types of research

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1. RESEARCH IN EDUCATION Presented by: Aqsa babar Mehwish University of education

2. TYPES OF RESEARCH BY METHOD

3. Table of content

4. What is research ?

5. Meaning of research Research can also be defines as: Search for knowledge Systematic and scientific search for getting relevant answer on any taken up specific topic Scientific enquiry into a subject It is a voyage of discovery; a journey, an experience , a method critical thinking , a careful critical enquiry in seeking facts of principles Collect the facts and data in systematic way. Generate new knowledge and validate existing knowledge

6. Research methodology Research methodology is way to do systematically solve the problem. In it we study the various steps that are generally adopted by a researcher in studying his research problem logically. When we talk about research methodology, we not only talk about methods but also consider the logic behind the method we use in the context of our research study and explain why we are using this particular method, or we are not use other methods or techniques so that research results are capable of being evaluated either by the researcher or others.

7. Steps of research methodology

8. Objectives of research Defining and redefining the problems Formulate the hypothesis or suggested solutions Collecting, organizing and evaluating data Making deduction and reading conclusions Find out the truth which is hidden, and which has not been discovered yet. Carefully testing the hypothesis, the conclusion to determine whether they fit in formulating hypothesis.

9. Types of research Research can be classified into two aspects: Research by purpose Research by methods

10. Types of research by purpose There are two types of research by purpose: Basic/Pure research Applied research

11. Type of research by method There are two types of research by method : Quantitative research Qualitative research

12. Quantitative research “Quantitative research is explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using mathematically based methods (particular in statistic)” Aliaga and Gunderson (2000) Quantitative research emphasizes objective measurements and the statistical , mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys , or by manipulating pre- existing statistical data using computational techniques. Quantitative method focuses on gathering numerical data and generalizing it across group of people or to explain the phenomenon. Involves the questions like when, where, how much, how many and so on….

13. Types of quantitative research There are four main types of quantitative research: Descriptive/Survey research Correlational research Causal comparative research/ Quasi research Experimental research

14. Descriptive research This type of research describe what exists and may help to uncover new facts and meaning. The purpose of this research is to observe, describe, document aspects of situation as it naturally occurs. This research has no control over variables only must report what is happening or what has happened. For descriptive researchers use frequencies, averages and other statistical calculation. This method include collection of data that will provide an account or description of individuals, groups or situations. Instruments we use to obtain data in descriptive method include questionnaire, interviews and observation. For example: finding the most frequent disease that affects the children of a town. The reader of the research will know what to do to prevent that disease, thus people will live a healthy life .

15. Correlational research Quantitative correlational research aims to systematically investigate and explain the nature of relationship between variables in the real world. often the quantifiable data ( data that we can count )from descriptive studies are frequently analyzed in this way. Correlational research studies go beyond simply describing what exist and are concerned with systematically investigation relationships between two or more variable of interest.(Porter and Carter 2000) Determine relationship between two or more variable without necessary cause and effect. For example: to test hypothesis “listening to music lowers blood pressure levels” there are 2 ways of conducting research Experimental = make group sample and listen them the music Survey= ask the question from them

16. Casual comparative research/quasi experimental research Quasi experimental research attempts to established cause effect relationship among the variable This type of designs are very similar to true experiments,but with some key differences. An independent variable is identified but not manipulated by the experimental , and effects of independent variable on the dependent variable are measured. It is not same as true experimental research because quasi experimental research studies lack one or both essential properties of randomization and a control group. The researcher does not randomly assign groups and must use ones that are naturally formed or pre-existing group. Major drawback with quasi experimental research is that compare to experimental research, it has a weakness in that is not possible to deliver cause and effects result. Identify controlled group expose to the treatment variable are studied an compared to groups who are not.

