UNIT-1-PLATE-TECTONICS-Copy-Science-10.pptx

Grade 10 Science Unit 1

1. UNIT 1: PLATE TECTONICS

2. Distribution of Active Volcanoes, Earthquake Epicenters , and Major Mountain Belts

3. VOLCANO Volcanoes are openings, or vents where lava, tephra (small rocks), and steam erupt onto the Earth's surface. Volcanic eruptions can last days, months, or even years. 3

4. VOLCANO Our country is situated in the Pacific Ring of Fire where the oceanic plate and several smaller micro plates sub-ducting along the Philippine plate and several microplates along the Philippine Trench to the East and smaller trenches to the West. 4

5. VOLCANO To date, as per report of the PHILVOCS (Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology), there are 53 active volcanoes in the Philippines characterized by two major NS trending arcs – the Luzon and Mindanao Volcanic Arcs. 5

6. VOLCANO Some volcanoes in the Philippines are active or dormant. We describe volcanoes as dormant and active based on their frequency of eruptions. Those that erupt regularly are called active and those that have erupted in the past and are inactive are called dormant. 6

7. 7 Name of Active and Dormant Volcanoes Location/ Province Banahaw Laguna, Quezon Bulusan Sorsogon Camiguin de Babuynes Cagayan Hibok – Hibok Camiguin Iraya Batanes Iriga Camarines Sur

8. 8 Name of Active and Dormant Volcanoes Location/Province Kanlaon Negros Occidental/ Oriental Makaturing Lanao del Sur Matutum South Cotabato Mayon Albay Pinatubo Zambales, Pampanga, Tarlac Taal Batangas

9. Volcano Taal, Pinatubo and Mayon volcanoes are the familiar volcanoes of the country in terms of their eruptions. They are formed when pieces of earths crusts called plates smash and buckle up through a process called plate tectonics. 9

10. Mountain Range The word "mountain" comes from the Latin root  mont  and the Old French word  montaigne . T he term  mountain range  can be defined as a row of mountains connected by high ground. Individual mountains must be at least 300 meters tall to receive this classification. And therefore, mountain ranges must have multiple peaks, closely related in position and direction, that exceed 300 meters in elevation. 10

11. Mountain Range Nine of the ten tallest mountain ranges in the world can be found in Asia. The Himalayas are the tallest, followed by the Karakoram and the Hindu Kush. 11

12. Examples of Mountain Ranges Himalaya Andes Alps Rockies 12 Sierra Nevada Appalachian Ural

13. EARTHQUAKE An earthquake is a weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by the sudden movement of rock materials below the earth's surface. The earthquakes originate in tectonic plate boundary. 13

14. EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER The earthquake epicenters are not found only in a specific place, but they are found everywhere where there's a border between two or more tectonic plates. It doesn't matter if they collide, move away from each other, or subduct, the earthquakes will be there. 14

15. The volcanoes, earthquake’s epicenter , and major mountain belts are distributed in close proximity of the borders of the tectonic plates. Once tectonic plates moved in any possible motion, it could create changes leading to geologic features and events. 15

16. Most of the active volcanoes nowadays are found in the so called “ Pacific Ring of Fire ” which is practically the border of the Pacific Tectonic Plate. 16

17. Pacific Ring of Fire • Argentina • Belize • Bolivia • Brazil • Brunei • Canada • Colombia • Chile https://www.quora.com/What-countries-are-in-the-Pacific-Ring-of-Fire

18. Pacific Ring of Fire • Costa Rica • Ecuador • East Timor • El Salvador • Micronesia • Fiji • Guatemala • Honduras • Indonesia • Japan https://www.quora.com/What-countries-are-in-the-Pacific-Ring-of-Fire

19. Pacific Ring of Fire • Kiribati • Malaysia • Mexico • New Zealand • Nicaragua • Palau • Papua New Guinea • Panama • Peru https://www.quora.com/What-countries-are-in-the-Pacific-Ring-of-Fire

20. Pacific Ring of Fire • Philippines • Russia • Samoa • Singapore • Solomon Islands • Tonga • Tuvalu • United States https://www.quora.com/What-countries-are-in-the-Pacific-Ring-of-Fire

21. Mountain Belts Mountain Belt  usually refers to a group of mountain ranges with similarities in structure, form, and alignment. Mountain belts might not be connected, from mountain to mountain, as a mountain range would be.  21

22. MOUNTAIN BELTS The major mountain belts are found in places where tectonic plates of the same density collide, so instead some of them go and be subducted, they push against each other and lift the area up. 22

23. ACTIVITY Create a disaster awareness preparedness through slogan or poster making before, during, and after an earthquake or volcanic eruption. Present it in class next meeting. Be creative in doing your works. 23 Criteria Points Relevance to the Theme 10 Clarity of the Message 10 Creativity and Originality 10 Total 30 points

