Types Animal Behavior.pptx

Types Animal Behavior

1. Animal Behavior types P r es e nted b y : A b du l Q a har Buneri AWKUM (BUNER CAMPUS)

2. Th e f i rs t t y p e i s i nn a t e beha v i or. Fr om L a t i n . i nna t us " i n b or n , “ Innate behaviors are those you develop on your own, w h i c h do n ot n ee d t o b e ta u g h t or l e a r n e d . I nna t e b e ha v i or i s s om e t h i ng t h e an i m a l i s b or n kno w i ng h o w t o do. Examples include fish swimming and geese migrating. W ha t oth e r e x amp l e s c a n y ou th i nk o f ?

3. Innate behavior B e ha v i or d e t e r m i n e d b y th e " ha r d- w i r i n g " of t h e ne r v ous s y st e m i s I n n at e b e ha v i or . It is usually inflexible, a given stimulus triggering a given response. E x a m p l e : A s a l amand e r r a i s e d a w a y f r om w a t e r u nti l l ong after its siblings begin swimming successfully will swim every bit as well as they the very first time it is placed in the water. Clearly this rather elaborate response is "built in" in the species and not something that must be acquired by practice.

4. Types of innate behavior 1:irratibity 2:tropisam 3:nasties 4:taxes 5:kinesisi 6 : r e f l e x a c t i o n 7:instinct 8:motivation ● l e t s t udy d e ta i l

5. Types if innate behavior 1: Irritability def.: Irritability is an excessive response to stimuli . Conditions Irritability can occur in people experiencing any of a variety of cond i t i o n s , i n c l udi n g : Anxiety Alcoholism Fever

6. Examples of irritability Pr oto z oans l a c k n e r v o s a s y s t e m b ut pr o t op l a s m i s c ap a b l e of r e c e i v i ng th e st i mu l i . Th e y c a n di s t i n g ui s h e d b e t w e e n e di b le an d non e di b l e particles.

7. 2: tropism : C a u s e o f nam e : ( f r om G r e e k t rop e , " a t ur ni n g " ) D e f : i t i s a b i o l o g i c a l p h e nom e n o n , i ndi c a t i ng g r o w t h or t u r ni ng mov e me nt of a b i o l o g i c a l or g a n i s m , u s ua l l y a p l an t , i n r e spons e t o a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l s t i mu l u s .or involuntary orientation by an organism or one of its parts that involves turning or curving by movement or by differential g r o w t h an d i s a p o s i t i v e o r n e g at i v e r e s p on s e t o a sou r c e of stimulation In tropisms, this response is dependent on the direction of the stimulus Tropisms are typically associated with plants .

8. 3 : n a s ti es Def: t h e s e A r e non di r e ct i on a l r e s po n s e s t o s t i m u l i ( e . g . temperature , humidity , light irradiance ), and are usually as s o c i a t e d w i t h p l a n ts The movement can be due to changes in turgor or changes in growth. Nastic movements differ from tropic movements in that the direction of tropic responses depends on the direction of the stimulus, whereas the direction of nastic movements is i nd e p e nd e nt of t h e st i mu l u s ' po s i t i on.

9. Examples of nasties

10. 4 :T a x i s Cau s e of n am e : A t a x i s f r om anc i e nt G r e e k m e an i ng arrangement Def.: i t i s a n i nn a t e b e ha v i or a l r e spons e b y a n or g an i s m t o a di r e c t i o n a l s t i m u l us or g r a di e nt of st i mu l us i n t e nsi t y . A taxis differs from a tropism (turning response, often g r o w t h to w a r ds o r a w a y f r om a s t i m u l u s ) i n tha t the organism has motility and demonstrates guided movement t o w a r ds or a w a y f r o m th e s t i m u l us s o u r c e

11. Examples For example, flagellate protozoans of the genus Euglena move t o w a r ds a l i g h t sou r c e . H e r e t h e d i r e c t i onal s t i mu l u s i s l i g h t , and the orientation movement is towards the light. This reaction or behaviour is a positive one to light and specifically termed "positive phototaxis", since phototaxis is a r e s p o n s e t o a l i g h t st i mu l u s , an d th e or g an i s m i s mov i ng towards the stimulus. If the organism moves away from the s t i mu l u s , th e n th e ta xi s i s n e g a t i v e .

