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1. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION PROCESSING 5/14/2021 1 ARSI UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING BY GETAHUN HM. EMIAL:- [email protected] Mobile: [phone]

2. DIKW Pyramid 5/14/2021 2

3. Data 5/14/2021 3 Data alone tells no story . R aw facts, figures, and observations about physical phenomena or business transactions. It is facts represented by either numeric values (0-9), alphabetic characters (a- z /A-Z), or special symbols ($, %, @, etc). Data is often meaningless. For instance, consider the number 250299 . We could interpret in a number of ways. Your ID number The date e.g. 25th February 1999 The number of students in a given college . Data is raw unprocessed facts and figures that have no context or purposeful meaning.

4. Data 5/14/2021 4

5. Information 5/14/2021 5 Information can be defined as the collection of meaningful facts and figures that can be used as a base for guidance and decision making. Information is data that has been rearranged, processed, organized into a form perceived as useful by the recipient. Therefore the meaning we attach to a data can be considered as information. For instance, the red traffic light is a form of data, the meaning we attach to this data (i.e. STOP ) is the information. I nformation is a processed data that has meaning and is presented in a context .

6. Information 5/14/2021 6

7. Knowledge 5/14/2021 7 “How” is the information, derived from the collected data, relevant to our goals? “How” are the pieces of this information connected to other pieces to add more meaning and value? And, maybe most importantly, “how” can we apply the information to achieve our goal?

8. Wisdom 5/14/2021 8 Wisdom is the top of the DIKW hierarchy and to get there, we must answer questions such as ‘why do something’ and ‘what is best’. Wisdom is knowledge applied in action. If data and information are like a look back to the past, Knowledge and wisdom are associated with what we do now and what we want to achieve in the future.

9. Data Processing 5/14/2021 9 A given data to be information it should have to be processed and have to get a meaning. Data processing is the manipulation and transformation of data into more meaningful form (or information). It is the process of converting data in to information. Data (input)  processing  Output (Information) Processing may include: - Calculating , Sorting, Summarizing, Merging etc.

10. Characteristics of “ Valuable Information” 5/14/2021 10 Accuracy : Information needs to be accurate enough for the use to which it is going to be put.  To obtain information that is 100% accurate is usually unrealistic as it is likely to be too expensive to produce on time.  Accuracy is important.  As an example, if government statistics based on the last census wrongly show an increase in births within an area, plans may be made to build schools and construction companies may invest in new housing developments. In these cases any investment may not be recouped.

11. Reliability 5/14/2021 11 Reliability deals with the truth of information . You can only really use information confidently if you are sure of its reliability. When researching for an essay in any subject, we might make straight for the library to find a suitable book.  We are reasonably confident that the information found in a book, especially one that the library has purchased, is reliable.

12. Relevance 5/14/2021 12 Information should be relevant to the purpose for which it is required. It must be suitable.  What is relevant for one manager may not be relevant for another.  For example, a market research company may give information on users’ perceptions of the quality of a product.   This is not relevant for the manager who wants to know opinions on relative prices of the product and its rivals.  The information gained would not be relevant to the purpose.

13. Accessibility 5/14/2021 13 Information should be easy to obtain or access .  Information kept in a book of some kind is only available and easy to access if you have the book to hand.   A good example of availability is a telephone directory, as every home has one for its local area.  Completeness : Information should contain all the details required by the user. It may not be useful as the basis for making a decision. To meet all the needs of the situation, you often have to collect it from a variety of sources.

14. Timely 5/14/2021 14 Information must be on time for the purpose for which it is required . Information received too late will be irrelevant. For example, if you receive a brochure from a theatre and notice there was a concert by your favorite band yesterday, then the information is too late to be of use. Economical Information should be available within set cost levels that may vary dependent on situation. If costs are too high to obtain information an organization may decide to seek slightly less comprehensive information elsewhere . For example, an organization wants to commission a market survey on a new product . The survey could cost more than the forecast initial profit from the product. In that situation, the organization would probably decide that a less costly source of information should be used, even if it may give inferior information.

