Types of text in english

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1. Created By : Hilda Febrina Teacher : Leli Yuspita Class : X MIA 6 English X MIA 6 SMAN 2 PALANGKA RAYA Types Of Text In English 15/08/2014 1 Types of text in English

2. Table of Contents 15/08/2014 2 Types of text in English

3. What is Descriptive Text? ‘-’)? ~ Definition of Narrative Text Descriptive text is a text which presents information about something specifically . ~ Example : * Place * Thing * And many more * People 1 15/08/2014 3 Types of text in English 1.1

4. Generic Structure of Descriptive Text 1. Identification : introduce a particular person or thing or place . Language Feature of Descriptive Text 2. Description : describing physical appearance, quality, behaviour, etc. 1.2 1.3 1. Using Simple Present Tense 2. Using action verb 3. Using adverb 4. Using special technical terms 4 Types of text in English

5. Example of Descriptive Text #1 (Place ) 1.4 The National Monument The National Monument (or Monument Nasional) is a 132 meters tower in the center of Merdeka Square, Central Jakarta. It symbolizes the fight for Indonesia’s independence. The monument consist of a 117,7 m obelisk on a 45 m square platform at a height of 17 m. The towering monument symbolizes the philosophy of Lingga and Yoni. Lingga resembles, rice pestle (alu) and Yoni resembles a mortar rice (lesung), two important items in Indonesian agricultural tradition. The construction began in 1961 under the direction of President Soekarno and the monument was opened to the public in 1975. It is topped by a flame covered with gold foil. The monument and museum is opened daily from 08.00 – 15.00 every day throughout the week, except for the last Monday of the month the monument is closed . 15/08/2014 5 Types of text in English Identification Descipti on

6. ~ Narrative Text ~ ~ Definition of Narrative Text Narrative text is a story with complication or problematic events and it tries to find the resolutions to solve the problems. An important part of narrative text is the narrative mode, the set of methods used to communicate the narrative through a process narration .   2 ~ The Purpose of Narrative Text The Purpose of Narrative Text is to amuse or to entertain the reader with a story . ~ Generic Structure of Narrative Text 1. Orientation Sets the scene: where and when the story happened and introduces the participants of the story: who and what is involved in the story . 2.1 2.2 2.3 15/08/2014 6 Types of text in English

7. 2. Complication Tells the beginning of the problems which leads to the crisis (climax) of the main participants . 3. Resolution The problem (the crisis) is resolved, either in a happy ending or in a sad (tragic) ending. 4. Re-orientation/Coda This is a closing remark to the story and it is optional. It consists of a moral lesson, advice or teaching from the writer. 2.3 2.4 ~ Language Feature of Narrative Text 1. Using Past Tense 2. Using action verb 3. Chronologically arranged 15/08/2014 7 Types of text in English

8. Example of Narrative Text 2.5 The Legend Of Surabaya A long time ago in East Java there were two strong animals, Sura and Baya. Sura was a shark and Baya was a crocodile. They lived in a sea. Actually, they were friends. But when they were hungry, they were very greedy. They did not want to share their food. They would fight for it and never stop fighting until one of them gave up. 15/08/2014 8 Types of text in English Orien - tation Continue>

9. 15/08/2014 Types of text in English 9 c Resolu - tion 1 Complica - tion 1 It was a very hot day. Sura and Baya were looking for some food. Suddenly, Baya saw a goat. “Yummy, this is my lunch,” said Baya. “No way! This is my lunch. You are greedy! I had not eaten for two days!” said Sura. Then Sura and Baya fought again. After several hours, they were very tired. Sura had a plan to stop their bad behavior. “I’m tired of fighting, Baya,” said Sura. “Me too. What should we do to stop fighting? Do you have any idea?” asked Baya. “Yes, I do. Let’s share our territory. I live in the water, so I look for food in the sea. And you live on the land, right? So, you look for the food also on the land. The border is the beach, so we will never meet again. Do you agree?” asked Sura. “Hmm... let me think about it. OK, I agree. From today, I will never go to the sea again. My place is on the land,” said Baya. Then they both lived in the different places. But one day, Sura went to the land and looked for some food in the river. He was very hungry and there was not much food in the sea. Baya was very angry when he knew that Sura broke the promise. “Hey, what are you doing here? This is my place. Your place is in the sea!” “But, there is water in the river, right? So, this is also my place!” said Sura. Complica - tion 2 Continue>

