Understanding culture, society and politics WEEK 7.pptx

Understanding culture, society and politics WEEK 7.pptx

1. TINAJEROS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

2. TINAJEROS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL HUMAN CAPACITY FOR CULTURE

3. CULTURAL EVOLUTION

4. Cultural Evolution refers to the process of development that takes place in the life of the first man due to the changes in their environment. CULTURAL EVOLUTION

5. The historians classify or categorize the history into two parts; historic and prehistoric . PERIODIZATION OF HISTORY

6. PREHISTORIC The system of writing is not yet discovered; hence, no written records of history is available. PERIODIZATION OF HISTORY

7. PREHISTORIC How do the scientist study the past events if the written record is not available? PERIODIZATION OF HISTORY

8. PREHISTORIC ARTIFACTS - Those are the tools and equipment used by the primitive or first man such as vase, stone tools, spears, bow and arrow. FOSSILS - Fossil refers to the remains of the any species (plants, animals and humans) that is preserved for thousands or millions of years. PERIODIZATION OF HISTORY

9. PREHISTORIC How do the scientist know how old an artifacts or fossils are? PERIODIZATION OF HISTORY

10. PREHISTORIC The Paleontologist and Archeologist used the following in order to trace or measure how old the remains are. Carbon 14 = Carbon Dating Process K- Ar = Potassium-Argon Dating Process PERIODIZATION OF HISTORY

11. CARBON 14 In this process, it measures the remaining Carbon in one remains or fossils. Every living organism receives carbon during their lifetime. Can trace up to 1 to 50,000 years. PERIODIZATION OF HISTORY

12. K- Ar This process measures the remaining potassium and argon from a volcanic rock. Can trace up to 50,000 to 4.5 billion years. PERIODIZATION OF HISTORY

13. PREHISTORIC REMAINS

14. HISTORIC There was a system of writing and history was already written and recorded. PERIODIZATION OF HISTORY

15. STAGES IN DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CULTURE

16. STAGES IN DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CULTURE Paleolithic Age – Old Stone Age Mesolithic Age – Middle Stone Age Neolithic Age – New Stone Age

17. STAGES IN DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CULTURE PALEOLITHIC AGE Etymology It comes from two Greek words “ Palaois ” which mean “ old ” and “ Lithos ” which means “ rock ”.

18. STAGES IN DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CULTURE PALEOLITHIC AGE The primitive people from Paleolithic Age were nomadic – they do not have permanent settlement. Their settlement is based on the availability of vital resources for their survivability.

19. STAGES IN DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CULTURE PALEOLITHIC AGE They learned to live in caves . Use of simple pebbles , bones , and woods for weapons and tools. Paleolithic Age were dated back 3 million to 8,000 BC.

20. STAGES IN DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CULTURE PALEOLITHIC AGE The Archeologist believes that the first fire was discovered and utilized during this age. Fire were used for protection, warmth, cooking food, and torch.

21. STAGES IN DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CULTURE MESOLITHIC AGE Etymology It comes for two Greek words “ Meso ” which means “ middle ” and “ Lithos ” which means “ rock ”.

22. STAGES IN DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CULTURE MESOLITHIC AGE This is only the transition between Paleolithic Age and Neolithic Age. There are some places in Asia that passed though Mesolithic Age such as Japan.

23. STAGES IN DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CULTURE MESOLITHIC AGE Discovery of canoe which was used as mode of transportation.

24. STAGES IN DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CULTURE NEOLITHIC AGE Etymology It comes from two Greek words “ Naois ” which mean “ new ” and “ Lithos ” which means “ rock ”.

25. STAGES IN DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CULTURE NEOLITHIC AGE The primitive people during neolithic period used polished and grinded stone tools.

26. STAGES IN DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CULTURE NEOLITHIC AGE They live in permanent settlement since they discovered agriculture and domestication of animals such as sheep, dog, chicken, pig, etc.

27. ASSESSMENT

28. TINAJEROS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL URBAN AND NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION

29. Due to the changes brought in their daily lives, the first man established a permanent settlement . This process is called urban revolution. URBAN REVOLUTION

30. Neolithic revolution is the process and changes as a result of adaptation of the primitive man to their environment. From hunting and gathering , they learned how to grow fruits and vegetables which paved way to agricultural societies . NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION

31. Urban revolution is related to neolithic revolution in such way that human need to settle permanently to watch over their crops and domesticated animals. This adaptation and changes established the first societies . URBAN AND NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION

32. N NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION URBAN REVOLUTION SOCIETY

33. TINAJEROS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL TYPES OF SOCIETIES MR. JHON KEVIN B. SABACO

34. TYPES OF SOCIETY

35. TYPES OF SOCIETY The social scientist have identified five major types of society according to how they changed and developed over time.

36. TYPES OF SOCIETY Hunting and Gathering Societies Horticultural Societies Agricultural and Pastoral Societies Industrial Societies Post-Industrial Societies

37. TYPES OF SOCIETY HUNTING AND GATHERING This is the earliest form of society where people survive by foraging for vegetable foods, fishing, hunting wild animals, and collecting shellfish.

38. TYPES OF SOCIETY HUNTING AND GATHERING They survive from day-to-day on whatever is available . They used tools made of stones, stones , and bones.

39. TYPES OF SOCIETY HUNTING AND GATHERING The basic social and economic units were the family and local clan which organized hunting and food gathering activities and distributed accumulated food supply.

