Unit 1 Introduction to Psychology.1ST SEM b.SC AND gnm pptx

This PowerPoint presentation on Introduction to Psychology is specially prepared for 1st Semester B.Sc. Nursing students. It explains psychology as a science that helps in understanding and controlling human behavior. The presentation includes topics such as definition, development, scope, and branches of psychology, methods of psychology, and the relationship of psychology with other subjects. It helps nursing students gain insight into human behavior, which is essential for effective communication and holistic patient care.

1. UNIT-I INRODUCTION By Ms. Nirali Desai Nursing Tutor M.SC. (n) MENTAL Health Nursing s.s.c.n, Vapi Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

2. MEANING OF PSYCHOLOGY The word ‘psychology’ is derived from the Greek words, ‘psyche ‘& ‘logos’ Psycho -soul and spirit Logos- knowledge or the study of. The earliest definition of psychology is the study of ‘soul’ or ‘spirit’. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

3. Psychology is the study of the mind and the mental process of the individual. But this definition has not satisfied many scientist, because the mind is an object that does not exist, what exist that is brain. Another definition of psychology has mentioned that it is the scientific study of human and mental process. This definition was most widely accepted by many experts. Psychology means First phase: Science of soul. Second phase: Science of mind. Third phase: science of consciousness. Finally , it is a science of behaviour. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

4. DEFINITION OF PSYCHOLOGY Psychology is a science which aims to give us better understanding and control of the behavior of the organism as a whole. William MC Doughall (1949) 2)Psychology is the scientific study of activities of the individual in relations to his environment. Woodworm& Marquis Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

5. Development of psychology Psychology as a separate area of study split away from philosophy a little over 100 years ago. The success of the experimental method in the physical science encouraged some philosophers to think that mind and behavior could be studied with scientific methods. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

6. YEAR DEVELOPMENT 1879 First psychology library in Germany 1890 Principles of psychology published by Williams James 1895 Functionalist model formulated 1900 Sigmund freud develops psychodynamic perspective 1904 Ivan Pavlov wins Nobel Prize for work on fundamental principle of learning 1905 Binet and simon develop intelligence test 1915 Strong emphasis on intelligence testing Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

7. YEAR DEVELOPMENT 1916 First psychology department establish at Calcutta university 1922 Psychology is included in Indian Science congress Association 1924 John B Watson, an early behaviorist publishes “Behaviorism ” a book that led to the foundation of behaviorism. 1949 Psychological research wing of the defense science organization of India established. 1951 Carl Rogers publishes Client-centered Therapy, helping to establish the humanistic perspectives. 1953 BF Skinner publishes Science and Human behavior, advocating behaviour perspectives. 1954 Abraham Maslow publishes Motivation and personality ,developing concept of self actualizations, Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

8. YEAR DEVELOPMENT 1954 Department of clinical psychology was set up in NIMHANS, Beguluru , Karnataka. 1956 University Grants commission a statutory body of Government of India was established through an act of parliament. 1957 Leon Festinger publishes A theory of cognitive Dissonance, producing a major impact of psychology 1967 The first Ph.D. program in clinical psychology was started in NIMHANS, Bengaluru. 1985 Increasing emphasis on cognitive perspective 1989 National Academy of psychology India focused Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

9. YEAR DEVELOPMENT 1990 Greater emphasis on multi culturalism and diversity 2000 New Subfields develop such as clinical neuropsychology and evolutionary psychology 2002 Psychologist Daniel Kahneman is awarded the Nobel prize for his research on how people make judgements in the face of uncertainity 2014 John O'Keefe, May Britt Moser and Edvard Moser share the Nobel prize for their discovery of nerve cells in the brain tht enables a sense of place & Navigation 21 st century Clinical psychology expanded in various professional courses in the field of Nursing, engineering ,agriculture and management. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

10. SCOPE/BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY Limit of its operations and applications Branches, topics and subject matter with which it deals Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

11. LIMITS TO OPERATION AND APPLICATIONS It studies, describes and explains the behavior of living organisms. It describes all types of activities and experiences- whether conative, cognitive or affective, implicit or explicit, conscious, unconscious and subconscious of a living organism. It studies not only human behavior but also human experience, language and other forms of communications. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

12. It is applicable to all the living creatures created by the almighty irrespective of their species, caste, color, age, sex, physical and mental state. It also studies the behaviour of animals, insects, birds and plant life. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

13. BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY Pure psychology Applied psychology General psychology Abnormal psychology Social psychology Physiological psychology Parapsychology Geopsychology Developmental psychology Experimental psychology Educational psychology Clinical psychology Industrial psychology legal psychology Military psychology Political psychology Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

