UNDERSTANDING DISCIPLINES AND SUBJECTS-major subjects.pptx

Unit 1 school subject containing the following topics -Major school subjects – languages, social sciences, mathematics and sciences.
Reasons for including different subjects –
languages – Language related skills/communication skill.
Social Sciences - Understanding Social environment, citizenship. Historical mindedness, economic efficiency etc.-
Science – development scientific attitude and temper, critical thinking, technical skills.
Mathematics – Problem solving, Reasoning abilities etc.

1. UNDERSTANDING DISCIPLINES AND SUBJECTS UNIT-1 SCHOOL SUBJECTS

2. Syllabus –Unit 1 Major school subjects – languages, social sciences, mathematics and sciences. Reasons for including different subjects – languages – Language related skills/communication skill. Social Sciences - Understanding Social environment, citizenship. Historical mindedness, economic efficiency etc.- Science – development scientific attitude and temper, critical thinking, technical skills. Mathematics – Problem solving, Reasoning abilities etc.

3. School Subjects Subjects are the parts into which learning can be divided. It is a field or sphere of knowledge in which the learner has chosen to specialize. An area of knowledge that is studied in school. Learning tool or the criteria by which we learn. synonymously with the term ‘discipline’ can be referred to as a systematic instruction given to the students in a particular area of learning that follows specific code of conduct

4. Definition A school subject constitutes an organizing framework that gives meaning and shape to curriculum content, teaching, and learning activities ( Karmon , 2007 ). School Subjects is defined as an “area of knowledge that is studied in school”. - Britannica Encyclopedia . “A school subject is an area of learning within the school curriculum that constitutes an institutionally defined field of knowledge and practice for teaching and learning.”- Deng, Z. School subjects are human constructions in response to social, economic, cultural, political, and educational realities and needs. They are “uniquely purpose-built educational enterprises, designed with and through educational imagination towards educative ends” Deng & Luke.

5. Languages Language is a system of rules and principles that generate a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed from a finite set of elements -Noam Chomsky A language is an essential tool for communication purposes. it serves to communicate ideas . to express emotion. develop understanding. cement social interaction and so on.

6. Languages Apart from its importance as a medium of learning other subjects in schools, language also helps the child in communication and self-expression . Thus language helps the learners- in learning their school subjects in communicating with others, both at school and outside in their day-to-day life situations in the learning of concept in other areas. Proper language learning means learning of the four basic language skills i.e. Skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing. The main objectives of teaching language are to develop these skills for better understanding and effective communication.

7. Aim of teaching language should to make your students enable to: listen with understanding speak effectively in both informal and formal situations read with comprehension, enjoy various kinds of reading materials write neatly, with logical sequence and creativity use grammar functionally in various contexts.

8. Strategies to develop language skills Story telling-Listening with understanding, speaking, Comprehending ideas Drama-Listening &speaking, speaking by comprehending ideas Question-answer- Speaking, writing and comprehension Word Building games, Riddles,Puzzles - Understanding, speaking and comprehension Essay/letter writing-Writing and comprehension Narration of an event-Listening and speaking

9. Social sciences Social science is a term that refers to a wide range of academic disciplines related to human interaction. It is ‘’sciences’’ of human activity. The primary reason for Social studies:- Makes the students aware about our surroundings and the incidents happened in the past. It helps us to solve the practical problems in our daily life. To help students to develop the ability to make the right decisions. It increases the social considerate of students. Makes us an efficient citizen of a democracy. It also helps the students to know how different societies are managed, structured and governed

10. Nature of different subjects History: History is concerned with different events that have happened in different parts of the world in different times. Geography: Geography is related to different place and space related issues like environment, atmosphere, resources, nature, temperature, transport and communication, etc. Civics: Civics is concerned with the contents relating to democracy, authority, governance, etc. of the individuals in society/state. Economics: Economics is the subject which is related to issues like production, consumption, distribution, marketing, exchange of goods and services, etc.

11. Studying the social sciences enables children :- to understand the society in which they live to learn how society is structured, managed, and governed, and also about the forces seeking to transform and redirect society in various ways. to appreciate the values enshrined in the Constitution such as justice, liberty, equality and fraternity and the unity and integrity of the nation and the building of a socialist, secular and democratic society. to grow up as active, responsible, and reflective members of society. to learn to respect differences of opinion, lifestyle, and cultural practices. to question and examine received ideas, institutions, and practices. to acquire pleasure in reading, by providing them with enjoyable reading material. to undertake activities that will help them develop social and life skills and make them understand that these skills are important for social interaction.

