UCSP-3.pptgggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

understanding culture

1. Understanding
Culture, Society
and Politics

2. Module 3
  Biocultural and
social evolution

3. Learning Objectives:
1. Trace the biological and cultural evolution of early to
modern humans
2. Explore the significance of human material remains
and artifactual evidence in interpreting cultural and
social, including political and economic processes
3. Recognize the national, local, and specialized
museums and archeological and historical sites as
venues to appreciate and reflect on the complexities
of biocultural and social evolution as part of being
and becoming human

4. Learning Competency 1:
Trace the biological and cultural
evolution of early to modern humans

5. EVOLUTION
-THE PROCESS BY WHICH DIFFERENT
KINDS OF LIVING ORGANISMS ARE
THOUGHT TO HAVE DEVELOPED AND
DIVERSIFIED FROM EARLIER FORMS
DURING THE HISTORY OF THE EARTH.
-THE GRADUAL DEVELOPMENT OF
SOMETHING, ESPECIALLY FROM A
SIMPLE TO A MORE COMPLEX FORM

6. CULTURE AND EVOLUTION
•WHAT IS THE CONNECTION OF
EVOLUTION TO OUR OWN CULTURE?
•HOW DOES EVOLUTION SHAPED OUR
OWN CULTURE?

7. SOCIAL
BIOLOGICAL
CULTURAL
EVOLUTIONARY
PROCESS

8. Activity 1.
Analyze the photo and answer the questions that follow:

9. Question Answer
1. What do you see in the picture?
Describe their appearance and
expressions
2. What is happening in the photo?
3. List three things you might infer from
this picture
4. What questions does this photograph
raise in your mind?
5. Where could you find the answers to
them(questions)?

10. Module 3
  Biocultural and
social evolution

11. Reason/factors for evolution
1. survival
2. environment
3. breeding

12. Biological and cultural evolution
development of modern human; -from (hominids)
AUSTRALOPITHECUS to HOMO SAPIENS
4 million years ago 100,000 years ago
humanlike
appearance
hominids to
homo sapiens
profound change
uncultured to
cultured

13. Biological Evolution
-refers to the changes,
modifications, and
variations in the
genetics and inherited
traits of biological
populations from one
generation to another
-diverse and occurs in
different levels
-study the changes in
the physical body of
humans, changes in
shape, size of their
bones, brain, dentition
and fingers
Cultural Evolution
- refers to changes or
development in cultures
from a simple form to a
more complex form of
human culture
- result of human
adaptation to different
factors like climatic
changes and population
increase

14. BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
based on the theory of evolution that was
introduced by Charles Darwin
According to the theory of Charles Darwin
"each species was not created at one time in
a fixed form"
Darwin wrote in his book "On the Origin of
Species by Means of Natural Selection";
-Species are not immutable, but that
those belonging to what are called the same
genera are lineal descendants of some other
and generally extinct species, in the same
manner as the acknowledge varities of any
species

15. What is Charles Darwin view on
evolution?
According to Charles
Darwin- the evolution of
species happens through
the process of natural
selection.
Darwin said, Natural
Selection was the
reason for the
occurence of evolution.
Theory of Natural
Selection
- states that all
organisms originated
from common ancestors
through a natural
process of change.
- the theory explains
the variety of plant and
animal species living
today as having
descended in a changed
or modified form from
species which existed
million years ago.

16. 3 important principles of Natural
Selection Theory
1. Variation
- Every species is
made up of a variety of
individuals wherein
some are better
adapted to their
environments compared
to others.
2. Heritability
- Organisms
produce progeny with
different sets of traits
that can be inherited
3. Differential
Reproductive Success
- Organisms that
have traits most
suitable to their
environment will survive
and transfer these
variations to their
offspring in subsequent
generations.

