Understanding The Self.pptx

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1. Understanding The Self

2. Opening Prayer Dear Lord and Father of all, Thank you for today. Thank you for ways in which you provide for us all. For your protection and love we thank you. Help us to focus our hearts and minds now on what we are about to learn. Inspire us by Your Holy Spirit as we listen and write. Guide us by your eternal light as we discover more about the world around us. AMEN.

3. Learning Outcomes: At the end of this activity, you will be able to: 1.Explain the background of this course and how it can help you as an individual and as a future professional. 2.Focus and listen attentively to each other during sharing sessions and express one’s expectations from this course, instructor and classmates. 3.Demonstrate self-understanding and self-acceptance.

4. Introduction UTS is one of the core courses under the new General Education Curriculum (CMO 20 s. 2013). It covers the nature of identity, the factors that affect personal development, and the maintenance of personal identity. ( Brawner ; Arcega ; 2018) The course covers the discussions on the various construct of the self from the different disciplinal perspectives: philosophy, sociology, anthropology, and psychology including the more traditional division between the East and the West--- each seeking to provide answers to the difficulty but essential question of “What is the self” and the question: “Is there even such a construct as the self?”

5. Introduction The second part explores some of the various aspects that make up the self, such as the biological and material and including the more recent Digital Self. The final part identifies three areas of concern: learning, goal setting, and managing stress. It provides practical application of the concepts discussed in this course and enables them the hands on experience of developing self-help plans for self regulated learning, goal setting, and self care.

6. SELF from various perspectives

7. Definition What Philosophy says about the Self ? • SELF – it is defined to as “a unified being, essentially connected to consciousness, awareness, and agency (or, at least, with the faculty of rational choice). SELF – refers to the conditions of identity that make the individual distinct from all others. The SELF is always unique and has its own identity and One cannot be another person . IDENTITY – “BEING” anything that exists. PERSON – human or individual; personality of a human being.

8. Self-Examination Situation: Say for instance you are in front of a mirror and having a dialogue. Below are questions and give an honest answer to it. (6 points) How can you describe yourself based on your own perspective or point of view? “I am _________________”. What aspect of yourself do you feel good about? Why? What aspect of yourself do you believe you have to improve? Why?

9. “What does knowing yourself mean?”

10. Quizzes and Major Exams in complete form Critique Paper (format will be provided) – MIDTERM 100-word Monthly Journal Entry (guided questions will be provided) Other necessary activities as required per module/ topi Philosophical View of Self

11. SOCRATES Greek philosophy was started by Socrates, with his aphorism/principle of “know thyself,” which is also inscribed in the temple of Apollo at Delphi. Socrates believed that the real self is not the physical body, but rather the psyche, or the soul.

12. KNOW YOURSELF Unlike the Pre-Socratics, Socrates was more concerned with the problem of the self. The very first philosopher who question about the self. According to him most men were really not fully aware of who they were and the virtues that they were supposed to attain in order to preserve their souls for the afterlife. “The unexamined life is not worth living”

13. Socrates: Know Thyself Socrates believes that to understand the SELF is to “know thyself”. He is the first philosopher who ever engaged in questioning about the self. Socrates affirms, claimed by Plato in his dialogues, that “ the unexamined life is not worth living ” . Socrates thought that this is the worst that can happen to anyone. To live but die inside. ( alata , et.al, 2018 ) The core of Socratic ethics is the concept of virtue and knowledge . Knowing one’s virtue is necessary and can be learned. Virtue is innate in the mind and Self-knowledge is the source of all wisdom.

14. Socrates: Know thyself Every man is composed of body and soul. DUALISTIC. This means all individuals have an imperfect, impermanent aspect which is the body. Soul : perfect and permanent

15. Further, He believes MAN/SELF is soul. His entire teachings to his students centered on his conviction that we are SOULS; meaning, that man is not the body but the psuche . He also believe that the beauty and goodness of the soul should determined by usefulness and function rather than appearance. For appearance of the body is less important than how it functions. Because true beauty is inner beauty which is the character and spirit.