12. Understanding social environment Learning of Social Sciences is intended that learners have the following capabilities: Introducing the concepts of society ;relating to people's lives and the environment. Has a basic ability to think logically and critically, curiosity, inquiry, problem solving, and skills in social life. Having the commitment and awareness of the value - the value of social and humanitarian. Have the ability to communicate, cooperate and competence in a pluralistic society, locally, nationally, and globally.

13. Citizenship to build critical and complex thinking skills to form an opinion based on facts and phenomena . to independently exercise rights and duties to live and participate in a social democratic society. to take a stance and engage in the defense of justice, freedom and equality among women and men. These competences emphasize the development of democratic, active and critical citizenship, and a commitment to the improvement of society and the environment.

14. Awareness among students for better citizenship: Different subjects in Social make children aware of their roles and responsibilities particularly in relation to social and civic affairs. By providing relevant information and knowledge, skills and attitudes, the study of Social Science prepares students to grow up as active, responsible, and reflective members of society. It also teaches them to address societal and global concerns using literature, technology and other identifiable community resources.

15. Historical mindedness Historical mindedness is the way any literature views history. The five stages of historical mindedness are sensitivity to time and place, sensitivity to multiple causations, ability to note and explain significant changes, awareness of basic continuity over time, and awareness that all written history poorly reflects the past Historical thinking is also related to feelings and thoughts about human’s point of view To learn from the past & to understand the present Historical skill is about reading, collecting sources and events, collecting data, classifying data & writing. The skill also relates on critical thinking, creative thinking, analysis, interpretation, using historical concepts, determining causes and effects and creating conclusions.

16. Economics is a social science which deals with human wants and their satisfaction. It is the study of the way in which money, industry, and trade are organized in society. It is the study of humans and the way they behave, interact and relate socially, whether as individuals or groups when our resources are limited to meet our unlimited needs. economic efficiency refers to how effectively a society's scarce resources are used to produce goods. Economic efficiency is important because it allows businesses to reduce their costs and increase output. For consumers, economic efficiency leads to lower prices for goods and services. For the government, more efficient firms and higher levels of productivity and economic activity increase economic growth. Economic Efficiency

17. Understanding economics will make you a better thinker and problem solver. The concepts learned will help explain your own behaviors when it comes to allocating your time, money and other resources, and will help you make intelligent and rational decisions. Without a good understanding of economics, people may unintentionally make irrational decisions. For example, people tend to buy things when they go on sale, even if they wouldn’t normally buy that item, even at the sale price. Economics helps correct these fallacies by teaching sound decision making. Additionally, it will allow you to better understand the world around you, including how businesses and governments operate.

18. Everyday, people make choices that affect their lives, in big or small ways. When making a decision, people tend to choose the option that makes the best use of their resources in order to achieve the best possible outcome. Every decision made utilizes economic methods by analyzing the costs and benefits of each option (or pros and cons). A rational person will choose the option that yields the highest net benefit for themselves.Clearly,economics is every where; it helps us make logical decisions and achieve out comes that make ,us, as individuals or a society, better off.

19. Science Science is a set of tools and systematic methods for studying the natural world through observation and experimentation. to equip us with latest and sound knowledge of science and technology to make us capable of using science and technology for the betterment of human society.

20. Arguments in favour of General Science to be placed in School Curriculum: Science provides unique training in observation and reasoning. Science students’ reason from definitely ascertained facts and form clear concepts. It makes one systematic and enables him to form an objective judgment. The discoveries have added to the prosperity of human race with vast increase of knowledge. Science learning is incomparably more useful for our guidance in life.

21. Arguments in favour of General Science to be placed in School Curriculum: Science is taught to provide training in and knowledge of Scientific method, which is useful in the life pursuits. Science has utilitarian value. It trains child to use his leisure properly. These are clearly illustrated in scientific hobbies. Knowledge of the methods of observation and experiment in the different branches of Science helps pupil to develop a logical mind, a critical judgment and a capacity for methodical organization

22. The teaching of science is for: The development of process skills like observation, classification, measurement, communication etc. Acquisition and understanding of knowledge, development of problem-solving skill, skill of investigation, ability of think logically and to draw conclusions on the basis of experiments. Development of ability to reach generalizations and to apply them for solving everyday problems. Development of understanding of inter-relationships of science and society. To foster creativity in people, enabling them to carry out innovations in science.