17. How did hominids evolve into
modern humans?
definition of terms:
1. fossils- the remains of
an animal, plant or
human person preserved
from an earlier era
inside a rock or other
geologic deposit
2. Artifacts- an object
made by human being
especially those with
archaeological or
cultural interest
3. Hominid- is the general
term used by scientists
to categorize the group
of early humans and
other humanlike
creatures that can walk
erect during the
prehistoric times
- four
categories of hominids;
SAHELANTHROPUS,
ARDIPITHECUS,
AUSTRALOPITHECUS
AND HOMO

18. How did hominids evolve into
modern humans?
definition of terms:
4. Bipedalism (biped)-
walking upright on two
feet or legs
5. Australopithecus-
(southern ape) describes
as a prehistoric primate
of southern Africa
whose fossilized remains
resemble those of
humans.
- also considered as the
first stage of evolution
6. Homo sapiens- the
species of modern human
beings, the only extant
species of the family that
also included other
species named Homo
- the last stage of
evolution
7. Archaeology- the study
of ancient cultures
through the examination
of their material remains
such as buildings, graves,
tools, and other artifacts
usually dug up from the
ground

19. How did hominids evolve into
modern humans?
definition of terms:
8. Ardipithecus- means
"ape on the ground"
9. ramidus- means
"root"

20. Characteristics of the four
categories of hominids
1. Australopithecus and
Homo- had the most number
of species based on the fossil
and artifacts
2. Australopithecus,
Sahelanthropus, and
Ardipithecus- considered as
prehuman stage of evolution
-had both
apelike and humanlike
characteristics
- all
excavated in the African
continent
3. Homo- considered as
human stage of
evolution
- had biological
and cultural
characteristics of a
modern man

21. Fossil Evidence in the Evolution of Man
A. Sahelanthropus
tchadensis (6-7 mil. years
ago)
Characteristics;
1.had both apelike and
humanlike characteristics
2. a skull similar to the
Australopithecus and modern
human
3. height almost similar with
the chimpanzee;
4. brain size about 320-380
cu.cm.
4.small teeth similar to other
hominids
5.had ability to walk upright.
B.Orrorin tugenesis (5.7
mil. years ago) and
Ardipithecus which had two
species; Ardipithecus
kadabba (5.6 mil. years ago)
and Ardipithecus ramidus (4.4
mil. years ago)
Characteristics;
1. Height of about 4 feet
2. weight of about 120 pounds
3. skull size similar to an ape
4. small brain
5. biped
6. Lived in jungles and forest
like the chimpanzees

22. Fossil Evidence in the Evolution of Man
C. Australopithecus or Southern ape
(4 mil. years ago) lived in the African
jungle
Characteristics;
1. brain weight of 500 cu.cm. or
almost 1/3 of the size of the modern
human brain
2. upright
3. biped
4. tool users only and not tool makers
5. used sticks and stones for digging
6. lived in small social groups
7. distance of movement was
estimated to be 15 km. or more to
search stones to be used as tools
8. food scavengers
9. ate insects, eggs, plants, fruits,
and sometimes meat

23. Module 3
  Biocultural and
social evolution

25. Early Varieties of the Genus
Homo
A. Australopithecus
- divided into two
major categories
1. GRACILE
-small teeth and jaw
* Australopithecus anamensis
* Australopithecus afarensis
* Australopithecus africanus
2. ROBUST
* Australopithecus
aethiopicus
* Australopithecus robustus
* Australopithecus boisei

26. Early Varieties of the Genus Homo
A. Australopithecus
1. Australopithecus
afarensis
-This was believed to
have existed between
3.8 and 3.6 million
years ago
-fossil named LUCY was
considered as one of the
modern human's earliest
ancestors and remains as the
most famous hominid fossil
discovered. LUCY was
discovered in Hadar,
Ethiopia in November 1974
by Dr. Donald Johannson

29. 2. Australopithecus
africanus
These retained the
last kin of the ape,
but its dental
features were similar
to those of modern
humans

32. 3. Australo -
pithecus
Robustus
These existed
between two
and one million
years ago
They were
found first in
South Africa
and then later
in East Africa

35. Australo -
pithecus
boisei
-large teeth
and jaws and
muscular built

36. B.The Genus Homo
(bigger brains and
were bipedal)
1.Handy Man or
Homo Habilis
-first creature that could
rightfully be called homo
– a man
-direct ancestor of the
modern human because of
its ability to produce tools
-Characteristics;
1. height of about 3 to 4
feet
2. brain size 700 cu.cm.
3. made tools called
Oldowan
4. Used tools for hunting
and food gathering