17. Experimental research Experimental research is an objective, systematic, controlled investigation for the purpose of predicting and controlling phenomenon and examining probability and causality among selected variable. Often called true experimentation, uses the scientific method to establish the cause effect relationship among variables that make up a study. The true experiment is often thought of as a laboratory study, but it is not always the case; a laboratory settings has nothing to do with it. A true experiment is any study where an effort is made to identify and impose control over all other variables except one. An independent variable manipulated to determine the effects on the dependent variables. Subjects are randomly assigned to experimental treatment rather than identify in naturally occurring group.

18. Qualitative research Qualitative research is the research dealing with phenomena that are difficult or impossible to quantify mathematically, such as beliefs, meanings, attributes and symbols. Qualitative research is collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data by observing what people do and speak. Qualitative research refers to the meanings, concepts, definitions, characteristics, metaphors, symbols and description of things. Qualitative researcher aims to gather an in depth understanding of human behaviors and the reason that govern such behavior. The qualitative research investigates the when and how of decision makings, not just what, where and when. The natures of this research is exploratory and open-ended.

19. Types of qualitative research There are three types of qualitative research that we studied: Historical research Ethnographic research Case study Phenomenology research Grounded theory Action research

20. Historical research Historical research is the research involving analysis of events that occurred in the remote or recent past. Historical research can show pattern that occurred in the past and over time which can help us to see where we came from and what kind of solution, we have used in the past. Understanding this can perspective on how we examine currents events and educational practices. The steps involved in the conduct of historical research are identification of research topic and formulation of research problem. Data collection or literature review. Evaluation of materials. Data synthesis. Report preparation.

21. Ethnographic research Ethnography refers to the investigation of a culture through an in-depth study of the member of the culture; it involve systematic collection, description, and analysis of data for development of theories of cultural behavior. The study and systematic recording of human culture; also: a descriptive work produced from such research. Data collect through the field work, observation, interviews, questionnaire, producing description. Its studies people ethnic groups and other ethnic formations, their ethnic genesis, compositions, resettlement, social welfare characteristics, as well as their mental and spiritual culture. The purpose of the ethnographic research is to attempt to understand what is happening naturally in setting and to interpret the data gathered to see what implications could be formed from the data .

22. Case study Case study involves an in-depth examination of a single person or single individual or single institution / organization. The goal of case study is to provide an accurate and complete description of the case, the principal benefit of case-study is that it-can expand our knowledge about the human behavior or attitude. It is also useful when the case is too-complex and need special attention. Case study often include in-depth interviews with participant, review of his/her previous record, observation. It provides an opportunity for the intensive analysis of many specific details, which are often overlooked by other methods. case study involves a deep understanding through multiple types of data sources. Case studies can be explanatory, exploratory, or describing an event

23. Phenomenology research When you want to describe an event, activity, or phenomenon, the properly named phenomenological study is an appropriate qualitative method. In a phenomenological study, you use a combination of methods, such as conducting interviews, reading documents, watching videos, or visiting places and events, to understand the meaning participants place on whatever's being examined. You rely on the participants' own perspectives to provide insight into their motivations. to describe experiences as people are lived e.g. examines uniqueness of individual's lived situations

24. Grounded theory A phenomenological study looks to describe the essence of an activity or event. A grounded theory looks to provide an explanation or theory behind the events. You use primarily interviews and existing documents to build a theory based on the data. The purpose of grounded theory is theory development. Grounded theory can help inform design decisions by better understanding how a community of users currently use a product or perform tasks. Sample sizes are often also larger—between 20 to 60—with these studies to better establish a theory.

25. Action research Rapoport (1971) defines action research as “the purpose of an action research is to talk about people’s practical problems in a situation that there is a specific problem, and the purpose is to increase social knowledge through a cooperative interaction with respect and mutual trust within a moral framework accepted by both parties ”. Emphasizes an increase in scientific knowledge and practical solutions in the real life. Although this is the purpose of all traditional researches, traditional researches insist on a separation of action and research. Concentrates on the values and standards common among the researcher and client. Presents a research approach which is stronger and traditional researches lack that. Requires cooperation based on trust and respect between the researcher and client. Is periodical and it emphasizes a gradual improvement.