16. PLATO a student of Socrates, also studied and explained thoroughly what is the true essence of self, which is then founded by his mentor. Plato suggested that the “self is fundamentally an intellectual entity whose nature exists independent from physical world.”

17. SOCRATES AND PLATO THE SOUL IS IMMORTAL

18. PLATO The Ideal Self, the Perfect Self. According to him, man was omniscient or all knowing before he came to be born . He supported Socrates’ idea of dualism (body and soul). He espoused that soul is composed of three components: The Rational Soul- forged by reason and intellect that govern the affairs of human person. (situated in the head) The Spirited Soul- in charge of our emotions (found in the heart) The Appetitive Soul- Is our desires (eating, drinking, sleeping, sex) (located in the abdomen) - Plato emphasizes that justice in the human person can be attained if the three components work harmoniously with one another.

19. Three components of the Soul a rational part that govern the affairs of the human person a spirited part in charge of emotions an appetitive part in charge of base desires like eating, drinking, sleeping, and having sex are controlled as well

20. This is a slide title PLATO’S IDEA OF A THREE-PART SOUL/SELF CONSTITUTED BY : 1 2 3 CHARIOT ANALOGY Plato believed that genuine happiness can only be achieved by people who consistently make sure that their Reason is in control of their Spirits and Appetites. This harmonious integration under the control of Reason is the essence of Plato’s concept of justice, both at the individual level and at the social and political level as well.

21. Plato believed that the human person’s soul become just and virtuous when the spirited and appetitive part are kept at bay

22. Furthermore, Aristotle , student of Plato, explained thoroughly how we could see the essence of self. Aristotle suggested that the ideal is subsumed in the phenomena. Aristotle called the ideal as essence, and the phenomena as the matter. He emphasized that these 2 co-exist, and is dependent with one another. Two lens of Philosophy of Self in Greek Times: • Rationalism – explains self from the standpoint of what is ideal and true, and what not is rooted with senses. • Empiricism – according to it, there is no such thing as innate knowledge; all knowledge are derived from experience – through five senses or what is perceived by our brain.

23. Additional info: philonotes.com/index.php/2020/09/14/aristotle-concept-of-the-self

24. Saint Agustine of Hippo Man is rational substance constituted of soul & body

25. St. Agustine Sometimes called “Father of Roman Catholicism” Considered patron saints of theologians and those with “sore eyes” Saint Augustine’s belief of the immortality of the soul is based on Christian teachings. He follows the idea that God encompasses us all, that everything will be better if we are with God.

26. What is the "self" according to Augustine? Augustine's sense of self is his relation to God, both in his recognition of God's love and his response to it—achieved through self-presentation, then self-realization. Augustine believed one could not achieve inner peace without finding God's love.

27. St. Thomas Aquinas Aquinas begins his theory of self-knowledge from the claim that all our self-knowledge is dependent on our experience of the world around us. Aquinas argues, our awareness of ourselves is triggered and shaped by our experiences of objects in our environment.

28. STS. AUGUSTINE AND THOMAS AQUINAS LOVE AND JUSTICE AS THE FOUNDATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL SELF -St. Augustine strongly believe that a virtuous life is dynamism of life. Loving God means loving one’s fellowmen; doing no harm to another. -Golden principle of justice: Doing unto others as you would have them unto you.

29. Adapting some ideas from Aristotle, Aquinas held that the human person is composed of two parts: a. Matter, wood ( hyle in Greek) refers to the common stuff that makes up everything in the universe b. Form ( morphe in Greek) refers to the essence or substance of a thing To Aquinas, the body is akin to the makings of any other living being in the world. The soul is what animates the body and makes us humans.