10. 15/08/2014 Types of text in English 10 Then Sura and Baya fought again. They both hit each other. Sura bit Baya's tail. Baya did the same thing to Sura. He bit very hard until Sura finally gave up. He went back to the sea. Baya was very happy. He had his place again. The place where they were fighting was a mess. Blood was everywhere. People then always talked about the fight between Sura and Baya. They then named the place of the fight as Surabaya, it’s from Sura the shark and Baya the crocodile. People also put their fight as the symbol of Surabaya city. Resolu - tion 2

11. ~ Recount Text ~ 3 ~ Definition of Recount Text Recount is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. There is no complication among the participants and that differentiates from narrative . ~ The Purpose of Recount Text Its purpose is either to inform or to entertain the audience . ~ Generic Structure of Recount Text 1. Orientation: Introducing the participants, place and time. 2. Events: Describing series of event that happened in the past. Usually presented in chronological order, such as: "In the first day .... And in the next day .... And in the last day ...." 3. Reorientation: It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story. 3.1 3.2 3.3 15/08/2014 11 Types of text in English

12. ~ Example of Recount Text 3.5 Singapore I want to tell you about my memorable time in Singapore. It was one of the best holidays I ever had. I shall never forget the spectacular sight of the city. I saw from Mount Fable that night. The roller-coaster ride, the stunts performed by the dolphins and the killer whale at the Sea World were also exciting. I shall remember the thrill of having been on one of the longest rides in the monorail in Sentosa Island for many years to come. I also enjoyed various varieties of seafood at the makeshift roadside stalls at the Chinatown night market. I also enjoyed the shopping trips. My family and friends agreed that the souvenirs were value for money, especially the silk scarves with pretty prints and the attractive key chains . 15/08/2014 12 Types of text in English Orien-tation Event 1 Event 2 ~ Language Feature of Recount Text 1. Introducing personal participant; I, my group, etc 2. Using chronological connection; then, first, etc 3. Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc 4. Using action verb; look, go, change, etc 5. Using simple past tense  3.4

13. ~ Explanation Text ~ ~ Definition of Explanation Text Explanation Text is a text that describes the processes associated with natural phenomena , soisal , science , culture and others . An Explanation text is usually derived from the corresponding author questions ' why ' and 'how ' of an existing phenomenon. ~ The purpose of Explanation Text  The purpose of the Explanation text is to describe the processes that occur in the formation or activity associated with natural phenomena , social , science , culture , and the other aimed to explain. 4 4 .1 4.2 15/08/2014 13 Types of text in English

14. ~ Generic Structure of Explanation Text Structure of explanation text is as below . 1. A general statement In a general statement contains a general explanation of the phenomenon to be discussed, the phenomenon could be the introduction or explanation. 2. A sequenced of explanation A sequenced contains an explanation of the explanation why this phenomenon may occur or be created. A sequenced of explanation in the form of answers to the question ' why ' and 'how ' the author when making an Explanation text. In sequenced of explanation may consist of more than one paragraph. 3. Closing  Actually closing it is not listed in the generic structure of the Explanation text, but most people assume that the last paragraph of an Explanation text is closing, but it is part of sequenced of explantaion which contains the final step described in section sequenced of explanation. 4.3 15/08/2014 14 Types of text in English

15. ~ Language Features of Explanation Text 1. Using Simple Present Tense 2. Using action verbs 3. Using passive voice 4. Using noun phrase 5. Using adverbial phrase 6. Using technical terms 7. Using general and abstract noun 8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect . 4.4 ~ Example of Explanation Text 15/08/2014 15 Types of text in English 4.5 How Light Pillar Happen? Light Pillar is one of the beautiful natural phenomenon. Light Pillar is a local phenomenon which led to the creation of the pillars of colorful light. Generally, this phenomenon occurs when the sun is almost or already immersed. Scientists refer to this phenomenon as the Incredible Optical Phenomena. Light Pillar often occurs during the winter , when the temperature in the area reaches less than 10 ° C. When snow or ice crystals formed in the winter, the sun or moon light that falls on it will be reflected to be colorful pillars. Pilar looks like a feather light extending vertically above or below the light source , or both. Also in the form of a pillar of light from artificial light sources such as street lamps, car lamps or other strong light source. This phenomenon will stop when there is no light falling on top of the ice crystals to be reflected. A general statement A sequenced of explana-tion Closing