14. Branches of Pure psychology GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY It deals with the fundamental rules, principles and theories of psychology in relation to the study of behaviour of a normal adult. ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY It deals with the behaviour of individuals who are unusual. It studies mental disorders, their causes and treatment. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

15. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Deals with the group behaviour and interrelationships of people with others. It studies various types of group phenomena such as public opinion, attitude, beliefs and crowd behaviour. Physiological psychology It describes and explains the biological and physiological basis of behaviour. It concerns the structure and functions of sense organs, nervous systems, muscles and glands underlying behaviour. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

16. PARA PSYCHOLOGY It deals with extrasensory perceptions, causes of rebirth, telepathy and allied problems. GEO PSYCHOLOGY It describes & explains the relationship of physical environment particularly weather, climate and soil with behaviour. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

17. Developmental psychology It describes the processes and factors that influence growth and development in relation to the behaviour of an individual from birth to old age. It is further divide in child psychology, adolescent, adult and geriatric psychology. EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY It studies the ways and means of carrying out psychological experiments using scientific methods. Experimental psychologists do basic research in an effort to discover & understand the fundamental and general causes of behaviour. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

18. BRANCHES OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY 1.EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Tries to apply psychological principles, theories & techniques to human behaviour in educational situations. It covers psychological ways & means of improving all aspects of teaching/learning process. 2.CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY Largest subfield of psychology. It describes the causes of mental illness, abnormal behaviour of a patient & suggests treatment and effective adjustment of the affected person in the society. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

19. 3.INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY It helps to study of the human behaviour in relation to industrial environment. Industrial psychologist apply psychological principles to assist public and private organization with their hiring and placement programme, training & supervision of personnel. Improvement of communication with the organization. Counsel employees within the organizations who need help with their personal problems. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

20. 4.Legal psychology It try to study the behaviour of persons like clients , criminals , witness with the help of application of psychological principles & technique. The root cause of crime , offence, dispute or any legal case can be properly understood through this branch. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

21. 5.MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY Concerned with the use of psychological principles & techniques in military science. Activities How to keep the morale of soldiers and citizens high during war time. How to secure recruitment of personnel with good leadership & fighting capacities. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

22. 6.POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY This branch helps in studying politics and deriving political gains. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

23. Methods of psychology Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

24. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

25. 1.introspection/self observation Oldest methods It is defined as a process of directly examining one’s own conscious mental states such as thoughts & feelings. As it is not possible to understand the inner feelings, the subject has to asked to systematically observe their behavior. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

26. STEPS IN INTROSPECTION METHOD Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

27. Merits of introspection Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

28. DEMerits of introspection Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

29. 2.OBSERVATIONAL METHOD It is the objective methods of studying the behavior of individuals. It is defined as the systematic observation of an individual’s behavior under natural or controlled condition, analyzed & interpreted by the observer. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

30. STEPS IN OBSERVATION METHOD Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

31. MERITS OF OBSERVATION Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

32. DEMERITS OF OBSERVATION Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

33. 3.EXPERIMENTAL METHOD Most scientific & objective method of studying the behavior. Experiment Word comes from Latin words-meaning is ‘TO TRY’ ‘PUT THE TEST’ Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

34. Essential features Requires two persons , the experimenter & the subject (the person whose behaviour is being observed). Experiments are conducted on living organism. All experiments are conducted under controlled conditions. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

35. Steps in experimental method Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

36. MERITS OF EXPERIMENTAL METHOD Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

37. DEMERITS OF EXPERIMENTAL METHOD Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

38. 4.Clinical or case history method This method is used by clinical psychologist, psychiatrist, psychiatric social workers in CGC or mental hygiene clinics &allied institutions. It aims at studying the cause & basis of people anxiety, fear & personal maladjustment. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

39. MERITS OF CLINICAL METHOD Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

40. DEMERITS OF CLINICAL METHOD It depends largely on memory of incidents which may have been observed inaccurately or over interpreted. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

41. 5.SURVEY METHOD All problems in psychology cannot be studied by experimental & other methods. Some problems like study of opinions, attitudes , health care needs etc. need to be studied by survey method. It involves collection or gathering of information from a large number of people using questionnaires , inventories, checklists, rating scales & interviews. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

42. MERITS & DEMERITS OF SURVEY METHOD merits A large amount of data can be collected in a short period of time. demerits Behavior is not observed directly. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

43. 6.Genetic or developmental methods Psychologists study not only the behavior of an individual at a particular time but also his development from birth to death. E.g., To understand the learning behavior of an adult, the study will have to begin from his childhood. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

44. This can be done in 2 ways: Cross sectional study wherein children of different age groups will be studied simultaneously. Longitudinal study where in the same child will be studied during various stages of life. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

45. Merits & demerits of genetic or developmental method merits More useful method to understand the behavior from point of view of hereditary & environmental influences. demerits Requires more time and energy. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

