UCSP-Unit-2 study of culture society and politics

ucsp

1. Unit 2: The Study of Culture, Society and Politics Mapandan National High School Mapandan, Pangasinan

2. Lesson Content Lesson 1: Social, Political, and Cultural Behavior and Phenomena Lesson 2: Social, Political, and Cultural Change Lesson 3: The Study of Culture, Society, and Politics

3. Learning Targets demonstrate curiosity and an openness to explore the origins and dynamics of culture and society, and political identities; analyze social, political, and cultural change; recognize the common concerns or intersections of anthropology, sociology, and political science with respect to the phenomenon of change identify the subjects of inquiry and goals of anthropology, political science, and sociology

4. Lesson 1: Social, Political, and Cultural Behavior and Phenomena

5. Starting Out Imagine that you were chosen by your school to partake in a short international exchange program along with students from other Asian countries. During the program, you notice that all participants express themselves differently. For example, the Thais put their hands together and bow their heads; the Koreans and Japanese give a bow; and the Singaporeans firmly shake hands. You soon realize that their actions are indicative of their cultural practices and social traditions in their respective countries. How would you, as a Filipino, greet other participants ? Would there be similarities between your greeting and the other participants? How could these different forms of greetings explain the dynamism of culture, society , and politics ?

6. Society, Politics, and Culture All countries are made up of a structured society, a political system, and a rich set of tangible and intangible cultures. In sociological terms, a society is a group of people with a shared environment, cultural beliefs, and ways of living. On the other hand, culture is a group’s shared belief and value system that are preserved either through material or non-material ways.

7. Society, Politics, and Culture This process of immersing oneself in a particular society and culture, even at birth, is called socialization . It is through socialization where individuals adapt all aspects of society and exchange local practices to one another. Socialization is important because it allows for a nation to continue or transmit its social, cultural, and political identity from one generation to another. Socialization is made possible through social interactions. When two people interact with each other, may be through words or actions, an exchange of culture occurs.

8. Society, Politics, and Culture Sociological Paradigm View on Socialization Structural Functionalism Socialization is important because it benefits both individuals and the society. It perpetuates culture and transmit it to other generations. Conflict Perspective Socialization promotes social inequality. It facilitates the promotion of different generational norms that are unfit for some members of society. Interactionalist Perspective Socialization is salient in the promotion of individual interactions that convey meanings and messages. It is mainly concerned in the promulgation of face-to-face exchanges and social interactions, both of which are evidently occurring during socialization

9. Society, Politics, and Culture Politics is also greatly influenced by culture and society. Politics refers to a set of activities and actions that are used to hold power in a government. All government are keen on building up its country’s economy and capability by leveraging on cultural norms and capitalizing on the current social system to enable macro-level growth whilst simultaneously preserving local traditions and practices.

10. Cultural, Societal, and Political Identity As nations develop and socialization begins, people develop identities that are influenced by their social interactions. While human beings have a genetic makeup that predetermines their characteristics, their social roles and activities are still greatly influenced by their environment and social relationships. Cultural patterns and social influences affect decision-making processes. As individuals become more immersed in a particular society, they begin to adapt more societal traits and share them to other individuals as well.

11. Cultural, Societal, and Political Identity Realistically, however, individual members of society are still differed by socio-demographic characteristics such as gender, age, ethnicity, or religion. These socio-demographic differences spur from social and environmental living as well, but these differences should not facilitate any conflict among different ethnic groups within a nation. The existence of these varied characteristics only emphasizes that within a generally accepted cultural norms, sub-cultures also exist, and that these sub-cultures are influenced by a particular group’s local group culture, traditions, and social interactions.

12. Cultural, Societal, and Political Identity

13. Cultural, Societal, and Political Identity While sub-cultures exist, generally-defined cultural characteristics are also shared by a society. These spur from shared experiences, such as colonialism, or practices. At the macro-level, a society becomes known to other groups of societies based on distinct characteristics that all individuals of that society possess through socialization practices.

14. Cultural, Societal, and Political Identity

15. Lesson 2: Social, Political, and Cultural Change

16. Cultural Change Change occurs whenever developments and new discoveries take place. Culture, as dynamic as it can be, is both inherently prone and resistant to change. This would mean that some parts of culture may easily change, while some do not. The resistance of culture to change is dependent upon contact between societies, societal forces at work, and natural environmental changes.

17. Cultural Change Within society, inventions and culture loss drive cultural change. Inventions occur when things or concepts are put together and result into something that becomes useful. On the other hand, culture loss refers to the obliteration of old culture, specifically when new technologies and knowledge about certain cultural processes are formed.

18. Cultural Change Within the same society, habits and cultural traits integration facilitate resistance to culture change. Habits are prevailing dispositions that emphasize a person’s character or behavior. Meanwhile, traits contribute to behavioral consistency over time and behavioral stability across situations. Cultural habits and traits could be shared by individuals or groups of people through social interaction. In sociological terms, these characteristics are shared through socialization.