37. -have lived from 1.8 mil. years ago to 300,000
years ago
-more intelligent and adaptable
- fossil was first discovered in Africa and it is
believe that homo erectus travelled to China
(peking man), Indonesia (java man-Eugene
Dubois) and Southern Europe
-Characteristics;
1. Brain size 1,000 cu.cm.
2. Height of about five feet
3. Walks upright
4. manifested cultural evolution-inventor of hand
axe tools and tools for digging, cutting and
scraping
5. Skillful hunters
6. first to use fire, live in caves and small houses,
cook food
7. first to use spoken language
8. named objects and develop religious rituals-
burial practices
C. Erect ape – upright man or Homo erectus

38. -Homo sapiens is the last genus
in the evolution ladder of the
Homo family
- considered as the modern
humans
-physical anatomy is very similar
to the modern humans that is
why it is considered as the
species where all modern
human beings belong
-made sophisticated and
smoothened tools and had more
developed shelters and
advanced technology like fish
hooks, harpoons, bow and
arrows, spears throwers and
sewing needles
-the first to develop and use
oral language
D. Modern Man (thinkingman) or
Homo – sapiens
Characteristics:
1. Large brain size
(1,400 cu.cm) that is
almost similar to the
brain of modern humans
2. Lived in shelters
3. Food gatherers
4. Ate plants and fruits
5. Hunted animals
6. learned to gather and
cook shellfish
7. Used fire
8. Crafted metals

39. Modern and Early Humans
Australopithecus afarensis (center), the earliest of the three species; Homo
erectus (left), an intermediate species; and Homo sapiens sapiens (right), a
modern human

40. HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS
Homo Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon, considered as a species of
the Homo sapiens, called as the HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS
Cro-Magnon was taken from a rock shelter in France where the
fossil was excavated in 1868
Cro-Magnon were considered as the oldest population of Homo
sapiens in Europe and it appeared 40,000 years ago
Cro-Magnon fossils and artifacts were first found in Europe but it
is believe that the first Cro-Magnon appeared in North Africa and
later travelled to Europe and Asia
Characteristics
1. 5 1/2 inches in height
2. had a strong body
3. brain size of about 1,400 cu.cc.

41. Platypus
Man’s Place in Nature
1. Monotremes – these are animals that lay
eggs, hatch them and then nurse their young

42. 2.Marsupials
– these include
animals which
give birth to their
young alive, and
then carry them
for a time inside a
pocket located on
the belly of the
mother
Koala bear

43. 3. Eutherian – these are also known as
placental mammals. They include the animals
whose young are nourished pre – natally through
a placenta.

44. Module 3
  Biocultural and
social evolution

45. LEARNING OBJECTIVES 3
Explore the significance of human material
remains and artifactual evidence in
interpreting cultural and social, including
political and economic processes

46. Early Discovered Fossil Men
The Australopithecus - southern ape were the
earliest known fossil creatures identified as definitely man
– like in form these fossils were found in South Africa

47.  Java man
The first skull was recovered by Eugene Dubois
in 1891 in the Trinil deposits of the Solo River in
Central Java, Indonesia
 Technically, Java man became known as
Pithecanthropus erectus, the erect ape man.

48.  Java man

49.  Peking man - Pithecanthropus
pekinensis

50.  Solo Man – 1931

51. Wadjak Man – 1931

52. Talgai Man – 1940 - Brisbane

53. NiahMan – 1958 – Sarawak Borneo

54. Tabon Man – 1962 - Palawan

55.  Callao man – Cagayan Valley

56.  Stages of Man’s Cultural Development
1.Paleolithic – Stone Age
from the Greek words Palaios - meaning
old and lithos – stone
the period lasted less than half a million
years, from 500,000 BC to 8,000 BC
food collecting stage, characterized by
hunting and collecting of wild fruits, nuts
and berries
labor was divided according to sex

57. highest achievement of late Paleolithic
culture was art
tool making animal
making and using of tool is the first
evidence of the human ability to use
reason to solve problems
he use of stone implements was the
most distinctive feature of early human
culture