16. 15/08/2014 16 Types of text in English PROCEDURE TEXT 5 ~ Definition of Procedure Text Procedure text is kind of text which teaches on how to make something completely. Procedure text is dominantly structured with imperative sentence since it actually an instruction. Procedure text usually explain the ingredient or material which is need, though sometime it is omitted, after that procedure text will explain step by step how to make the thing.   5.1 ~ The Purpose of Procedure Text The purpose of a procedure is to tell the reader how to do or make something . 5.2 5.3 ~ Generic Stucture of Procedure Text A procedure usually has four components 1 . Goal or Aim > states what is to be done 2. Materials : listed in order of use, includes items needed to complete task 3 . Method : a series of steps 4 . Evaluation : how the success of the procedure can be tested  

17. 15/08/2014 Types of text in English 17 ~ Language Features of Procedure Text 1. Using Simple Present Tense 2. Using Imperatives sentence 3. Using adverb 4. Using technical terms 5.4 ~ Example of Procedure Text (How to make something ) "FRIED RICE " 5.5 Nasi goreng, "fried rice" is a familiar food from Indonesia; if you want to know how to make nasi goreng. Just follow this explanation : Ingredients : »350 gr. Long Grain Rice »250 gr. Chicken meat »1 Leek »2 Tbs. Vegetable Oil »1 Onion »1 Garlic Clove »2 Green Chillis, Sambal Ulek or Sambal Badjak »3 Eggs »1 teaspoon Ground Coriander »3 Tbs. Kecap »1 teaspoon Ground Cumin »250 gr. Shelled Prawns Steps : This dish is best made from cold leftover rice, but you can cook a fresh batch and leave it to cool for at least 4 hours. Beat the eggs and make into a omelette, slice into strips and set aside. Heat the oil in a wok or large frying pan. Add the chopped onion, leek, garlic and chillis. Fry until the onion is soft. Add the Coriander and Cumin. Slice Chicken into strips and add with the prawns to the onion mixture and cook, stirring occasionally until they are well mixed. Add the rice, soya sauce and omelet strips and cook for a further 5 minutes. Decorate with some of the leftover leek and serve hot. Enjoy. Goal/Aim Materials Method Evaluation

18. 15/08/2014 Types of text in English 18 ~ Report Text ~ 6 ~ Definition and Sosial Function of Report Text Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and analysis. Some experts mentioned that its social function is presenting information about something. They generally describe an entire class of things, whether natural or made: mammals, the planets, rocks, plants, countries of region, culture, transportation, and so on ~ Generic Structure of Report Text 1. General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general 2. Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part , customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials ~ Language Features of Report Text 1. Introducing group or general aspect 2. Using conditional logical connection 3. Using Simple Present Tense 6.1 6.2 6.3

19. 15/08/2014 Types of text in English 19 ~ Example of Report Text 6.4 Venice Venice is a city in northern Italy. It is the capital of region Veneto. Together with Padua, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area. Venice has been known as the “Queen of the Adriatic”, “City of Water”, “City of Bridges”, and “The City of Light”. The city stretches across 117 small islands in the marshy Venetian Lagoon along the Adriatic Sea in northeast Italy. Venice is world-famous for its canals. It is built on an archipelago of 117 islands formed by about 150 canals in a shallow lagoon. The islands on which the city is built are connected by about 400 bridges. In the old center, the canals serve the function of roads, and every form of transport is on water or on foot. You can ride gondola there. It is the classical Venetian boat which nowadays is mostly used for tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies. Now, most Venetians travel by motorised waterbuses (“vaporetti”) which ply regular routes along the major canals and between the city’s islands. The city also has many private boats. The only gondolas still in common use by Venetians are the traghetti, foot passenger ferries crossing the Grand Canal at certain points without bridges. General Classifi-cation Descrip-tion You can see the amusing city’s landmarks such as Piazza San Marco, Palazzo Contarini del Bovolo, Saint Mark’s Cathedral or villas of the Veneto. The villas of the Veneto, rural residences for nobles during the Republic, are one of the most interesting aspects of Venetian countryside. They are surrounded by elegant gardens, suitable for fashionable parties of high society. The city is also well known for its beautiful and romantic view, especially at night. Descrip-tion

