Understanding TV Formats & types of format Part B

This PPT is only for educational purpose for the students belonging to BMM & FTNMP or other such Professional courses

1. Understanding T.V. Formats & Genres Part -B Notes By : Ashish Richhariya Course : FTNMP / BMM Designation : Faculty at Thakur College Of Science & Commerce Query : [email protected]

2. Formats & Types of T.V. format Define Format: -  1: the shape, size, and general makeup (as of something ) 2:  general plan of organization, arrangement, or choice of material (as for a television show) 3:  a method of organizing data (as for storage)various file  formats Format is simply the specific way that content within genre is arranged or structured. A TV format is the overall concept and branding of a copyrighted television show. The most common type of formats are those in the television genres of game shows and reality shows, many of which are remade in multiple markets with local contestants Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

3. Formats Television program formats: clip docufiction documentary single (one-time)  episode made-for-TV film franchise miniseries micro-series mockumentary pilot prequel reboot remake segment sequel serial series short show special spin-off unaired episode/pilot Thakur Colege Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

4. Clip - ? Clip : A  clip show  is an episode of a  television series  that consists primarily of excerpts from previous episodes. Most clip shows feature the format of a  frame story  in which cast members recall past events from past installments of the show, depicted with a clip of the event presented as a  flashback . Clip shows are also known as  cheaters , particularly in the field of animation. Clip shows are often played before  series finales , or once  syndication becomes highly likely . Other times, however, clip shows are simply produced for budgetary reasons (i.e. to avoid additional costs from shooting in a certain setting, or from casting actors to appear in new material).   Clip shows have their origin in theatrical  short films  and  serials . Every serial chapter always had a brief recap showing where the previous chapter left off, but, beginning in 1936, entire chapters were largely devoted to material that audiences had already seen. In these  recap chapters  (also called "economy chapters"), previous chapters were summarized for those who may have missed some episodes (which were unlikely to be rerun). The practice began with the  Republic Pictures  serial  Robinson Crusoe of Clipper Island . Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

5. Movie studios often resorted to old footage to save money. The most famous example is the short comedies of  The Three Stooges  which, from 1949 until 1957, borrowed lengthy sequences and often entire storylines from old shorts. Only a few new scenes would be filmed as a framework for the old footage. This practice was adopted because the studios could charge more money for "new" films than for old ones. Animation studios were also known to periodically make cartoon shorts - often referred to as "cheaters" - made up primarily of clips for earlier cartoons in order to save money. Examples of this include  Betty Boop's Rise to Fame  ( Fleischer / Paramount , 1934)   What's Cookin ' Doc?  (1944,  Schlesinger / Warner Bros. ) regular yearly series of  Tom & Jerry  "cheaters" such as  Smitten Kitten  (1952,  MGM ). Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

6. Docufiction - ? Docufiction  (or  docu -fiction ), often confused with  docudrama , is the cinematographic combination of  documentary  and  fiction , this term often meaning  narrative film .  It is a  film genre which attempts to capture reality such as it is (as  direct cinema  or  cinéma vérité ) and which simultaneously introduces unreal elements or fictional situations in  narrative  in order to strengthen the representation of reality using some kind of  artistic expression . More precisely, it is a documentary mixed with fictional elements,in   real time , filmed when the events take place, and in which the main  character  or characters—often portrayed by non-professional or amateur actors—are essentially playing themselves, or slightly fictionalized versions of themselves, in a fictionalized scenario. In this sense, docufiction may overlap to an extent with some aspects of the  mockumentary  format, but the terms are not synonymous. A film genre in expansion, it is adopted by a number of  experimental  filmmakers. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

7. Origins - ? The term involves a way of making films already practiced by such authors as  Robert Flaherty , one of the fathers of documentary,and   Jean Rouch , later in the 20th century. Being both  fiction  and  documentary ,  docufiction is a  hybrid  genre, raising  ethical problems  concerning  truth , since reality may be manipulated and confused with fiction (see  Ethics  at  creative non-fiction ) In the domain of  visual anthropology , the innovating role of Jean Rouch  allows one to consider him as the father of a subgenre called  ethnofiction .  This term means:  ethnographic  documentary film with natives who play fictional roles. Making them play a role about themselves will help portray reality, which will be reinforced with  imagery . A non-ethnographic  documentary  with fictional elements uses the same method and, for the same reasons, may be called docufiction Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