58. Oldowan Tools

59. Cave Painting, Lascaux
This portion of the cave painting in Lascaux, France, was done by
Paleolithic artists in about 13,000 BC, at the end of the Pleistocene
Epoch

60. 2.Mesolithic - transitional culture
lived along the coast, fishing and gathering
shell fish
others lived inland, where they made bows
and arrows for hunting and devised skis,
sleds and dugout canoes
they also domesticated dogs

61. Early Hunting and Gathering Tools

62. Chauvet Cave Art

63. 3.Neolithic - New Stone Age
came from the Greek words Neos - new
and lithos – stone
polished stone age
shorter than the Old Stone Age, lasting
from 8,000 BC to 4,000 BC
shift from food gathering to food producing
to build dug – outs, the world’s first boats –
another conquest of nature to serve the
needs of man

64. Skara Brae
a Stone Age settlement in the Orkney Islands off the
northern coast of Scotland

65. Early Agricultural Tools

66. Aboriginal Rock Art

67. 4.Age of Metals
this new age began about 4,000 BC
making the transition from the pre –
historic period to the historic period.
These are:
a.Copper
The first metal used in the orient
particularly the Sumerians and
Egyptians
a soft metal - tools and weapons made
from it soon became dull

69. b.Bronze
The oriental people learned that by mixing
copper and tin, a harder metal could be
produced

70. c.Iron
The Hittites of Asia Minor were the first people
to use iron tools and weapons and it was
spread to the neighboring Europe
Villanovan
Metalwork
Belt

71. Question we need to answer...
How do artifacts and fossils help us
understand the cultural, social and
economic developments of modern
humans?

72. Sociocultural and Political
Evolution:
The development of Societies from
hunting and gathering to the
agricultural, industrial and post
industrial stages

73. Why human societies change
through time?
According to American Sociologist (Gerhard
Lenski), HUMAN SOCIETY UNDERGOES
TRANSFORMATION AND EVOLUTION AND IN THE
PROCESS DEVELOPS TECHNOLOGICAL
ADVANCEMENT or this is called sociocultural
evolution

74. Stages of Societies
1. Hunter - gatherer Society
 oldest and most basic way of economic subsistence
produce simple forms of tools
exploitation of wild plants & animals
Division of labor (male-hunting while female collector)
3 million years ago
Nomadic societies and most of the time live in caves and
underground houses
lived in small groups with 20 to 30 members
usually have shaman or priest as leader
74

75. 2.Pastoralist
Domesticated livestock (domestication of animals)
Developed around 10,000 years ago
Developed in dry regions and engaged in small-scale trading
Social hierarchies (unequal social relations)
division of labor and semi-sedentary societies
3.Horticulturalist
Cultivation of crops
Developed 10,000 years ago
Semi-sedentary societies
Subsist through small-scale farming
They produce and use simple forms of hand tools to plant
crops
Surplus of food
some of them became craftsman, trader and priest
75

76. 4. Agrarian or Agricultural
Society
began 5,000 years ago during neolithic period
Neolithic revolution occured
believed to developed in Western Asia (Middle East) by
3,500 years ago BC
abundant supply of resources which eventually led to
rise of the early civilizations
cultivated wheat, barley, peas, rice and millet and
domestication of animals
societies became bigger up to 1,000 members
settled permanently and improved technology for
farming
surplus of food
members of society developed specialization
money became a form of exchange replacing barter
system
Increase in social inequality (serfs, slaves, elite, land
owners)

77. 2 kinds:
a.Subsistence – seed native to the
eco – region – crop rotation
 meet the demands of the family
b.Industrial agriculture
Commercial production
Farmhands – labor
Sharecroppers – supervision

78. 5. Industrial
 Also known as production and manufacturing
society
Industrial societies began when the industrial
revolution swept through Europe during 18th and
19th century (1780s to 1850s)
new sources of energy were harnessed,
advanced forms of technology were applied and
machineries were invented
created centralized workplaces, economic
interdependence, formal education and complex
social system
formation of urban communities
78