20. 15/08/2014 Types of text in English 20 What is Analytical Exposition Text? 7 ~ Definition of Analytical Exposition Text Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding ~ The Purpose of Analytical Exposition Text Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.   ~ Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition Text Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position Argument 1: Explaining the argument to support the writer’s position Argument 2: Explaining the other arguments support the writer’s position more Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position   7.1 7.2 7.3

21. 15/08/2014 Types of text in English 21 ~ Language Features of Analytical Exposition Text 1. Using modals 2. Using action verbs 3. Using thinking verbs 4. Using adverbs 5. Using adjective 6. Using technical terms 7. Using general and abstract noun 8. Using connectives/transition 7.4

22. 15/08/2014 Types of text in English 22 ~ Example of Analytical Exposition Text 7.5 THE DANGEROUS OF SMOKING Until now there are still many people that keep smoking. But we think if everyone knows that smoking is dangerous for health. Why smoking is dangerous? Before we are going to smoke, it’s better to look at the fact. A 2004 study by the CDC's National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion found that cigarette smoke contains over 4,800 chemicals, 69 of which are known to cause cancer. Nearly a quarter of smokers die because of diseases caused by smoking. Adult male smokers lose an average of 13.2 years of life and female smokers lose 14.5 years of life because of smoking, and given the diseases that smoking can cause, it can steal your quality of life long before you die. Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking. Secondhand smoke also causes about 35,000 deaths from heart disease in people who are not smokers. If we smoke five cigarettes a day, we are six times more likely to die of lung cancer than a non-smoker. If we smoke twenty cigarettes a day, the risk is nineteen greater. Ninety five percent of people who suffer of bronchitis are people who are smoking. Smokers are two and half times more likely to die of heart disease than non-smokers. Thesis Argu-ment 1 Argu-ment 2 Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop bronchitis and pneumonia. In one hour in smoky room, non-smoker breathes as much as substance causing cancer as if he had smoked fifteen cigarettes. Smoking is not good for smokers and people around smokers. However smoking is very good for Cigarette Companies. Because they have much money from smoking habit. However smoking is not good for everybody else. Argu-ment 3 Reiteration

23. 15/08/2014 Types of text in English 23 ~ News Item Text ~ 8 ~ Definition of News Item Text News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important. ~ The Purpose of News Item Text News item is a type of the text that has the main function or communicative purpose to inform readers, listeners or viewer about events of the day that are considered newsworthy or important. ~ Generic Structure of News Item Text 1. Newsworthy event(s) 2. Background event(s) 3. Source(s) 8.1 8.2 8.3

24. 15/08/2014 Types of text in English 24 ~ Language Features of News Item Text 1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline 2. Using action verbs 3. Using saying verbs 4. Using adverbs : time, place and manner. 8.4 ~ Example of News Item Text Air Force still Investigating Cause of Plane Crash 8.5 The Air Force is still investigating the cause of last Thursday’s military plane crash on Mount Salak, Bogor, an officials say. “I cannot reveal any preliminary suspicions on the crash because we are still waiting for result of the investigating,” Air Force spokesman Chaerudin Ray said. He said he was sure that human error was not the cause of the Casa 212’s crash because the Captain’s Pilot, Maj. Bendot Arjiyanto, was both an experienced pilot and an instructor. Chaerudin said no Casa planes belonging to the Air Force, including the 1984 Casa light transport airplane, carried a black box. “We only rely on the tape recorder and a record from the Jakarta air traffic control,” he said.  (Source: The Jakarta Post, June 30, 2008) News-worthy event Back-ground event Soure

25. 15/08/2014 Types of text in English 25 ~ Spoof Text ~ ~ Definition of Spoof Text Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending. ~ The Purpose of Spoof Text Its social function is to entertain and share the story. ~ Generic Structure of Spoof Text 1. Orientation 2. Events 3. Twist(s) ~ Language Features of Spoof Text 1. Using Past Tense 2. Using action verb 3. Using adverb 4. Chronologically arranged 9 9.2 9.1 9.3 9.4