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26. GROUP ACTIVITY Make a campaign on earthquake and/or volcanic eruption awareness and preparedness on other Grade levels on what to do during, before and after an earthquake or volcanic eruption. Be creative in presenting your campaign. 26

27. THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS AND THE FORMATION OF CONTINENTS

28. Plate Tectonics Many scientists explained the physical attributes of earth in the early twentieth century using the “RAISIN THEORY” , in which Earth is compared to a grape that contracted into a raisin due to the cooling process that occurred after the Big Bang theory for about 13.77 billion years ago. 28

29. RAISIN THEORY 29 Cooling Contraction + Pressure Crust- move upward Crust- buckled downward Mountains Ocean Basins

30. Plate Tectonics Clarence Edward Dutton , an American seismologist and geologist, proposed the term “isostasy” in 1889 to explain the concept of a contracting Earth. Isostasy is the state of balance or equilibrium that exists within the earth’s crust, whereby the upper lithosphere floats on denser magma beneath. 30

31. Plate Tectonics The term tectonic is derived from the Greek word “ tekton ”, which means carpenter or builder. Scientists used tectonic plates to describe the movement of lithosphere. This is also called as lithospheric plates . 31

32. The lithospheric plates are massive slabs of solid rock that surround the earth’s surface. 32 Plate Tectonics

33. According to the theory, the earth’s outermost layer is divided into dozen, or more large and small solid plates or slabs known as lithospheric plates or tectonic plates. 33 Plate Tectonics

34. Plate Tectonics Theory Theathrum Orbis Terrarium, developed and published by Abraham Ortelius on January 1, 1596. Ortelius noted the similarity between the coastlines of Africa, Europe, and the America adopted on Plato’s story of the demise of Atlantis. He suggested that America was originally connected to Europe and Africa and this two continents fit to America. 34

35. Continental Drift Theory Alfred Wegener proposed the continental drift theory in his book “The Origins of Continents and Oceans” in 1915. Wegener expanded his theory and presented evidence that Pangaea meaning “all earth” existed during the Permian period. 35

36. Wegener explained that about 1,100 million years ago (MA), a supercontinent called Rodinia existed before Pangaea . Triassic period, Pangaea began to split into two smaller continents – Laurasia and Gondwanaland , which moved to the planet’s northern and southern poles respectively. 36 Continental Drift

37. The sea that surrounds the Pangea is called “Panthalassa”. 37 Continental Drift

38. Laurasia a large supercontinent that existed in the northern hemisphere before it began to break up ~200 million years ago, consisting of the modern day, continents of North America, Europe and Asia. 38

39. Gondwanaland a large supercontinent that existed in the southern hemisphere, clustered near the Antarctic Circle, before it began to break up ~200 million years ago, consisting of the modern day, continents of Antarctica, India, Australia, South America and Africa.  39

40. When did Gondwana start? According to plate tectonic evidence, Gondwana was assembled by continental collisions in the Late Precambrian (about 1 billion to 542 million years ago). Gondwana then collided with North America, Europe, and Siberia to form the supercontinent of Pangea. 40

41. 2 Types of Lithospheric Plate 1. Continental lithosphere is composed approximately of a 20- to 35-mile layer of light granitic crust underlain by a 60- to 80-mile layer of heavy mantle peridotite. It is much lighter compared to Oceanic Lithosphere. It has lower density materials like granitic rock. Continental crust was formed by Volcanic Eruption. 41

42. 2 Types of Lithospheric Plate 2. Oceanic lithosphere is defined the outer shell of the Earth, that behaves as. mechanical layer limited in depth by the brittle-to-plastic transition. It has heavier basalt and gabbro rocks. It is younger than the Continental Crust (Oldest age – 200 million years old, Continental – 4 billion years old.) In thickness the oceanic is 7km, and continental is 10-70km. The Oceanic Lithosphere is formed by magma during volcanic eruption. 42

43. 2 Types of Lithospheric Plate 2. Oceanic lithosphere is defined the outer shell of the Earth, that behaves as. mechanical layer limited in depth by the brittle-to-plastic transition. It has heavier basalt and gabbro rocks. It is younger than the Continental Crust (Oldest age – 200 million years old, Continental – 4 billion years old.) 43

44. 2 Types of Lithospheric Plate In thickness the oceanic is 7km, and continental is 10-70km. The Oceanic Lithosphere is formed by magma during volcanic eruption. 44

45. 45 Breakdown of Pangaea

46. 46 Iceland is the world’s only inhabited island where tectonic plates and ocean ridges can be seen on land. It is located on the tectonic plates of Europe and North America. Iceland is a geological hotspot.