8. Docufiction 1926:  United States  –  Moana   Robert Flaherty 1930:  Portugal  –  Maria do Mar  by  Leitão de Barros 1932:  France  –  L'or des mers  by  Jean Epstein 1948:  Italy  –  La Terra Trema  by  Luchino Visconti 1952:  Japan  –  Children of Hiroshima  by  Kaneto Shindo 1963:  Canada  –  Pour la suite du monde  ( Of Whales, the Moon and Men ) by  Pierre Perrault  and  Michel Brault 1981:  Morocco  –  Trances  by  Ahmed El Maânouni 1988:  Guiné -Bissau  –  Mortu Nega  (Death denied) by  Flora Gomes 1990:  Iran  –  Close-up  by  Abbas Kiarostami 1991:  Finland  –  Zombie and the Ghost Train  by  Mika Kaurismäki 2002:  Brazil  –  City of God  by  Fernando Meirelles  and  Kátia Lund 2005:  Iraq  –  Underexposure  by  Oday Rasheed First docufictions by country Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

9. documentary film - ? A  documentary film  is a  non-fictional ,  motion picture  intended to "document  reality , primarily for the purposes of instruction, education, or maintaining a  historical record ". Defination :- The American film critic  Pare Lorentz  defines a documentary film as "a factual film which is dramatic.“ Others further state that a documentary stands out from the other types of non-fiction films for providing an opinion, and a specific message, along with the facts it presents   Documentary  has been described as "a filmmaking practice, a cinematic tradition, and mode of audience reception that is continually evolving and is without clear boundaries". Documentary films were originally called " actuality  films", and were one minute, or less, in length. Over time, documentaries have evolved to be longer in length, and to include more categories; some examples being:  educational ,  observational , and  docufiction . Documentaries are meant to be  informative  works, and are often used within schools, as a resource to teach various  principles . Social media platforms , such as  YouTube , have provided an avenue for the growth of the documentary film genre. These platforms have increased the distribution area and ease-of-accessibility; thereby, enhancing the ability to educate a larger volume of viewers, and broadening the reach of persons who receive that information Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

10. Documentary practice Defination :- The American film critic  Pare Lorentz  defines a documentary film as "a factual film which is dramatic."  Others further state that a documentary stands out from the other types of non-fiction films for providing an opinion, and a specific message, along with the facts it presents. Documentary practice  is the complex process of creating documentary projects. Documentary practice : refers to what people do with media devices, content, form, and production strategies in order to address the creative, ethical, and conceptual problems and choices that arise as they make documentaries. Documentary filmmaking can be used as a form of journalism, advocacy, or personal expression. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

11. Pre-1900 Early film (pre-1900) was dominated by the novelty of showing an event. They were single-shot moments captured on film: A train entering a station, a boat docking, or factory workers leaving work. These short films were called "actuality" films; the term "documentary" was not coined until 1926. Many of the first films, such as those made by  Auguste and Louis Lumière , were a minute or less in length, due to technological limitations. In May 1896,  Bolesław Matuszewski  recorded on film few surgical operations in  Warsaw  and  Saint Petersburg  hospitals. In 1898, French surgeon  Eugène -Louis Doyen  invited Bolesław Matuszewski and  Clément Maurice  and proposed them to recorded his surgical operations. They started in Paris a series of surgical films sometime before July 1898. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

12. Until 1906, the year of his last film, Doyen recorded more than 60 operations. Doyen said that his first films taught him how to correct professional errors he had been unaware of. For scientific purposes, after 1906, Doyen combined 15 of his films into three compilations, two of which survive. The six-film series  Extirpation des tumeurs encapsulées  (1906), and the four-film  Les Opérations sur la cavité crânienne  (1911). These and five other of Doyen's films survive . Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