26. 15/08/2014 Types of text in English 26 ~ Example of Spoot Text 9.5 Absence Joe's Mother got angry because her son got a low mark on English test. "Why did you get such a low mark on that test?" Asked mother angrily. Asked by his angry mother, Joe just kept silent and went out. A few moment, Joe came back home and met his mother again. His mother asked the same question. Joe answered steadily, "Because of absence." "You mean you were absent on the day of the test?" Mother wondered. Joe replied, "No, but the kid who sits next to me was." Orientation Event Twist

27. 15/08/2014 Types of text in English 27 ~ Discussion Text ~ 10 ~ Definition of Discussion Text Discussion is a text which presents a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different points of view. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text. It presents pro and contra opinion on certain issue. ~ The Purpose of Discussion Text The purpose of a discussion text is to present arguments and information from differing viewpoints. 10.1 10.2

28. 15/08/2014 Types of text in English 28 ~ Generic Structure of Discussion Text 10.3 1. Issue : contains of statement and preview about something. 2. Argument for/Supporting argument : after stating the issue, it is necessary to present the argument to support that one point is agreeing. 3. Argument against : beside the supporting argument, discussion text need the argument which disagree to the stated issue. 4. Recommendation/conclusion : It is used to tell how to solve issue by concerning the arguements for and against.

29. 15/08/2014 Types of text in English 29 ~ Language Features of Discussion Text 1. Introducing category or generic participant. 2. Relating verb/to be: is, am, are, etc. 3. Using thinking verb: feel, hope, believe, etc. 4. Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection: similarly, on the hand, however, etc. 5. Using modalities: must, should, could, may, etc. 6. Using adverbial of manner: deliberately, hopefully, etc. 7. Conjunction/transition: although, even, if, etc. 10.4

30. 15/08/2014 Types of text in English 30 ~ Example of Discussion Text The Ban on Smoking in Public Places Smoking ban in public places has been a hot issue these last months not only in Malta but also in various countries who are discussing the effects a ban would have. There have been several debates on smoking ban. Even though the harmful effects of smoking, both active and passive, are well known and undeniable smoking is far from being in decline; it is spreading among young people in particular quickly. Most controversial debate is going on public smoking ban. The reason is simple, smoking ban affects directly all people rapidly and we can see its effects in a short-term period. There have been a lot of arguments brought up both in favour and against a public smoking ban. Some of the arguments in favour are the following. Smoking ban is one of the controversial ways for reducing smoking and recognizing non-smokers’ right to health protection. The health risks of smoking are clear. Passive smoking does carry risks. Many leading medical and scientific organizations recognize second hand smoke as a cause of a range of life-threatening conditions. 10.5 Issue Supporting argument (continue) Continue>

31. 15/08/2014 Types of text in English 31 The health situation could be drastically improved if one of the risk factors - tobacco - was eliminated. People have a right to protect themselves from smoke inhalation. People shouldn’t have to inhale the ill-effects of other people’s smoking. The creation of smoke-free public places also improves air quality. Those opposing a smoking ban say that freedom of choice would be affected by such legislation. Some people against a ban say that smoking bans damage business. A smoking ban could lead to a significant fall in earnings from bars, restaurants and casinos. Another argument is that the smoker has a basic human right to smoke in public places, and the ban is a limitation for smokers’ rights. Businesses, smokers, publicans, tobacco industries, stars, and some of the non-smokers oppose public smoking ban. Smokers light a cigarette because they need to smoke, not because they want it, because nicotine is physically addictive. Therefore, some smokers think that the public smoking ban is oppressiveness. They see the ban as a treatment to smokers as second-class citizens. Smokers agree that the smoking ban benefits the world, but cannot support the ban, because effects of nicotine obstruct them. Supporting argument Argument against Continue>

32. 15/08/2014 Types of text in English 32 Public smoking ban needs to be measured and understood better. Smokers should not be made to look like outcasts, but smokers should respect non-smokers when sharing places. I agree that completely smoke-free places are the ideal, and some businesses have taken the decision to go completely smoke-free. However, everyone agrees that, it is a matter of rights - the right of smokers to smoke versus non-smokers to protect from passive smoking and to breathe clean air. Recommenda-tion or conclution

