress and educational effectiveness.

78. History and Development of Educational Technology Standardized Testing Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing) 2. Rise of Psychological Testing (Early 20th Century) Description: The development of psychological and aptitude tests, such as those by Alfred Binet and Lewis Terman, to assess intellectual ability and potential. Impact: Introduced a scientific approach to evaluating student capabilities a nd placed greater emphasis on individual differences in educational planning.

79. History and Development of Educational Technology Standardized Testing Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing) 3. Educational Measurement and Accountability Description: The formalization of standardized tests to evaluate educational standards and hold schools accountable for student performance. Impact: Provided a mechanism for assessing and comparing educational outcomes , influencing educational policy and practice.

80. History and Development of Educational Technology Industrial Influence on Education Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing) 1.Factory Model of Education Description: Education systems modeled after factory principles, emphasizing efficiency, routine, and uniformity . Impact: Reflected industrial values, preparing students for factory work and contributing to the development of standardized schooling practices .

81. History and Development of Educational Technology Industrial Influence on Education Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing) 2. Vocational Training Description: Expansion of vocational and technical education to equip students with skills needed for industrial and manufacturing jobs. Impact: Provided practical skills and training for the industrial workforce, addressing the needs of the growing economy

82. History and Development of Educational Technology Industrial Influence on Education Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing) 3. School Infrastructure and Facilities Description: Development of purpose-built school buildings , including classrooms, libraries, and laboratories. Impact: Improved the learning environment and supported the delivery of a more structured and diverse curriculum.

83. History and Development of Educational Technology Social and Economic Impacts Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing) 1. Social Mobility and Education Description: Increased access to education for children from different social and economic backgrounds. Impact: Enabled greater social mobility and contributed to the development of a more educated and skilled workforce.

84. History and Development of Educational Technology Social and Economic Impacts Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing) 2. Educational Reforms Description: Reforms aimed at improving educational quality and accessibility, including efforts to reduce child labor and extend schooling. Impact: Helped to address social inequalities and improve overall educational standards.

85. History and Development of Educational Technology Social and Economic Impacts Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing) 3. Role of Women and Minorities Description: Gradual inclusion of women and minority groups in educational opportunities. Impact: Expanded access to education and contributed to social change and the fight for equal rights.

86. History and Development of Educational Technology Modern era (e.g., inclusive education, global education systems) Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing) Inclusive Education 1. Legislation and Policies Description: Implementation of laws and policies to ensure that students with disabilities and special needs receive appropriate education. Impact: Promoted equal educational opportunities, improved accessibility, and supported the integration of students with diverse needs into mainstream classrooms.

87. History and Development of Educational Technology Modern era (e.g., inclusive education, global education systems) Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing) 2. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) ·  Description : An educational framework that aims to optimize teaching and learning by providing multiple means of representation, expression, and engagement. ·  Impact : Enhanced learning experiences for all students by accommodating various learning styles and needs, fostering a more inclusive and supportive learning environment.

88. History and Development of Educational Technology Modern era (e.g., inclusive education, global education systems) Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing) 3. Assistive Technology ·  Description : Tools and devices designed to support students with disabilities, such as text-to-speech software, adaptive keyboards, and communication devices. ·  Impact : Improved access to educational materials and participation in classroom activities, helping students overcome barriers to learning.

89. History and Development of Educational Technology Modern era (e.g., inclusive education, global education systems) Industrial revolution (e.g., public schooling, standardized testing) 4. Differentiated Instruction ·  Description : Teaching strategies that tailor instruction to meet the diverse needs of students, including varied learning activities and assessments. Impact : Enabled teachers to address individual student needs and abilities, promoting personalized learning and academic success

90. History and Development of Educational Technology Global Education Systems 1. International Educational Standards ·  Description : Development of global frameworks and standards to assess and compare educational systems, such as the International Baccalaureate (IB) and the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). ·  Impact : Facilitated international comparisons of educational quality and supported the development of globally recognized qualifications.

91. History and Development of Educational Technology Global Education Systems 2. Globalization and Education ·  Description : Increased emphasis on global education, including curricula that address global issues, multicultural perspectives, and international collaboration. ·  Impact : Prepared students for a globalized world by fostering cross-cultural understanding, global citizenship, and international cooperation.

92. History and Development of Educational Technology Global Education Systems 3. Educational Technology and E-Learning ·  Description : Adoption of digital tools and platforms for teaching and learning, including online courses, virtual classrooms, and educational apps. ·  Impact : Expanded access to education, allowed for flexible and remote learning, and facilitated global collaboration and knowledge sharing.

93. History and Development of Educational Technology Global Education Systems 4. International Exchange Programs ·  Description : Programs that allow students and educators to study, teach, or work abroad . ·  Impact : Enhanced cultural exchange, provided international experience, and broadened educational and professional opportunities.

94. History and Development of Educational Technology Global Education Systems 5. Focus on 21st-Century Skills ·  Description : Emphasis on skills needed for success in the modern world, including critical thinking, creativity, communication, and collaboration. ·  Impact : Prepared students for the complexities of the global workforce and encouraged the development of competencies beyond traditional academic knowledge.

95. History and Development of Educational Technology Global Education Systems 6. Sustainable Development and Education ·  Description : Integration of sustainability concepts into the curriculum, promoting awareness and action on environmental and social issues. ·  Impact : Encouraged students to engage with global challenges, such as climate change and social justice, and fostered a sense of responsibility toward sustainable development.

96. History and Development of Educational Technology Global Education Systems 7. Access and Equity Initiatives ·  Description : Efforts to improve educational access and equity for marginalized and underserved populations, including initiatives to reduce educational disparities and promote social inclusion. ·  Impact : Worked toward reducing educational inequalities and ensuring that all students have opportunities to succeed.

97. History and Development of Educational Technology Emerging Trends 1.  Personalized Learning ·  Description : Education tailored to individual student needs, interests, and learning styles using data-driven approaches and adaptive technologies. Impact : Increased engagement and achievement by addressing each student’s unique learning profile and providing customized support.

98. History and Development of Educational Technology Emerging Trends 2. Hybrid and Blended Learning ·  Description : Combination of online and face-to-face instruction, allowing for flexibility in learning and teaching methods. ·  Impact : Provided a more flexible and adaptable learning environment, accommodating different learning preferences and situations.

99. History and Development of Educational Technology Emerging Trends 3. Artificial Intelligence and Learning Analytics ·  Description : Use of AI to enhance learning experiences, such as through intelligent tutoring systems and learning analytics to track and support student progress. ·  Impact : Enabled more personalized and data-informed educational practices, improving student outcomes and instructional effectiveness.

100. History and Development of Educational Technology End of the Lesson