47. Earth is composed of 58 crystal plates. Scientists have identified 15 major tectonic plates and it is divided into two the primary and the secondary plates. 47

48. 48 Primary Plates Secondary Plates African Plate Arabian Plate Eurasian Plate Caribbean Plate Indo-Australian Plate Cocos Plate North American Plate Indian Plate Pacific Plate Juan de Duca Plate South American Plate Philippine Sea Plate Nazca Plate Scotia Plate Nazca Plate

49. Tertiary plates are smaller parts of primary and secondary plates that have broken off and continue being broken up over time. The primary plates comprise the majority of the world’s major continents’ landmass along with the most surface area of the Earth’s ocean. 49

50. 50 Rank Continent Area in km 2 1 Asia 44, 391, 162 2 Africa 30, 244, 049 3 North America 24, 247, 039 4 South America 17, 821, 029 5 Antarctica 14, 245, 000 6 Europe 10, 354, 636 7 Australia 7, 686, 850

51. Types of Lithospheric Plates Oceanic lithosphere is typically about 50-100 km thick (but beneath the mid-ocean ridges is no thicker than the crust).  The continental lithosphere is thicker (about 150 km). It consists of about 50 km of crust and 100 km or more of the uppermost mantle. 51

52. EVIDENCE OF PLATE MOVEMENTS

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54. PALEONTOLOGICAL EVIDENCE Fossils are the geological remnants and scientific traces of species exhumed from the soil in the past. Fossils are the remains or traces of ancient life that have been preserved by natural processes. Individual fossil studies are beneficial because fossils or skeletons carry information about an organism's life and habitat. 54

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56. PALEONTOLOGICAL EVIDENCE The presence of rings on the surface of an oyster, which signifies the number of years it has lived, is an example of paleontological evidence. Paleontologists can deduce the environment and conditions in which this oyster grew from its shell. 56

57. PALEONTOLOGICAL EVIDENCE Paleontology is the study of the evolution of life on Earth using fossils as evidence. Plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and single-celled organisms that have been replaced by rock material or impressions of species preserved in rock are known as fossils. 57

58. Evidence of Plate Movements: Continental Drift Theory Alfred Wegener collected diverse pieces of evidence to support his theory, including geological "fit" and fossil evidence. It is important to know that the following specific fossil evidence was not brought up by Wegener to support his theory 58

59. Geological "fit" evidence is the matching of large-scale geological features on different continents. 59

60. Glaciers carve rocks and leave marks as they move. In this evidence, scientists can determine the direction of movement of each continent. 60

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62. The Mesosaurus is known to have been a type of reptile, similar to the modern crocodile, which propelled itself through the water with its long hind legs and limber tail. It lived during the early Permian period (286 to 258 million years ago), and its remains are found solely in South Africa and Eastern South America. 62 MESOSAURUS

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64. CYNOGNATHUS The now extinct Cynognathus was a mammal-like reptile. Roaming the terrains during the Triassic period (250 to 240 million years ago), the Cynognathus was as large as a modern wolf. 64

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66. LYSTROSAURUS The Lystrosaurus, which translates to "shovel reptile," is thought to have been a herbivore with a stout built like a pig. Lystrosaurus fossils are only found in Antarctica, India, and South Africa. 66

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68. GLOSSOPTERIS Possibly the most important fossil evidence found in the plant, Glossopteris. The Glossopteris fossil is found in Australia, Antarctica, India, South Africa, and South America—all the southern continents. 68

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70. Seafloor Spreading Harry Hammond Hess , a geologist from Princeton University. He observed that the rate of formation of new seafloor at the mid-ocean ridge is not always as fast as the destruction of the old seafloor at the subduction zone. 70

71. Seafloor Spreading He published his theory in History of Ocean Basins (1962), and it came to be called "seafloor spreading”. In the early 1960s, dating of ocean-core samples showed that the ocean floor was younger at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge but progressively older in either direction, confirming the reality of seafloor spreading. 71

72. Magnetic Reversal Magnetic reversal happened many times in the past. The occurrence of the magnetic reversal can be explained through the magnetic patterns in the magnetic rocks. These magnetic patterns allow our scientists to understand the ages and rate of movement of the materials from the mid-oceanic ridge. 72

73. Magnetic Reversal The magnetic reversal, also called the "magnetic flip" of the Earth, happens when the North Pole is transformed into the South Pole, and the South Pole becomes the North Pole. This event happens because of the changing direction of the flow of materials in the Earth's liquid outer core. 73

74. Magnetic Reversal Over the last 10 million years, there had been an average of 4 to 5 reversals per million years. New rocks are added to the ocean floor at the ridge with approximately equal amounts on both sides of the oceanic ridge. 74