13. Geoffrey Malins  with an  aeroscope  camera during World War I. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

14. Travelogue films  were very popular in the early part of the 20th century. They were often referred to by distributors as " scenics .“ Scenics were among the most popular sort of films at the time. An important early film to move beyond the concept of the scenic was  In the Land of the Head Hunters  (1914), which embraced  primitivism  and  exoticism  in a staged story presented as truthful re-enactments of the life of  Native Americans . Contemplation is a separate area.  Pathé  is the best-known global manufacturer of such films of the early 20th century. A vivid example is  Moscow Clad in Snow  (1909). Biographical documentaries appeared during this time, such as the feature  Eminescu -Veronica- Creangă  (1914) on the relationship between the writers  Mihai Eminescu ,  Veronica Micle  and  Ion Creangă . Early color motion picture processes such as  Kinemacolor —known for the feature  With Our King and Queen Through India  (1912) and  Prizmacolor known for  Everywhere With Prizma  (1919). Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

15. Modern documentaries Box office  analysts have noted that this film genre has become increasingly successful in theatrical release with films such as   Fahrenheit 9/11 ,  Super Size Me ,  Food, Inc. ,  Earth ,  March of the Penguins ,  Religulous , and  An Inconvenient Truth  among the most prominent examples. Compared to dramatic narrative films, documentaries typically have far lower budgets which makes them attractive to film companies because even a limited theatrical release can be highly profitable. The nature of documentary films has expanded in the past 20 years from the cinema verité style introduced in the 1960s in which the use of portable camera and sound equipment allowed an intimate relationship between filmmaker and subject. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

16. Documentaries without words[ Films in the documentary form without words have been made.  Listen to Britain  directed by Humphrey Jennings and Stuart McAllister in 1942 is a wordless meditation on wartime Britain. From 1982, the  Qatsi trilogy  and the similar  Baraka  could be described as visual tone poems, with music related to the images, but no spoken content. Koyaanisqatsi  (part of the Qatsi trilogy) consists primarily of  slow motion  and  time-lapse photography  of cities and many natural landscapes across the United States.  Baraka  tries to capture the great pulse of humanity as it flocks and swarms in daily activity and religious ceremonies. Bodysong  was made in 2003 and won a British Independent Film Award for "Best British Documentary.“ The 2004 film  Genesis  shows animal and plant life in states of expansion, decay, sex, and death, with some, but little, narration. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

17. Narration Styles Voice-over narrator The traditional style for narration is to have a dedicated narrator read a script which is dubbed onto the audio track. The narrator never appears on camera and may not necessarily have knowledge of the subject matter or involvement in the writing of the script. Silent narration This style of narration uses title screens to visually narrate the documentary. The screens are held for about 5–10 seconds to allow adequate time for the viewer to read them. They are similar to the ones shown at the end of movies based on true stories, but they are shown throughout, typically between scenes. Hosted narrator In this style, there is a host who appears on camera, conducts interviews, and who also does voice-overs. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

18. Hybrid documentary The release of  The Act of Killing  (2012) directed by  Joshua Oppenheimer  has introduced possibilities for emerging forms of the hybrid documentary. Traditional documentary filmmaking typically removes signs of fictionalization in order to distinguish itself from fictional film genres. Audiences have recently become more distrustful of the media's traditional fact production, making them more receptive to experimental ways of telling facts. The hybrid documentary implements truth games in order to challenge traditional fact production. The hybrid documentary is not explicit about what should be understood, creating an open dialogue between subject and audience.  Clio Barnard 's The Arbor (2010),  Joshua Oppenheimer 's  The Act of Killing  (2012),  Mads Brügger 's   The Ambassador (2011 film) , and  Alma Har'el 's   Bombay Beach (film)  (2011) are a few notable examples. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

19. Docufiction Docufiction  is a  hybrid   genre  from two basic ones,  fiction film  and  documentary , practiced since the first documentary films were made. Fake-fiction Pseudo-documentary § Film Fake-fiction is a genre which deliberately presents real, unscripted events in the form of a fiction film, making them appear as staged. The concept was introduced by  Pierre Bismuth  to describe his 2016 film  Where is Rocky II? DVD documentary A DVD documentary is a documentary film of indeterminate length that has been produced with the sole intent of releasing it for direct sale to the public on  DVD (s), as different from a documentary being made and released first on  television  or on a cinema screen. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