33. 15/08/2014 Types of text in English 33 ~ Review Text 11 ~ Definition of Review Text Review text is an evaluation of a publication, such as a movie, video game, musical composition, book; a piece of hardware like a car, home appliance, or computer; or an event or performance, such as a live music concert, a play, musical theatre show or dance show.  ~ The Purpose of Review Text Review text is used to critic the events or art works for the reader or listener, such as movies, shows, book, and others. ~ Generic Structure of Review Text 1. Orientation : Background information of the text. 2. Evaluations : Concluding statement : judgement, opinion, or recommendation. It can consist ot more than one. 3. Interpretative Recount : Summary of an art works including character and plot. 4. Evaluative Summation : The last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the art works being criticized. 11.1 11.2 11.3

34. 15/08/2014 Types of text in English 34 ~ Language Features of Review Text 1. Focus on specific participants 3. Using long and complex clauses 2. Using adjectives 4. Using metaphor 11.4 ~ Example of Review Text Rhymes of the Times Author : Harold Matthew Nash Publisher : Booksurge Reviewed by : John Lehman 11.5 Continue> Orienta-tion

35. I particularly liked the first few pages of this book where the poet acknowledges those who have helped him and tells us something about his life. Too often writing is a lonely task and poetry so personal that it excludes others until they read the final result. But both poets and audiences are intimately involved in the process. Readers are not consumers looking for a pair of shoes, but people trying to discover something about how they feel, as well as understand the emotions of the person writing the poem. This spirit of openness and participation is right here from the start in this collection. Harold is one of nine children, raised by his mother. In the Introduction he tells us about public moments that have shaped his life (Martin Luther King’s ”I Have a Dream” speech, Muhammad Ali’s “I can float like a butterfly and sting like a bee.”) as well as very private ones like attending the wedding of a girl he was still very much in love with. This not only gives us an insight into the person behind these poems, it helps us understand their inspiration and connection to things outside of the words. “The Bee in the Web” draws on the “butterfly”/”bee” of Ali’s boast, yet expands on it to a message of racial harmony as opposed to one of militant aggression and separatism. There are some great titles (“The Martian and the Wino,” “W Stands for Wrong", ”Fasten Your Seatbelt”) and lines that make us think (“Sometimes I feel that life’s a curse, has front-wheel drive and no reverse” and the very poignant “I hate in order to protect yourself—you pack a gun or mace. Evaluation Interpreta-tive Recount (continue) Continue>

36. So why don’t I say what the hell and hate the human race.”) There are also some bad lines: “Her skin is cream, her body is slim. Looking at her makes the average saint sin.”—perhaps, but what or who is “the average saint”? The book ends with a sweet poem by Charla Angeline Hultmann (and I really like the candor of her bio) called “Gift” and “giving” is the real spirit of this book of poetry. I will be honest, I am not a fan of rhyme. There is a delight in adjacent sounds rubbing together—vowels held and savored, consonants clicking in a row—but “easy” rhymes (“head”/“dead”; “love”/”dove”; “moon”/”prune”) tend to overshadow poetic subtleties, determine word choice and the words themselves lose their meaning, becoming clichés. But this is the music of this poet’s generation, and there is no denying that poetry is more alive, more meaningful and more accessible than it has ever been at any other time during my life. PS I do love the “Osama” “mama” rhyme. In general I think it would benefit Harold Nash’s development to read more of the published contemporary Black poets. But form aside, this is an honest (courageous and unflinching) look at life today—one we need to share together for the survival of us all. That is “Rhymes of the Times” message. And it is a good one. Interpreta-tive Recount Evaluative Summation

37. 15/08/2014 Types of text in English 37 ~ Hortatory Exposition Text 12 ~ Definition of Hortatory Exposition Text Hortatory Exposition is a type of English text that belongs to the Class of Argumentation.Hortatory Exposition is a type of English text that influences the reader to do something or act in a certain way. In Hortatory Exposition, there are some opinions about certain things to reinforce the main ideas of the text. 12.1 12.2 12.3 ~ The Purpose of Hortatory Exposition Text The Purpose Hortatory exposition is to presenting and influencing the readers that should be so or should not be ~ Generic Stucture of Hortatory Exposition Text 1. Thesis The contain of thesis is introduction to the main idea of a effect or event that will be raised or discussed. 2. Arguments The contain of argument is the opinions of the writer that support the main idea. The more opinions the authors write, the more attractive a Hortatory Exposition Text, because readers tend to believe in an event if there are many opinions that support in it. 3. Recommendation Recommendation contains a recommendation or solicitation writer to the reader.