19. Society, Politics, and Culture Cultural Process Definition Diffusion • This is the movement of one idea, belief, or value system from one culture to another. • Traits may be adapted by the new culture, but meanings and connotations may differ from one society to another. Acculturation • This is the large-scale diffusion of traits and culture that occurs over a long period of time. • Alien traits are usually adapted by less-powerful societies because dominant societies have more economic and political power over them Transculturation • This occurs when an individual relocates and adapts the cultural practices of the new environment. • Operating at the micro-level, this has less impact but could pose societal threats to cultural preservation when done at a macro-level.

20. Cultural Change Sometimes, cultural changes spur from conflicts within societies. This could be a result of ethnocentrism or the belief that one culture is superior or more dominant than others. Ethnocentric believes lead people to reject alien traditions and culture, thus promulgating competition among members of society.

21. Social and Political Change In Sociology, social change refers to the alteration of mechanisms in a social structure. This process is characterized by changes in social organizations, cultural symbols, patterns of behavior, and value systems. O ne of the most well-known and widely-used is the structural-functionalist model that emphasizes the importance of various social structures in developing and driving change at both the individual and societal levels.

22. Contemporary sociologists have agreed upon the notion that social change spurs from causal relations between the individual and society, including the natural environment, demographic processes, economic activities, technological innovations, social movements, and political factors. Social and Political Change

23. Social and Political Change

24. Societal and political change are closely related. Changes in the political structure occur when changes in society happen, and vice versa. Thus, political and social change are interconnected concepts. Changes in politics , however, occur most when there is a play against power and when there is a “revolution of rising expectations” from the government, particularly when there is radical revolution, structural revision, change of leaders, and change in policies. Social and Political Change

25. Social and Political Change

26. Lesson 3: The Study of Culture, Society, and Politics

27. Anthropology The study of anthropology aims to scientifically examine the behavior, origin, social, physical, and cultural development of humans. Anthropologists seek to determine and predict human origin and behavior by studying archeological excavation or artefacts and by observing various living cultures worldwide.

28. Anthropologists gather data and information through field works. Field works are controlled experiences of culture wherein a social scientist experiences, first-hand, a society’s cultural practices and ways of living. To gain valid insight and plausible information that can be academically interpreted for knowledge-building and knowledge-sharing, anthropologists need to capitalize on three basic elements: long-term residence, language competence, and participant observation. Among the three, participant observation is the most critical. It is the process where an anthropologist participates in the lives of locals and tries to live as one. Anthropology

29. Sociology The term ‘sociology’ was first used in 1780 by French essayist Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyes in his unpublished manuscript. Over the years, Auguste Comte reinvented the term to characterize the study of society in relation to the scientific method and natural sciences. It was during the mid-1800s, however, when sociology as a discipline and as a concept boomed through the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels’ Communist Manifesto . The book, considered one of the most influential in political history, presented Marx’s theory of society and radical views against capitalism. From there on, sociology began to take a peak among social scientists.

30. Sociology is the systematic study of social interaction and society. Sociologists study all aspects of society—from individuals up to social institutions. Sociologists believe that understanding micro- and macro-level phenomenon requires an understanding of the whole social system that are primarily influenced by interacting social institutions such as education, religion, economy, family, and government. German sociologist Norbert Elias used the term figuration to describe the simultaneous analysis of individuals and society to understand social behavior. Sociology

31. Sociology

32. Political science has had its roots since ancient times. As early as 551 - 479 BC in China (through the works of Confucius) and in 300 BC in India (through Kautilya ), political science had garnered much attention from ancient scholars and politicians. Aristotle, considered to be the world’s first political scientist introduced scientific observation to the discipline, making political science more advanced back then. While political science is closely related to other social science disciplines, especially sociology, its main tenets and arguments focus on the use and distribution of power. As such, political science could be defined as a systematic and empirical study of governance that examines societal, cultural, and behavioral factors in the operation of government and politics. Political Science

33. Political Science Sub-fields Focus Domestic Politics Public opinion, election, public governance, national and local government units Comparative Politics Politics between countries, similarities and differences between political models International Relations Political relationships and activities between countries, including causes of war and international economic policies Political Theory Classic and contemporary theoretical models on philosophy and politics Public Administration Role of bureaucracy, application of political science in daily living, civil service Public Law Constitution, legal rights, justice system, civil rights Public Policy Passage and implementation of all governmentmandated policies

34. The study of sociology, anthropology, and political science continues to expand through empirical research practices. Current research strategies highlight both qualitative and quantitative methods in analyzing, describing, and interpreting human behavior and interaction in terms of values, culture, belief systems, and even political ideologies. The study of these disciplines, therefore, contribute greatly in understanding cultural phenomena in both the historical and teleological contexts. The Study of Culture, Society, and Politics

35. THANK YOU. JAMMILLE JOY P. BIAGTAN Subject Teacher