46. RELATIONSHIP OF PSYCHOLOGY WITH OTHER SUBJECTS Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

47. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

48. In the field of education It has helped the learner to learn, teachers to teach, administrators to administer and educational planner to plan effectively & efficiently. IN THE FIELD OF MEDICINE A doctor, nurse or any person who attends to the patient needs to know the science of behavior for achieving good results. Psychology has contributed valuable therapeutic measures like behavior therapy, play therapy, group therapy, psychoanalysis, etc., for the diagnosis and cure of patients suffering from psychosomatic as well as mental diseases. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

49. In the Field of Business and Industry It has highlighted the importance of knowledge of consumer's psychology and harmonious interpersonal relationship in the field of commerce and industry. In the Field of Criminology It has helped in detection of crimes and in dealing with criminals. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

50. In the Field of Politics It has aided leaders and politicians in acquiring leadership qualities for leading the masses. In the Field of Guidance and Counseling It has provided valuable help in relation to guidance and counseling in educational, personal as well as vocational areas. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

51. In the Field of Military Science Psychology helps in the selection, training, promotion and classification of defense personnel. In fighting the enemy, the morale of the defense personnel and of citizens must at all costs be high which can only be achieved by providing suggestions, insight and confidence. IN THE FIELD OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS AND SELF DEVELOPMENT It helped human beings to learn the art of understanding their own behaviour, seeking adjustment with their self and others and enhancing as well as actualizing their potentialities the at most possible. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

52. SIGNIFICANCE OF PSYCHOLOGY IN NURSING Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

53. R E L E V A N C E OF P S Y C H O L O G Y I N N U R S I N G Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

54. Applied psychology to solve everyday issues Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

55. INTRODUCTION Applied psychology is the application of psychological principles & methods to resolve problems of human experience which may be related to health, family, workplace. It is the field of psychology which validates psychological theories and focuses on putting practical research into action to achieve the desired results. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

56. Application of psychology to solve everyday issues Branch of psychology Application to solve everyday issues Educational psychology Helps in developing strategies for better teaching approach. Improves learning environment & give advice on curriculum formulations. Addresses the needs of students with different abilities & relieves their examination stress. Occupational psychology Helps in increasing employee productivity, job satisfaction at work & overall effectiveness of organizations. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

57. Branch of psychology Application to solve everyday issues Occupational Psychology Aids in organizational function such as staff recruitment, training, employee relations, performance appraisal, motivation, counseling & maintaining work environment. Health Psychology Helps diseased individuals to cope with illness, develop positive attitudes, recover from illness & lead quality of life. Educates & motivates people to make better health choices, contribute to improving the healthcare system & aid the government in designing health care policy. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

58. Branch of psychology Application to solve everyday issues Cognitive Psychology Aids in treating learning disorders, structure the educational curricula to augment learning, and improve decision making ability. Provides help to cope with increased stress level, memory disorders, brain injury & attentional difficulties. Clinical Psychology Helps in diagnoses, prevention & treatment of emotional disturbances & behavioral problems. Helps the individual to promote well being & personal development. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

59. Branch of psychology Application to solve everyday issues Sports Psychology Helps athletes & sports persons to cope with the intense pressure generated out competition. Enhances the performance of an athlete, motivates him & hastens the recovery from injuries too. Teaches the common man to enjoy sport & promote wellbeing by sticking to an exercise regimen. Developmental Psychology Aims to resolve individual’s issue mostly related to society , school ,career ,family and health. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

60. Branch of psychology Application to solve everyday issues Criminal Psychology Assists the law enforcement agencies in apprehending criminals. Provides an understanding of will, intention, thoughts , feelings & reaction of criminals with the main goal of reducing crime. Social Psychology Talks about social perceptions & interactions that are key to understanding social behavior. Looks at a wide range of other topics such as leadership, aggression & non verbal behavior. Deals with problems related to social justice, women development, Intergroup relations. Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

61. Let’s Revise Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

62. 1. Psychology is defined as the scientific study of Mental disorders Mental processes Human relationship Human and animal behavior Answer: D Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

63. 2. Which of the following deals with the study of how a person's actions, feelings or thoughts are influenced by others? Social psychology Clinical psychology Educational psychology Health psychology ANSWER:A Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

64. 3. Behavior includes which of the following 'activities’? Motor Cognitive Affective All of the above ANSWER: D Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

65. 4.Who is the Father of Psychology? Sigmund Freud William James Ivan Pavlov Wilhelm Wundt ANSWER:D Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

66. 5. Which of the following is a scientific method of psychology? Introspection method Observation method Experimental method Interview method ANSWER:C Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

67. 6. What is introspection? Self-motivation Self-observation Self-interest Self-learning ANSWER:B Mrs. Nirali Desai, S.S.C.N, VAPI

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