30. RENE DESCARTES Modern Perspective on the Self The self is a thinking thing distinct from the body

31. RENE DESCARTES “I THINK , THEREFORE I AM” - Father of modern philosophy Descartes states that the self is a thinking being, his famous principle “Cogito, ergo sum” meaning “I think, therefore I am”. He believed that self is distinct entity from the body. That the mind and body are independent from each other, they have their functions and man must use his own mind and thinking abilities to investigate, analyze, experiment and develop himself. ( Brawner and Arcega , 2018)

32. Cogito, ergo sum “I think, therefore I am” no rational person will doubt his or her own existence as a conscious, thinking entity— while we are aware of thinking about our self . Even if we are dreaming or hallucinating, even if our consciousness is being manipulated by some external entity, it is still my self-aware self that is dreaming, hallucinating, or being manipulated. For Descartes, then, this is the essence of your self—you are a “thinking thing,” a dynamic identity that engages in all of those mental operations we associate with being a human self. For example: • You understand situations in which you find yourself. • You doubt the accuracy of ideas presented to you. • You affirm the truth of a statement made about you. • You deny an accusation that someone has made. • You will yourself to complete a task you have begun. • You refuse to follow a command that you consider to be unethical. • You imagine a fulfilling career for yourself. • You feel passionate emotions toward another person.

33. JOHN LOCKE The Self Is Consciousness

34. John Locke: The Self is Consciousness The self exist because of memory. Personal identify is made possible by self-consciousness A person is a thinking intelligent being that has reason & reflection & consider itself as itself, the same thing thinking in different times & places.

35. JOHN LOCKE PERSONAL IDENTITY -He refer PI (the self), and can be found on the consciousness (memory). - It is the concept about oneself that evolves on the life of an individual and what he believes.

36. 1. To discover the nature of personal identity , we’re going to have to find out what it means to be a person . 2. A person is a thinking, intelligent being who has the abilities to reason and to reflect. 3. A person is also someone who considers itself to be the same thing in different times and different places. 4. Consciousness —being aware that we are thinking—always accompanies thinking and is an essential part of the thinking process. 5. Consciousness is what makes possible our belief that we are the same identity in different times and different places. “When we see, hear, smell, taste, feel, meditate, or will anything, we know that we do so. Thus it is always as to our present sensations and perceptions: and by this every one is to himself that which he calls self.”

37. DAVID HUME There Is No Self

38. According to Hume, if we carefully examine the contents of our experience, we find that there are only two distinct entities, “impressions” and “ideas”: Impressions —Impressions are the basic sensations of our experience, the elemental data of our minds: pain, pleasure, heat, cold, happiness, grief, fear, exhilaration, and so on. These impressions are “lively” and “vivid.” Ideas —Ideas are copies of impressions, and as a result they are less “lively” and “vivid.” Ideas include thoughts and images that are built up from our primary impressions through a variety of relationships, but because they are derivative copies of impressions they are once removed from reality. “I can never catch myself at any time without a perception, and never can observe any thing but the perception.” What is the self we experience according to Hume? A “bundle or collection of different perceptions, which succeed each other with an inconceivable rapidity, and are in a perpetual flux and movement.” Humans so desperately want to believe that they have a unified and continuous self or soul that they use their imaginations to construct a fictional self. But this fictional self is not real; what we call the self is an imaginary creature, derived from a succession of impermanent states and events.

39. DAVID HUME THE SELF IS THE BUNDLE THEORY OF MIND - To Hume, man has no clear and intelligible idea of the self. - the self is just the thing to which all perceptions of the man is ascribed. Man’s perception varies. - Hume asserts that what we call the “self” is really just a bundle or collection of different perceptions.

40. IMMANUEL KANT We Construct the Self

41. It’s our self that makes experiencing an intelligible world possible because it’s the self that is responsible for synthesizing the discreet data of sense experience into a meaningful whole. Metaphorically, our self is the weaver who, using the loom of the mind, weaves together the fabric of experience into a unified whole so that it becomes my experience , my world , my universe . Without our self to perform this synthesizing function, our experience would be unknowable, a chaotic collection of sensations without coherence or significance.

