UNIT 2 - Liberal Revolutions. The Conquest of Individual and Collective Rights (PPT).pdf

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1. UNIT 2
LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS. THE CONQUEST
OF INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE
RIGHTS

2. 1.The Revolution and Independence of the United States of America
2.The French Revolution
3.The Napoleonic Era (1799-1814)
4.The European Restoration
5.The Liberal Revolutions: 1820, 1830 and 1848
6.Nationalism Movements: Italian and German Unifications

3. 1.The 13 British colonies and the causes of the Revolution
1.THE REVOLUTION AND INDEPENDENCE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Population of British origin.
Paid taxes
Britain – Parliamentary monarchy
No representation of colonies in the
Parliament
Revolt  War
NO TAXATION WITHOUT
REPRESENTATION

4. B. Franklin

5. 2.The War of Independence (1775-1783)
1775-1783  War of Independence
(Britain Vs Colonies + France, Spain, Dutch Republic).
1774-1781  Continental Congress as government

6. BOSTON TEA PARTY (1773)
Increasing tensions Vs British
Formation of Provincial Congresses
in each colony, assuming power from
colonial governments
Severe repression
Revolt Vs Tea Act

7. 1774
FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS
1775
PROCLAMATION OF REBELLION
G. Washington  Commander of
the armed forces.

8. 4 July 1776 (Philadelphia)
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OF
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Written by Thomas Jefferson

9. IN CONGRESS, July 4, 1776.
The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America,
When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands
which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and
equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions
of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their
Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That
to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of
the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of
the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles
and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.
Thomas Jefferson, and amended by the Congress, Declaration of Independence of the United States of
America (1776)

10. TREATY OF PARIS (1783)
End of the war
•Recognition of independence of the new nation.
•Peace treaty also with allied nations (FR, SP, DUT)
•SP: Menorca and Florida recovered.

11. 1787  Constitution of the United States of America.
•Presidential federal republic.
•Popular sovereignty; limited suffrage every four years;
legal equality for all white citizens.
•Division of powers and bicameral Congress: Senate and
House of Representatives.
1789  Bill of Rights  Amendments to the Constitution
1789  Came into force.
3.The Constitutional Process

12. John Adams
(1797-1801)
George Washington
(1789-1797)
Thomas Jefferson
(1801-1809)

13. 1.Causes of the Revolution
2.THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
18th century France  Crisis:
•Economic: poor harvests  Price raise  Popular protests.
•Social: hierarchical society based on the manorial system.
•Majority of peasants.
•Bourgeoisie → more political influence.
•Political: impoverished absolutist monarchy.
•Cultural: influence of the enlightened ideas.

14. 2.Estates General and the beginning of the Revolution
Tax reform  Privileged classes refused in the Assembly of Notables  Estates General summoned.
General assembly representing the
estates of the realm
Advisory body for the king
Composition
1st estate
100.000 members, 303 representatives
2nd estate
400.000 members, 282 representatives
3rd estate
25 million people, 578 representatives
VOTE BY ESTATE

15. Third estate  They demand vote by representative, not by estate. Denied.
17 June, 1789  Third estate  National Assembly
•Assembly of the people, not estates.
•Invitation to clergy and nobility to join.
Popular support
20 June, 1789
TENNIS COURT OATH
Wanted a constitution
9th July
NATIONAL CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
Troops to Paris
 Riots

16. “The National Assembly, considering that it has been summoned to establish
the constitution of the kingdom, to effect the regeneration of public order, and
to maintain the true principles of monarchy; that nothing can prevent it from
continuing its deliberations in whatever place it may be forced to establish itself;
and, finally, that wheresoever its members are assembled, there is the National
Assembly… It decrees that all members of this Assembly shall immediately take
a solemn oath not to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances
require, until the constitution of the kingdom is established and consolidated
upon firm foundations; and that, the said oath taken, all members and each one
individually shall ratify this steadfast resolution by signature.”
TENNIS COURT OATH

17. •14 July  Storming of the Bastille.
Symbol of royal power and storage of arms and ammunition.
Revolution spread throughout the country.
•17 July  Louis XVI accepts the tricolore
cockade (but conspiring at the same time).
Tricolore  Union people + monarchy.
•Rebellion against the aristocracy (Great Fear)  Émigrés.

18. PHASES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
Constitutional
monarchy (1789-
1792)
Democratic
republic (1792-
1794)
Bourgeois republic
(1794-1799)

20. NATIONAL CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY (1789-91)
Abolition of feudalism (4 August), abolition of the tithe,
nationalization of properties of the Church and of the émigrés.
Separation of State and Church.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (26 August):
guaranteed the rights to freedom, property and equality under the
law.