15. Conciseness/ Level of detail 5/14/2021 15 Information should be in a form that is short enough to allow for its examination and use . There should be no extraneous information.   For example, it is very common practice to summarize financial data and present this information, both in the form of figures and by using a chart or graph.  We would say that the graph is more concise than the tables of figures as there is little or no extraneous information in the graph or chart. 

16. What is ICT ? 5/14/2021 16 ICT is an acronym which stands for I nformation and Communication Technology or T echnologies . A good way to think about ICT is to consider all the uses of digital technology that already exist to help individuals, businesses and organizations use information. ICT (information and communications technology or technologies) is an umbrella term that includes any communication device or application R adio , television, cellular phones, computer and network hardware and software, satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and applications associated with them, such as videoconferencing and distance learning.

17. What is ICT? 5/14/2021 17 In more general form an ICT can be defined as: The use of electronic devices and telecommunication network for creating, storing, processing, sending, and receiving information. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is the use of computers and telecommunication facilities for the purpose of gathering, storing, and disseminating information globally.

18. What is IT? 5/14/2021 18 Information technology (IT) is the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly computer applications and computer hardware . IT encompasses all forms of technology used to create, store, exchange, and use information in its various forms. IT can be considered as the use of modern technologies for capturing , processing, storing, retrieval and communication of information whether in the form of numerical data, text, sound, or image.

19. Component of IT 5/14/2021 19 T here are three components that we should have know in order to use the concept of IT effectively and productively . Computer Communications networks Know -how

20. I. Computers 5/14/2021 20 Computer in simple terms, is an electronic machine that can be instructed to accept, process, store and present data and information Computer is a device which is used for creating, storing, processing, sending, and receiving information automatically. Computer is an electronic machine which is guided by an internally stored program so as to perform different kind of operation as per the instruction which resides in the system.

21. II. Communications Network 5/14/2021 21 An integral part of IT is the ability to communicate to send and receive data and information over a communication network. A communications network is an interconnection of stations (or devices) at different locations through a medium that enables people to send and receive data and information and to share resources. Telephone wires and cables are common communication media. Data communication is the transmission of data and information over a communications medium.

22. III. Know-how 5/14/2021 22 T he ability to draw on the power of IT to solve problems and to take advantages of the opportunities it creates offered by IT. Therefore IT require or implies know-how, knowing how to do something well . Know -how includes Familiarity with the tools of IT The skills needed to use these tools Understanding when to use IT to solve a problem or capitalize on an opportunity..

23. Data processing life cycle 5/14/2021 23 Data processing life cycle shows the steps involved while processing data in to information. Information processing (manual or computerized) requires 1. Input data 2. Processing 3. Output and 4. Storage and retrieval

24. The figure below shows the information processing cycle . 5/14/2021 24 Input Process Output Storage & Retrieval

25. Input 5/14/2021 25 Input is the data given to the system in order to be processed Activities include:- Collecting & recording data : in hard copy or soft copy form. Classifying & coding input data : - the task of identify one kind of data & distinguishing it one from the other kind by means of code number or letter (alphanumeric system) to speeds up processing.

26. Process 5/14/2021 26 Processing includes different operations which are used to convert the input data to information. The operations include:- Calculating operations : - arithmetic or logical operations Summarizing: - reducing the volume of data Sorting: - putting in a definite order (either in ascending or descending) Merging: - combining a data.

27. Output 5/14/2021 27 Output is the final result of data processing. Output is the information that we get after the data is processed. Output can be in different format, this includes:- Hard copy- printed form Soft copy-(magnetic form) Audio format Visual format.

28. Storing and retrieving 5/14/2021 28 Storing : - saving data for future use. Retrieving : - searching for & finding data which resides in the storage device.

29. Manual Vs Automated Information Processing 5/14/2021 29 Information processing can be either manual or computerized (automated). Manual information processing is processing of information using paper, pencil, and brain . Automated information processing is processing of information with the help of computers this means that when the above cycles are done with the help of computers. This is much more flexible than the manual one and a lot faster.