42. IMMANUEL KANT RESPECT FOR SELF Man is the only creature who governs and directs himself and his actions, who sets his purpose and attains his goals. Man should not be treated merely as means. A person should not be treated as tool, instrument. That persons are gift with the basic rights and should be treated as equals.

43. On view of self: Believed that, intellectually, humans are  incapable  of knowing ultimate reality. there was still room in his system for  other concepts  completely (such as free will, rational agency, God, good and bad, etc ) . It is founded on his view of  rationality  as the  ultimate good , and his belief that all people are fundamentally  rational beings . Emphasized the theory on “ Categorical Imperative” which states that one should act only in such a way that you would want your actions to become a  universal law , applicable to  everyone  in a  similar situation  . He asserted that each person is his  own moral agent , and we should only be responsible for  our own  actions, not those of others.

44. SIGMUND FREUD The Self Is Multilayered

45. TWO LEVELS OF HUMAN FUNCTIONING Freud believes that evidence of a powerful unconscious self can be found in the content of our dreams, inadvertent “slips of tongue,” and techniques—such as free association

46. GILBERT RYLE (1900-1976) The Self Is How You Behave(“I act therefore I am”)

47. Some philosophers and psychologists, in an effort to avoid the difficulties of viewing the mind and body as two radically different aspects of the self , have decided to simply focus on observable behavior in defining the self . Their solution to the mind/body “problem” is to simply deny—or ignore—the existence of an internal, nonphysical self , and instead focus on the dimensions of the self that we can observe. No more inner selves, immortal souls, states of consciousness, or unconscious entities: instead, the self is defined in terms of the behavior that is presented to the world, a view that is known in psychology as behaviorism . Behaviorism is the school of psychology that advocates focusing on public events––the behaviors of people—while ignoring private events—the thoughts of people. Behaviorism contends that public behaviors as such can be described scientifically without recourse to either internal psychological events or to hypothetical constructs like thoughts or beliefs.

48. On view of self: He characterized the mind as a set of  capacities  and  abilities  belonging to the body, thus, the workings of the mind are  not distinct  from the actions of the body, but are one and the same. He claimed that  mental vocabulary  is merely a different way of describing  action , and that a person's  motives  are defined by that person's  dispositions to act  in certain situations. He concluded that adequate descriptions of  human behaviour  need never refer to anything but the  operations of human bodies  

49. Paul Churchland  (1942- present ) “The Brain is the SELF”

50. On his view of self: Everyday mental concepts such as beliefs, feelings, and desires, which are viewed as theoretical constructs without coherent definition is destined to be obviated by a scientific understanding of human nature Holds that “beliefs” are not ontologically real; that is, he maintains that a future, fully matured  neuroscience  is likely to have no need for "beliefs“. Hypothesizes that consciousness might be explained in terms of a  recurrent neural network  with its hub in the  intralaminar nucleus  of the  thalamus , and feedback connections to all parts of the cortex.

51. Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908 –1961)

52. On view of self: Develop his own concept of radical reflection , the attempt to return to, and reflect on, prereflective consciousness. Self is explained by “ Ecophenomenology  ” OR the pursuit of the relationalities of worldly engagement, both human and those of other creatures. This engagement is situated in a kind of middle ground of relationality, a space that is neither purely objective, because it is reciprocally constituted by a diversity of lived experiences motivating the movements of countless organisms, nor purely subjective, because it is nonetheless a field of material relationships between bodies. It is governed exclusively neither by causality, nor by intentionality. In this space of in- betweenness phenomenology can overcome its inaugural opposition to naturalism.

53. General Analysis Udunderstanding of the Self

54. Conclusion: KNOWING OTHERS IS INTELLIGENCE KNOWING YOURSELF IS TRUE WISDOM MASTERING OTHERS IS STRENGTH MASTERING YOURSELF IS TRUE POWER

55. ACTIVITY List some terminologies associated with each philosopher. Briefly define or describe each term. Philosopher Key Terms Definition Socrates Augustine Descartes Hume Kant Freud Ryle

56. THANK YOU!