79. 6.Post – Industrial
 development of information technology and computers
service – oriented work
production "centers on computers and other
electronic devices that create, process, and apply
ideas and information (Macionis, 2002)
Characteristics of Post-Industrial Society, according
to American sociologist Daniel Bell;
1. transfer of labor workforce from manufacturing to
service
2. significant increase in the number of professional
and technical employment and decline in skilled and
semi-skilled workers
3. Education as the basis of social mobility
4. human capital as an essential aspect of
understanding the strength of society
5. application of intellectual technology
6. focus on communication infrastructure
7. knowledge as source of invention and innovation

80. Marked by:
a. Increase in the size of the service
sector – outsourcing or use of mechanized
manufacturing
b. Increase in the amount of
information technology
New raw materials:
1.Information
2.Knowledge
3.Creativity
80

81. King Tut
Cleopatra
Ramses III

82. ACROPOLIS – Athens, Greece
Sacred Rock
•most significant reference point of ancient Greek
culture
•Leonidas I; Alexander the Great; Pericles

83. Mactan, Cebu
Lapu Lapu

84. Philippines' Cradle of Civilization
Tabon Cave
Quezon, Palawan

85. Democracy
U.S. president Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865)
defined democracy as:
Government of the people, by the people,
for the people»

86. Democratization 
is the transition to a more democratic political
regime
It may be the transition from an  authoritarian
regime to a full democracy
Different patterns of democratization are often
used to explain other political phenomena,
such as whether a country goes to a war or
whether its economy grows.

87. Democratization itself is influenced by
various factors, including economic
development, history, and civil society. The
ideal result from democratization is to
ensure that the people have the right to vote
and have a voice in their political system.

88. Causes of Democratization
1.Wealth
2.Social Equality
3.Culture
4.Foreign Intervention
5.Education
6.Foreign trade
7.International cooperation
8.Dictatorship type
9.Democracy protest
10.Threat of conflict

89. Political evolution and
development of early civilization
Development of early civilizations showed
the political evolution of society
Four major civilizations-flourished along the
rich river plains or river valleys. That is why
they are also called the river valley
civilizations and ultimately considered as the
cradles of human civilizations.
4 major civilization are SUMERIAN (Tigris
and Euphrates river in West Asia), INDUS
VALLEY (Indus river valley India),SHANG
(Huang Ho/Huang He river China), EGYPTIAN
(Nile River)

90. Characteristics of the Four Major
Civilizations
1. developed and highly advanced cities
2. well-defined city centers
3. complex and systematic institutions
4. Organized and centralized system of government
5. Formalized and complex form of religion
6. job specialization
7. development of social classes
8. implementation of large scale public works and
infrastructure
9. sophisticated and detailed forms of arts and
architecture
10. Advanced technology
11. system of writing and recording

91. Political leaders tasks during the
four major civilizations
1. craft laws
2. implement laws
3. impose justice and punishment
4. collect taxes
5. sometimes act as religious leaders as well

92. Social and Political System of the 4 Major
Civilization
Social ClassSUMER EGYPT
INDUS
VALLEY
SHANG
Political
leader and
highest social
class
Priest and
Royalty
Pharaoh Brahmin King Priest
Other social
classes
1. Wealthy
merchants
2. Ordinary
workers
1. Government
officials
2. soldiers
3. scribes
4. merchants
5.Craftsmen
6. Peasants
7. Slaves
1. Kshatriyas
2. Vaisyas
3. sudras
4. pariah
Working
class
(farmers,
craftsmen,
soldiers)

93. End
of
Presentation

94. REFERENCES
Ferrer, Maria Cristina D., Claudio Eric G., Students Manual on
Sociology and Anthropology, 2008.
Microsoft encarta library
http://honorsbiologyp7.wikispaces.com
http://archaeologyinfo.com
http://www.archaeologybulletin.org
http://www.peterbrown-palaeoanthropology.net
humanorigins.si.edu
https://www.google.com.ph
imphscience.wordpress.com
http://cbclawmatters.blogspot.com
legionofhonor.famsf.org

95. http://cogweb.ucla.edu/ep/Paleoanth
ropology.html
http://www.biography.com/
http://www.greece-athens.com/
http://www.ancienthistorylists.com/