38. 15/08/2014 Types of text in English 38 ~ Language Features of Hortatory Exposition Text 1. Focusing on the writer 2. Using abstract noun; policy, advantage, etc 3. Using action verb 4. Using thinking verb 5. Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc 6. Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, etc 7. Using evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc 8. Using passive voice 9. Using simple present tense 12.4

39. 15/08/2014 Types of text in English 39 ~ Example of Hortatory Exposition Text 12.5 Indonesian People Should Value All the Different Culture to Promote Unity of the Nation Indonesia is a culturally-diverse country. Many different religions and cultures from many provinces are now seen living side by side in many places. One of the biggest questions facing Indonesian today is how to deal with a culturally diverse citizenry and then promote unity. Therefore, Indonesians should appreciate differences among culture for the following reasons. Firstly, Indonesia is vulnerable to separation for its archipelago and culture diversity. Raising tolerance among people is the best way to maintain the unity among differences. Many ways or cultures of living are equally legal, even if they are not regarded as normal by some people. If a society claims to be tolerant of personal choice, then it must respect the personal choice to retain their heritage. Then, unity of the nation can be preserved. Thesis Argument 1 Continue>

40. Secondly, Indonesians must recognize that every culture has different customs and beliefs. Thus, people are forbidden to make judgments of comparative value, for it is measuring something unmeasured. A plurality of nations, especially in the modern era, can allow for cultural development and cultural exchange that benefits both parties. The cross-cultural understanding among cultures makes the world a better place and preserves the unity of the nation. Lastly, raising nationalism is one way to preserve unity of the nation. It is a sense of fellow feeling between group members. This promotes cooperation and social cohesion within the group. The sense of social cooperation makes welfare, social security and medical programs much more likely and stronger. Cultural differences are sometime a sensitive matter for people. Indonesian people must teach younger generation about the importance of the cultural identity and nationalism to promote unity of the nation. Argument 2 Argument 3 Recommenda-tion

41. 15/08/2014 Types of text in English 41 ~ Anecdote Text 13 ~ Definition of Anecdote Text Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. ~ The Purpose of Anecdote Text Its purpose is to satirize certain people in real life and to entertain the readers. ~ Generic Structure of Anecdote Text 1. Abstract 4. Reaction 2. Orientation 5. Coda 3. Crisis ~ Language Features of Anecdote Text 1. Using exclamation words; it's awful!, it's wonderful!, etc 2. Using imperative; listen to this 3. Using rhetoric question; do you know what? 4. Using action verb; go, write, etc 5. Using conjunction of time; then, afterward 6. Using simple past tense 13.2 13.3 13.1 13.4

42. 15/08/2014 Types of text in English 42 ~ Example of Anecdote Text Corruption Court One day, in a country that certainly not our country, so many state officials are corrupt. However, only a few caught. At the height of a political corruption trial, prosecutors attacked a witness. "Is it true," he cried, "that you receive five thousand dollars to compromise this case?" The witness stared out the window as if he did not hear the question. "Is not it true that you receive five thousand dollars to compromise this case?" the lawyer repeated. The witness still did not respond. Finally, the judge said, "Sir, please answer the question Attorney." "Oh, sorry," the witness told the judge he was surprised. I thought he was talking to you." 13.5 Abstract Orientation Crisis Reaction Coda

43. 15/08/2014 Types of text in English 43 Thanks To : God Family Friend Ma’am Lely Many Sources ( www.englishindo.com , www.123HelpMe.com , anuwwaer.blogspot.com, www.sekolahoke.com , and ufonesia.wordpress.com )

44. 15/08/2014 Types of text in English 44 your attention 