understanding planning model - Classical planning theory

ppt about classical planning theory

1. Classical Planning Theory

2. The Concentric zone (ring) model also known as the Burgess model is one
of the earliest theoretical models to explain urban social structures. It was
created by sociologist Ernest Burgess in 1925.
Concentric Zone Theory

10. SIR EBENEZER HOWARD

12. Garden city movement had The Three Magnets to address the question
‘Where will the people go?’ the choices being ‘Town’, ‘Country’ or ‘Town
Country’.
Town – The pull of ‘Town Magnet’ are the opportunities for work and high
wages, social opportunities, amusements and well – lit streets. The pull of
‘Country Magnet’ is in natural beauty, fresh air, healthfulness. It was closing out
of nature, offered isolation of crowds and distance from work. But it came at a
cost of foul air, costly drainage, murky sky and slums.
Country – It offered natural beauty, low rents, fresh air, meadow but had low
wages and lack of drainage. Country has dullness, lack of society, low wages,
lack of amusements and general decay.
Town- Country – it was a combination of both town and countryside with aim of
providing benefits of both and offered beauty of nature, social opportunity,
fields of easy access, low rent, high wages and field of enterprise. Thus, the
solution was found in a combination of the advantages of Town and Country –
the ‘Town – Country Magnet’ – it was proposed as a town in the Country, and
having within it the amenities of natural beauty, fresh air and healthfulness.
Thus advantages of the Town – Country are seed to be free from the
disadvantages of either.

16. Main Components of Garden City Concept
Planned Dispersal: The organized outward migration of industries and
people to towns of sufficient size to provide the services, variety of
occupations, and level of culture needed by a balanced cross – section of
modern society.
Limit of Town – size: The growth of towns to be limited, in order that their
inhabitants may live near work, shops, social centers, and each other and also
near open country.
Amenities: The internal texture of towns to be open enough to permit houses
with private gardens, adequate space for schools and other functional
purposes, and pleasant parks and parkways.
Town and Country Relationship: The town area to be defined and a large
area around it reserved permanently for agriculture; thus enabling the farm
people to be assured of a nearby market and cultural center, and the town
people to have the benefit of a country situation.
Planning Control: Pre – planning of the whole town framework, including the
road – scheme, and functional zoning; the fixing of maximum densities; the
control of building as to quality and design, but allowing for individual variety;
skillful planting and landscape garden design.
Neighbourhoods: The town to be divided into wards, each to some extent a
developmental and social entity.

18. Two garden cities were built using Howard’s garden city movement concept
are Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City, both in Hertfordshire,
England.
Letchworth Garden City – The first garden city developed in 1903 by Barry
Parker & Raymond Unwin after having won the competition to build the first
garden city. It is 34 miles away from London. It has an area of 5000 acres
with 3000 acres of green belt. It had an agricultural strip at its periphery to
check the invasion of urban areas i.e. the sprawling. It showed Howard’s
general principles, including the communal ownership of the land and the
permanent green belt has been carried through. It was a town of homes and
gardens with ample open spaces and a spirited community life. A great
attention was paid to landscaping and planting.
Its plan was based on a population of 30000 with a living area of 1250 acres
and 2500 acres of rural green belt.
Communities ranged from 12000 – 18000 people, small enough which
required no vehicular transportation.
Industries were connected to the central city by rapid transportation.

19. In 1904, architects Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker won a
competition for designing the town's layout, and were appointed as
consulting architects to the company. (Letchworth Garden City)

23. Failure of Garden cities:
Letchworth slowly attracted more residents because it was able
to attract manufacturers through low taxes, low rents and more
space. Despite Howard’s best efforts, the home prices in this
garden city could not remain affordable for workers to live in.
Although many viewed Letchworth as a success, it did not
immediately inspire government investment into the next line of
garden cities. In frustration, Howard bought land at Welwyn to
house the second garden city in 1919. The Welwyn Garden
City Corporation was formed to oversee the construction. But
Welwyn did not become self-sustaining because it was only 20
miles from London. Even until the end of the 1930s, Letchworth
and Welwyn remained as the only existing garden cities

24. CITY BEAUTIFICATION MOVEMENT

25. The movement first gained ground in 1893 with the World’s
Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Daniel H. Burnham headed the
construction of the fair’s temporary city, known to those who
attended as the “White City,” a semi-utopia in which visitors were
meant to be shielded from poverty and crime. Burnham’s plans for
the site incorporated the designs of architects trained at the École
des Beaux-Arts in Paris, who paired the balance and harmony of
Neoclassical and Baroque architecture with the aesthetic of
Chicago’s buildings and cityscape. The landscape of the
Columbian Exposition, which included lagoons and big green
expanses, was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr., famous
for his winning design of New York City’s oasis, Central Park,
which broke ground in 1857. To not only enhance the city’s
appearance but also help the flow of vehicle and pedestrian traffic,
the City Beautiful concept focused on incorporating a civic centre,
parks, and grand boulevards.

26. Washington

28. Chicago city 1909

29. The pinnacle of the movement came in
1909 with Burnham and fellow architect
and urban planner Edward H. Bennett’s
design for Chicago, published as the
Plan of Chicago and also known as the
Burnham Plan. The plan involved a 60-
mile (95-kilometre) radius in which
avenues would extend out from a civic
centre. It included an extensive rail
system, a bi-level boulevard for
commercial and regular traffic (what is
now Wacker Drive), and a sprawling
network of parks.
Daniel Hudson Burnham FAIA
(September 4, 1846 – June 1,
1912) was an American
architect and urban designer.