20. Compilation films Compilation films were pioneered in 1927 by  Esfir Schub  with  The Fall of the Romanov Dynasty . examples include  Point of Order  (1964), directed by  Emile de Antonio  about the McCarthy hearings. Similarly,  The Last Cigarette  combines the testimony of various  tobacco  company executives before the  U.S. Congress  with archival propaganda extolling the virtues of smoking. Poetic documentaries Poetic documentaries, which first appeared in the 1920s, were a sort of reaction against both the content and the rapidly crystallizing grammar of the early fiction film. The poetic mode moved away from continuity editing and instead organized images of the material world by means of associations and patterns, both in terms of time and space. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

21. Expository documentaries Expository documentaries speak directly to the viewer, often in the form of an authoritative commentary employing voiceover or titles, proposing a strong argument and point of view. These films are rhetorical, and try to persuade the viewer. (They may use a rich and sonorous male voice.) The (voice-of-God) commentary often sounds "objective" and omniscient. Images are often not paramount; they exist to advance the argument. The rhetoric insistently presses upon us to read the images in a certain fashion. Historical documentaries in this mode deliver an unproblematic and "objective" account and interpretation of past events. Examples: TV shows and films like  Biography ,  America's Most Wanted , many science and nature documentaries,  Ken Burns '  The Civil War  (1990),  Robert Hughes '  The Shock of the New  (1980),  John Berger 's  Ways Of Seeing  (1974),  Frank Capra 's wartime  Why We Fight  series, and  Pare Lorentz 's  The Plow That Broke The Plains  (1936). Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

22. Observational Observational documentaries attempt to simply and spontaneously observe lived life with a minimum of intervention. Filmmakers who worked in this subgenre often saw the poetic mode as too abstract and the expository mode as too didactic. The first observational docs date back to the 1960s; the technological developments which made them possible include mobile lightweight cameras and portable sound recording equipment for synchronized sound. Often, this mode of film eschewed voice-over commentary, post-synchronized dialogue and music, or re-enactments. The films aimed for immediacy, intimacy, and revelation of individual human character in ordinary life situations. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

23. film team at  Port of Dar es Salaam  with two ferries Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

24. Participatory documentaries  believe that it is impossible for the act of filmmaking to not influence or alter the events being filmed. What these films do is emulate the approach of the anthropologist: participant-observation. Not only is the filmmaker part of the film, we also get a sense of how situations in the film are affected or altered by their presence. Nichols: "The filmmaker steps out from behind the cloak of voice-over commentary, steps away from poetic meditation, steps down from a fly-on-the-wall perch, and becomes a social actor (almost) like any other. The encounter between filmmaker and subject becomes a critical element of the film. Rouch and Morin named the approach cinéma vérité , translating Dziga Vertov's kinopravda into French; the "truth" refers to the truth of the encounter rather than some absolute truth. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

25. Reflexive documentaries   Do not see themselves as a transparent window on the world; instead, they draw attention to their own constructedness , and the fact that they are representations. Performative documentaries   Stress subjective experience and emotional response to the world. They are strongly personal, unconventional & might include hypothetical enactments of events designed to make us experience what it might be like for us to possess a certain specific perspective on the world that is not our own, e.g. that of black, gay men in Marlon Riggs's  Tongues Untied  (1989) or Jenny Livingston's  Paris Is Burning  (1991). Performative docs often link up personal accounts or experiences with larger political or historical realities. Educational Films Documentaries are shown in schools around the world in order to educate students. Used to introduce various topics to children, they are often used with a school lesson or shown many times to reinforce an idea. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

26. An  episode  is a narrative unit within a larger  dramatic  work or  documentary  production, such as a  series  intended for radio, television or on-line consumption. An episode is a coherent narrative unit within a larger  dramatic  work. It is frequently used to describe units of television or radio  series  that are broadcast separately in order to form one longer series. An episode is to a sequence as a  chapter  is to a  book . Modern series episodes typically last 20 to 50 minutes in length. The word derives from the Greek term ( Ancient Greek :  ἐπεισόδιον ) ( epeisodion ), meaning the material contained between two songs or  odes  in a Greek  tragedy .   The tentative  list of the most-watched television broadcasts  around the world in selected countries, with the corresponding peak viewership records, the corresponding year of such broadcast, and the mentioned media research organizations tallying nationwide viewership records. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