12. 5:Kinesis K inesi s , l i k e a tax i s , i s a mov e m e nt or act i v i t y of a c e ll or an organism in response to a stimulus. However, unlike taxis, the response to the stimulus provided (such as gas exposure, light intensity or ambient temperature) is non-directional. K in e s i s i s a n an i ma l s no n - di r e c t i o n a l r e s p on s e t o a st i mu l u s , for example humidity. The animal does not move toward or a w a y th e s t i m u l us b u t mov e s a t e i th e r a s l ow or f a s t r ate d e p e n di ng on i t s " c om f or t zone . " I n th i s c as e a f a s t mov e m e nt(non r a ndom) m e an s th a t t h e an i m a l i s s e a r c h i ng f or i t s co m f o rt z o ne b ut a s l ow m o v e m e nt i ndi c a t e s t h a t i t ha s f ound i t.

13. Th e t w o ma i n t y p e s of k i n e s e s i n c lud e : Or t h o k i n esi s : i n w h i c h t h e sp e e d of mov e m e nt of the individual is dependent upon the intensity of the stimulus. Take, for example, the locomotion of a woodlice in relation to temperature. With increased humidity there is an increase in the percentage time that the woodlice will remain stationary.

14. Klinokinesis : in which the frequency or rate of turning is proportional to stimulus intensity. e.g planaira changes its direction of movement according to the intensity of light. in dim light it turns oaccsaionsliy but in bright light the rate of turning increase. Both orthokinesis and klinokineses result in aggregations. However, the stimulus does not act to attract or repel individuals

15. 7: R e fl e x ac t i o n s Of the many kinds of neural activity, there is one simple kind in which a stimulus leads to an immediate action. This is reflex activity. The word reflex (from Latin reflexus , “reflection”) was introduced into biology by a 19th-century English neurologist, Marshall Hall, wh o f a s h io n e d t h e w o r d b e c a u s e h e th o ught of t h e m u s c l e s a s reflecting a stimulus much as a wall reflects a ball thrown against it. By reflex, Hall meant the automatic response of a muscle or several muscles to a stimulus that excites an afferent nerve. The term is now u s e d t o d e s c r ib e a n a c ti o n th a t i s a n i n b or n c en t r a l n e r vo u s s yste m activity, not involving consciousness, in which a particular stimulus, by exciting an afferent nerve, produces a stereotyped, immediate r e s p o nse of m u s c l e or g l a n d

16. The anatomical pathway of a reflex is called the reflex arc. It consists of an afferent (or sensory) nerve, usually one or more interneurons within the central nervous system, and an efferent (motor, secretory, or secreto-motor) nerve. Probably the best-known reflex is the pupillary li g h t r e f lex. If a light is flashed near one eye, the pupils of both eyes contract. Light is the stimulus; impulses reach the brain via the optic nerve; and the response is conveyed to the pupillary musculature by autonomic nerves that supply the eye. Another reflex involving the eye is known as the lacrimal reflex. When something irritates the conjunctiva or cornea of the eye, the lacrimal reflex causes nerve impulses to pass along the fifth cranial nerve (trigeminal) and reach the midbrain. The efferent limb of this reflex arc is autonomic and mainly parasympathetic. These nerve fibers stimulate the lacrimal glands of the orbit, causing the outpouring of tears.

17. Example of reflex action:

18. 7 : I n s ti n c t Instinct is the inherent inclination of a living organism t o w a r d a par t i c u l a r c omp l e x b e ha v i or . Any behavior is instinctive if it is performed without being b a s e d u p on pr i o r e xp e r i e n c e A n i nsti nct s h o ul d b e di st i n g u i sh e d f r o m a r e fl e x , w h i c h i s a s i m p le r e spons e of a n or g an i s m t o a sp e c i f i c st i mu l us such as the contraction of the pupil in response to bright light or th e spas m o di c mov e m e nt of th e l o w e r l e g wh e n t h e kn e e i s ta p p e d The behavior in fixed way is called fixed action pattern.