75. Magnetic Reversal By the 1970s, geologists had agreed to use the term "plate tectonics" for what had become the core paradigm of their discipline. They used the term "plates" because they had found evidence that not just continents move, but so do whole plates of the Earth's crust. 75

76. PLATE BOUNDARIES

77. Characteristics of Plate Boundaries Plate boundaries are the lines at the edges of the different pieces of the lithosphere. Lithospheric plates are moving due to the convection current in the Earth’s interior. 77

78. Characteristics of Plate Boundaries The lithosphere is made up of the crust and upper part of the mantle. There are two types of crusts: the continental crust which is thicker but less dense, and the oceanic crust, which is thinner and denser. 78

79. Divergent boundaries refer to plates that separate and move apart in opposite directions forming new lithosphere - the young seafloor. This either occurs at mid-ocean ridges (seafloor spreading) or at rifted continental margins (rift valley) 79 CHARACTERISTICS OF PLATE BOUNDARIES

80. Convergent boundaries are formed when two plates move toward each other. The oceanic plate bends downward at the subduction zone. This occurs in two oceanic plates: convergent boundary and continental plate oceanic plate convergent boundary. 80 CHARACTERISTICS OF PLATE BOUNDARIES

81. Transform fault boundaries are plates sliding past or slipping past each other. 81 CHARACTERISTICS OF PLATE BOUNDARIES

82. Divergent Boundary Divergent Boundary is formed when two tectonic plates move apart from each other creating tension. Molten rocks called magma to rise from the Earth’s mantle to the surface. A divergent boundary is also known as a constructive boundary. 82

83. Convergent Boundary Convergent boundary is formed when two plates move toward each other. This boundary has three types: Oceanic plate - Continental plate boundary , Two Oceanic plates boundary, and Two Continental plates boundary. 83

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85. Transform Fault Boundary Transform fault boundary is formed when two plates are sliding past each other. It is also called the Strike-slip fault. Rocks that line the boundary split into pieces as the plates slip at each other. 85

86. EARTH’S MECHANISM OF PLATE TECTONICS

87. Mantle Convection Convection – is a method of heat transfer that is commonly observed among fluid molecules (gas and liquid.) It draws cool fluid down to replace it. As the “pulled” fluid heats up, it rise and pulls down more cool fluid, creating a cycle that ends only when the heat is evenly distributed. 87

88. Mantle Convection Mantle convection is one of the driving forces behind plate tectonics. Arthur Holmes proposed this theory in 1929. As the mantle heats up, its density decreases and eventually rises. The material cooled, it would sink, exhibiting a circling behavior. 88

89. Mantle Convection The pressure heat magma, according to Holmes, broke the continents apart, causing the pieces to drift in opposite directions. He also believes that when the material sinks, continents will be reconnected. 89

90. Mantle Convection Convection currents in the Earth’s mantle move tectonic plates passively. Mantle rocks near the Earth’s core become extremely hot. As the result, hot rocks rise and the relatively cooler rocks sinks. Convection currents push magma up, forming new crust. 90

91. Whole-Mantle Convection Model Also known as the plume model, is the type of model most researchers prefer. In this model, the lithosphere sinks to a great dept, which stirs the mantle. This suggest that the subducting lithosphere moves down to core-mantle boundary, which becomes the lithospheric slab terminal location. 91

92. The Layer Cake Model This model suggest that the mantle has two zones of convection. These zones are (1) the upper mantle’s thin layer and (2) the thicker mantle below the upper part. These layers work to transfer heat in the upper mantle. The upper mantle slides down sinks down but doesn’t mix with lower mantle. 92

93. Slab Pull Theory According to this theory, gravity and the plates themselves are responsible for plate tectonics via the subduction process. Due to gravitational forces, the old rocks or slabs also subduct or sink into the mantle beneath them. 93

94. Slab Pull Theory The slab sinks into the mantle, dragging the rest of the plate with it, causing tectonic plate movement. A very dense slab sinks faster than a less dense slab and exerts more force on the plate attached to it. Plate tectonics is caused by subduction rather than mantle convection. 94

95. The Ridge Theory Occurs at mid –ocean ridges This mechanism result from an elevated position of the oceanic ridge. As gravity acts on the elevated position, the slabs then slide and push the lithosphere. Ridge push is considered to have less impact than the slab pull because most of the plates are considered to be fast-moving plates. 95

96. 96 References Custodio , M. V., Aquino, M. D., Andaya, M. O., & Biong , J. A. (2023). Science Links: Worktext in Scientific and Technological Literacy. Rex Book Store, Inc. Gondwana | ancient supercontinent. (2019). In  Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Gondwana-supercontinent What is paleontological evidence? (n.d.). Byjus.com. Retrieved August 23, 2023, from https://byjus.com/question-answer/what-is-paleontological-evidence/