27. History On July 20, 1969, an estimated 650 million people watched the live global broadcast of the  Apollo 11  Moon landing (this constituted around one fifth of total population of the world at the time) The boxer  Muhammad Ali  drew record global television audiences during the 1970s to early 1980s. Estimates of Ali's worldwide television audiences for his " Rumble in the Jungle " fight against  George Foreman  in 1974," Thrilla in Manila " fight against  Joe Frazier  in 1975,  rematch against Leon Spinks  in 1978,and " Last Hurrah " fight against  Larry Holmes  in 1980, range between 1 billion and 2 billion people.  The  1996 Summer Olympics opening ceremony , where Muhammad Ali lit the torch, was watched by an estimated 3.5 billion viewers.  The  funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales  in 1997 was watched by an estimated 2 billion people globally, making it the all-time most-watched royal event on live television in the world. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

28. IN INDIA India measures the viewership of shows through TRP (Television Rating Point). Shows used to have higher ratings in 2000s as compared to present decade. The present shows that regularly score above or around the 3.5 mark are  Kumkum Bhagya , and its spin off  Kundali Bhagya  along with  Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai . Sometimes these shows touch 4 which is still quite low as compared to highest rated shows of the last decade. Other than that  Naagin (2015 TV series)  is the only show now that scores above 4.7. All of these shows are produced by the same banner  Balaji Telefilms  except Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai . Currently,  Bigg Boss 13  has been the most watched Show of 2020, recording an 11.3 TRP for the Final and an average of 8.3 TRP on regular episodes,being the most watched reality show in  India . Mahabharat  (1988–1990), the television adaptation of Indian epic  Mahabharata , had a share of 97.8% among Indian viewers. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

29. Television film The term  telefilm  is a  portmanteau  of the words "television" and "film". A  television film  is a  feature-length  motion picture that is produced and originally distributed by or to a television network, in contrast to  theatrical films  made explicitly for initial showing in movie theaters. Such a production has also been called a  TV movie ,  TV film ,  television movie ,  telefilm ,   telemovie / tele -movie ,  motion picture made for television. Made-for-television movie ,  made-for-television film ,  direct-to-TV movie ,  direct-to-TV film ,  movie of the week ,  feature-length drama ,  single drama  and  original movie . Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

30. Film production was an unstable business with challenges facing early participants. Many television networks were hostile toward film programming, fearing that it would loosen the network's arrangements with  sponsors  and  affiliates  by encouraging  station  managers to make independent deals with advertisers and  film producers . Conversely, beginning in the 1950s episodes of American television series would be placed together and released as  feature films  in overseas cinemas. Television networks  were in control of the most valuable  prime time  slots available for programming, so  syndicators  of independent television films had to settle for fewer  television markets  and less desirable time periods. This meant much smaller advertising revenues and license fees compared with network-supplied programming. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

31. Production and quality In a 1991  New York Times  article, television critic John J. O'Connor wrote that "few artifacts of popular culture invite more condescension than the made-for-television movie". Network-made television movies in the United States have tended to be inexpensively-produced and perceived to be of low quality. Stylistically, these films often resemble single episodes of dramatic television series. Television films are made to "cash in" on the interest centering on stories currently prominent in the news, as the films based on the "Long Island Lolita" scandal involving  Joey Buttafuoco  and  Amy Fisher  were in 1993. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai

32. The movies tend to rely on smaller casts, one such exception being those produced for  premium cable , such as  Behind the Candelabra  (which featured established film actors  Michael Douglas  and  Matt Damon  in the lead roles) and a limited range of scene settings and camera setups. Even Spielberg's  Duel , while having decent production values, features a very small cast (apart from Dennis Weaver, all other actors appearing in the film play smaller roles) and mostly outdoor shooting locations in the desert. Movie-length episodes of television shows Occasionally, a long-running television series is used as the basis for television movies that air during the show's run (as opposed to the above-mentioned "reunion specials"). Typically, such movies employ a filmed  single-camera setup  even if the television series is videotaped using a  multiple-camera setup , but are written to be easily broken up into individual 30- or 60-minute episodes for  syndication . Thakur College Of Science & Commerce,Mumbai