19. Fixed Action Patterns A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a sequence of unlearned, i nn a t e b e ha v i or s tha t i s u n c ha n g e ab l e . Once initiated, it is usually carried to completion.

20. Fixed Action Patterns A FA P i s t r i gg e r e d b y a n e xt e r nal s e n s or y s t i m u l us kno w n as a s i g n s ti m u l u s . T h e e g g , f or ex a m ple .

21. L o r e n z a n d T i n b e r g e n ( 1 9 38 ) e x a m i n e d e g g - r o l l i n g b e h a v i o r in t h e g r e y l a g g o o s e . I f t h e e g g s l i pp e d a w a y , s h e c on t i nu e d th e mot i o n. Once started, the behavior must be completed in a specific way.

22. Fixed Action Patterns In male sticklebacks, the sign stimulus for attack behavior, is th e r e d und e r s i d e of a n i n t r u d e r . (a) A male three-spined stickleback fish shows its red underside.

23. Fixed Action Patterns When presented with unrealistic models, as long as some red is present, the attack behavior occurs. N o a t t a c k o cc u r s w it h t h e re a l i s t ic m o d e l t ha t l a c k s re d .

24. Fixed Action Patterns

25. An instinctive behavior of shaking water from wet fur.

26. Fixed Action Patterns M a l e E n g l i s h r o b i n s w il l a t t a c k a b u n d l e o f re d f e a t h e r s p l a c e d i n t h e ir t e rr i t o r y , b u t w il l i g n o r e a s t u ff e d j u v e n il e ( n o r e d ) .

27. Fixed Action Patterns There are costs involved with attack behavior. I n a p pr o p r i a t e a t t a c k r e s p on s e s c a n b e c o s t l y. R e d it e m s a r e n ot c o m m o n in t h e e n v ir o n m e nt.

28. 8:Motivation Motivation is the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal and elicits, c o n t r o l s , an d s ustai n s c e r ta i n g oal di r e c t e d b e ha v i or s . F o r instance: An individual has not eaten, he or she feels hungry, and as a response he or she eats and diminishes feelings of hu n g e r . Th e r e a r e man y a p pr oa c h e s t o mo t i v at i o n : physiological, behavioural, cognitive, and social M o t i v at i o n ma y b e r o ot e d i n a b a s i c n e e d t o m i ni m i z e ph y s i c a l pai n an d m a xi m i z e p l e a s ur e , or i t ma y i n c l ude specific needs such as eating and resting, or for a desired object. Conceptually, motivation is related to, but distinct f r om, e mot i o n .

29. Intrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that is driven by an interest or enjoyment in the task itself, and exists within the individual rather than relying on any external pressure. Intrinsic motivation is based on taking pleasure in an activity rather than working towards an external reward. Intrinsic motivation has b ee n stu d i e d si n c e t h e e a r l y 1 9 7 s . Students who are intrinsically motivated are more likely to engage in the task willingly as well as work to improve their skills, which will increase their capabilities. Students are likely to be intr in s i c a ll y m otiv a te d if the y: attribute their educational results to factors under their own c o ntr o l , a l s o k n o w n a s a uton o m y , l e a r n ing t o a c h i e v e go o d g r a d e s.

30. Extrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation refers to the performance of an activity in order to attain an outcome, which then contradicts intrinsic motivation. It is widely believed that motivation performs two functions. The first is often referred to as the e n e r g e t i c a c t i v a t i on co m p on e nt of th e m o t i v a t i o n c o n s t r u c t. Th e s e c o n d i s di r e c t e d a t a s p e c i f i c b e h a v i o r an d mak e s reference to the orientation directional component. Common extrinsic motivations are rewards like money and g r a d e s , an d th r e a t o f p uni s hm e nt.

31. The other type is learned behavior. En s h a A l l h a i n n e x t class. T HANX