40. TYPES OF SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL People learned to use human muscle power and handheld tools to cultivate fields . Horticultural societies were classified as subsistence and surplus farming .

41. TYPES OF SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL Subsistence Farming Producing enough food to feed the group . The settlements are small Neighborhood is solid . Political organization is confined in the village . Authority is based on positions inherited by males through the kinship system .

42. TYPES OF SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL Surplus Farming Practice in thick and permanent settlements . There was occupational specialization with prestige differences . Social stratification was well established . The community tended to be structured by kinship relations that are male dominated .

43. TYPES OF SOCIETY AGRICULTURAL These societies were characterized by the use of plow in farming. Creation of irrigation system provided farming enough surplus for the community. Ever growing populations came together in broad river-valley system.

44. TYPES OF SOCIETY AGRICULTURAL Those who controlled access to arable land and its use became rich and powerful since they could demand the payment of taxes and political support.

45. TYPES OF SOCIETY AGRICULTURAL By taxing the bulk of agriculture surplus, the political leaders could make bureaucracies implement their plans and armies to protect their villages.

46. TYPES OF SOCIETY PASTORAL It relied on herding and the domestication of animals for food and clothing to satisfy the greater needs of the group . Most pastoralists were nomads who followed their herds in a never-ending quest for pasture and water .

47. TYPES OF SOCIETY PASTORAL It was organized along male centered kinship groups . It was usually united under strong political figures . However , centralized political leadership did not occur .

48. TYPES OF SOCIETY INDUSTRIAL It is characterized by more than just the use of mechanical means of productions . It constitutes an entirely new form of society that requires an immense, mobile diversity specialized , high skilled , and well coordinated labor force .

49. TYPES OF SOCIETY INDUSTRIAL Creates a highly organized system of exchange between suppliers of raw material and the industrial manufacturers . Industrialism brought about the tremendous shift in population .

50. TYPES OF SOCIETY POST-INDUSTRIAL It depends on the specialized knowledge to bring about continuing progress in technology . It is characterized by the spread of computer industries . Knowledge and information are the hallmarks of this society .

51. TINAJEROS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL HUMAN ORIGINS

52. HUMAN ORIGINS EVOLUTION Evolution refers to a slow and gradual change. Evolution is natural process of biological changes occurring in a population across successive generations.

53. HUMAN ORIGINS EVOLUTION Evolution is the process of developing physical and biological characteristics over a period of time. Natural changes and events forced different species to adapt to the environment, while some faced extinction for being unable to do so.

54. HUMAN ORIGINS EVOLUTION The theory of evolution proposed that the current human race spurred from a line of primates that evolved through the “ survival of the fittest ,” wherein primitive species competed with each other for survival.

55. HUMAN BIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION

56. HUMAN BIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION HOMINIDS Also known as “Manlike Primates”. The The development of the different species of primates which were able to evolve in 40 million years ago. There have been various relics of hominids which could be described as manlike primates. They are Ramapithecus , Lucy and Australopithecus.

57. HUMAN BIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION HOMINIDS Homo Rudolfensis Homo Erectus Homo Habilis Homo Heidelbergenesis Homo Floresiensis Homo Sapiens Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis Homo Sapiens Sapiens

58. SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS HOMO HABILIS Lived about 2.4 to 1.4 million years ago Species with a brain of a Broca’s area which is associated with speech in modern humans and was the first to make stone tools . The ability to make such that the species is recognized to be the first true human. The species name means “ Handy Man ”.

59. SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS HOMO RUDOLFENSIS Lived about 1.9 to 1.8 million years ago Species characterized by longer face , larger molar and pre-molar teeth , and having a large braincase compared to habilis particularly larger frontal lobes, areas of the brain that processes information .

60. SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS HOMO ERECTUS Lived about 1.89 to 143,000 years ago The species name means “ Upright Man ” with the body proportions similar to that of modern man. Adopted in hot climates and mostly spread in Africa and Asia. They were the first hunters with improvise tools such as axes and knives and were the first to produce fire .

61. SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS HOMO HEIDELBERGENESIS Lived about 700,000 to 200,000 years ago The species with large brow ridge and short wide bodies that lived in Europe and Africa. They were the first of early human species to live in colder climates , first to hunt large animals on routine basis using spears , and the first to construct human shelters .

62. SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS HOMO FLORESIENSIS Lived about 95,000 to 17,000 years ago Species nicknamed “ Hobbit ” due to their small stature with a height of more or less 3 feet . They lived in the island of Flores, Indonesia along with other dwarfed animal species.

63. SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS HOMO SAPIENS Lived about 200,000 years ago The species name means “ Wise Man ” that appeared from 200,000 years ago. The present human race belongs to this species.

64. SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS HOMO SAPIENS NEANDERTHALENSIS Lived about 200,000 to 28,000 years ago Subspecies with short yet stocky in body build adapted to winter climate especially in icy cold places in Europe and Asia. The subspecies, also known as “ Neanderthal Man ” is the closest relative of modern humans. The first to practice burial of their dead bodies, hunting and gathering food, and sewing clothes from animal skin using bone needles.

65. SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS Lived about 40,000 to 10,000years ago Subspecies known as Cro-Magnon characterized to be anatomically modern humans and lived in the last Ice Age of Europe. They were the first to produce art in cave paintings and crafting decorated tools and accessories.