23. Scientific Attitudes scientific attitudes can best be defined as open mindness or a desire for getting or gaining accurate kind of knowledge. It is also gaining confidence in procedures for seeking knowledge and the expectations that by making use of verified knowledge, solutions of all the problems will be find out. It is kind of attitudes which are free from all kinds of biases, prejudices and superstitions are known as scientific attitudes. Open- mindness , intellectual honesty and critical mindness are considered to be some of the main features of such kind of attitudes.

24. Curious Look for cause Relate others findings Analyse using plan Reach out conclusion 1 2 3 4 5

25. Critical Thinking Critical thinking helps to obtain exact conclusions from huge data and information. Critical thinking is a 21st century skill that needs to be trained on students Exercising critical thinking skills can provide space for students having problem-solving skills. Critical thinker, always evaluating incoming information, and always being skeptical . This critical ability and skepticism are needed to anticipate the rapid flow of information. Maintaining a healthy skepticism of the information allows students to "filter" acceptable information

26. Critical thinking is important one because:- Persuade children to learn new things Enhance thinking from different perspectives Increases respecting other people’s opinions Discover their interests and possible future careers

27. Technical Skill Technical skills are the specialized knowledge and expertise required to perform specific tasks and use specific tools and programs in real world situations. Diverse technical skills are required in just about every field and industry, from IT and business administration to health care and education. Technical skills are significant in improving students ‘cognitive development and facilitating students ‘active participation during the teaching and learning process.

28. Mathematics Mathematics, the science of structure, order, and relationships. “Mathematics is the study of quantity” –Aristotle “Mathematics is the subject identical with logic”-Bertrand Russel It deals with logical reasoning and quantitative calculation, and its development has involved an increasing degree of idealization and abstraction of its subject matter.

29. Reason for including mathematics Attain proficiency in fundamental mathematical skills. Comprehend basic mathematical concepts. Develop desirable attitudes to think, reason, analyse and articulate logically Acquire efficiency in sound mathematical applications within Mathematics and in other subject areas Attain confidence in making intelligent and independent interpretations Appreciate the power and beauty of Mathematics for its application in science, social sciences, humanities, arts, etc

30. Problem Solving Recognize and formulate problems. Understand data sufficiency and consistency. Use strategies, data, models, and relevant mathematics. Generate. extend, and modify procedures. Reason (spatially, inductively, deductively, statistically, and proportionally). Judge the reasonableness and correctness of solutions.

31. Reasoning Abilities Reasoning skills generally refer to critical thinking skills like analysis, evaluation and synthesis. However, they also include wider skills like more abstract thinking, creative thinking, information processing and problem-solving

32. Importance of reasoning skills:- These skills can be transferred to any subject, and developing them will give children a more comprehensive set of expertise to tackle a variety of problems. Reasoning skills improve meta-cognition They help children make rational decisions based on evidence rather than prejudice. Reasoning skills help children see things from different perspectives. This develops human skills like empathy and understanding. They bolster creativity, supporting children in making connections and approaching problems holistically.

33. Procedural knowledge Procedural knowledge includes the various numerical algorithms in mathematics that have been created as tools to meet specific needs in an efficient manner. It encompasses the abilities to read and produce graphs and tables, execute geometric constructions, and perform noncomputational skills such as rounding and ordering. Cognitive functions math helps you think precisely, decisively, and creatively and helps you look at the world from multiple perspectives. It Improves working memory. Visual processing Mathematics learning develops visual processing by training the brain to recognize patterns, process spatial information, coordinate vision with motor actions, mentally rotate images, and discriminate fine details. This makes learners more efficient at both abstract reasoning and real-world visual tasks.

34. Logical reasoning learning mathematics can develop and hone general skills, such as logical thinking, the ability to analyse problems based on assumptions, and an awareness of how underlying assumptions can influence analytical conclusions . We can this skill to make decisions, and solve problems and generate innovative ideas.