21. Article I - Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions can be founded only on
the common good.
Article II - The goal of any political association is the conservation of the natural and imprescriptible
rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, safety and resistance against oppression.
Article III - The principle of any sovereignty resides essentially in the Nation. No body, no individual can
exert authority which does not emanate expressly from it.
Article IV - Liberty consists of doing anything which does not harm others: thus, the exercise of the
natural rights of each man has only those borders which assure other members of the society the
enjoyment of these same rights. These borders can be determined only by the law.
Article V - The law has the right to forbid only actions harmful to society. Anything which is not
forbidden by the law cannot be impeded, and no one can be constrained to do what it does not order.
Article VI - The law is the expression of the general will. All the citizens have the right of contributing
personally or through their representatives to its formation. It must be the same for all, either that it
protects, or that it punishes.
National Constituent Assembly, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)

22. 1791 → Constitution  CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
•Separation of powers.
•National sovereignty (limited male suffrage).
•Equality before the law
•King  Veto power

23. 20 June, 1791  Flight to Varennes
Louis XVI attempts to escape
from France
Personal safety
Trying to organise a
counter-revolution
Austria
Royalist army
+
Holy Roman Empire
(absolutist)
King captured and sent back to Paris  Damaged reputation  Idea of Republic

24. LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (1791-2)  Legislative body. Most representative groups:
FEUILLANTS: nobility and
conservative bourgeoisie.
More conservative.
GIRONDINS: high bourgeoisie.
Moderate discourse.
JACOBINS: middle and
lower bourgeoisie. More
progressive: abolition of
monarchy, expansion of
suffrage, protection
against abusive taxes,
etc. Supported by the
sans-culottes (Parisian
workers).

25. After FLIGHT TO
VARENNES
(June’71)
Declaration
of Pillnitz
(August’71)
Absolutist
coalition
supporting
Louis XVI
Holy Roman Empire
Prussia
Émigrés
April 1792  War declared against absolutist monarchies

26. 10 August, 1792
Attack to the Tuileries
Palace
Jacobins, Paris Commune,
popular militias
Royal family prisoner

27. 20 September, 1792  NATIONAL CONVENTION
Constituent assembly
•Principles: Liberté, egalité, fraternité.
•Universal male suffrage.
•Controlled by the Girondins.
•21 September  Abolition of monarchy  FIRST REPUBLIC
•22 September  News of victory at Battle of Valmy Vs absolutist
forces (happened two days before) reach Paris.

28. 21 January 1793
Execution of Louis XVI and Marie
Antoinette, accused of treason.
March 1793  Revolt in the Vendée region  Pro-royalist and Catholic. Internal conflicts.

29. THE JACOBIN CONVENTION (1793-94)
March 1793  Jacobins (radical) took power
“Reign of Terror”  Purges against enemies of the
revolution and political rivals (including Girondins) 
Revolutionary dictatorship
Maximilien Robespierre

30. June 1793  New Constitution
(never effective):
•Social democracy
•Universal male
suffrage
•Social and economic
laws
•Secularisation of
society.

31. Republican calendar  Decimal system, start on 22 September 1792

32. Summer 1794  Thermidorian Reaction
Enemies of Robespierre (high bourgeoisie)  Coup d’État  Robespierre guillotined.

33. After Jacobin terror  Girondin government
September 1795  New constitution
DIRECTORY  Five-member board as executive power.
Back to limited suffrage based on property.

Double opposition: between social democracy (left) and absolutism (right).
Not real trust on democracy  Repression, censorship, banishing rivals, etc.
EXECUTIVE LEGISLATIVE
Five members
Conseil des Cinq-Cents
Conseil des
Anciens
Choose
DIRECTORY

34. 1799  Coup of 18 Brumaire
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
First Consul
Absolute power
Directory replaced by a Consulate
(three consuls)

35. 1.The consolidation of power: the Consulate
3.THE NAPOLEONIC ERA (1799-1814)
Consulate – Triumvirate (1799-1802)
Consulate – Dictatorship (1802-1804)
Emperor (1804-1814)
Hundred Days (1815)

36. 1799  Coup of 18 Brumaire  CONSULATE
1799-1802  Triumvirate
•Internal pacification.
•New constitution: power to the
executive, universal male suffrage, no
Declaration of Rights.
•Repression of Jacobins and democrats.
•Centralisation.
•Civil Code.
•Economic liberalism.
1802: Napoleon Bonaparte  Single and lifetime consul
 Concentration of power.

37. 2.First French Empire: The Napoleonic Empire (1804-1815)
1804
NAPOLEON IS
SELF-PROCLAIMED
FRENCH EMPEROR

38. •1804-11  Great empire  Conquests and allegiances.
•Implementation of policies of the Revolution and the
Enlightenment throughout Europe:
•Economic liberalism
•Moderate political liberalism
•Removal of Ancien Régime
•Separation of powers
•Popular sovereignty
•Absolute monarchies overthrown  some monarchs
substituted by members of his own family (José Bonaparte).
The Napoleonic Empire marked the future of Europe in all senses,
from foreign and internal policies, legal systems, culture, etc.

40. French invasions  Opposition  Nationalist movements  Revolts
1808  Revolt in Spain
1812  Napoleon starts a military campaign in
Russia  Retreat  Defeat of the Grande Armée

42. 1813  New coalition against Napoleon (Prussia,
Austria, Spain, Sweden, Russia, Great Britain and
Portugal)
1814  Napoleon deposed as Emperor of France 
Forced to exile in Elba.

43. 1815  THE HUNDRED DAYS
Napoleon escaped, went back
to France, and rose to power
again.

44. June 1815  Battle of Waterloo
France Vs Great Britain, Prussia, Austria and Russia

45. Napoleon forced to exile to
Saint Helena.
Died in 1821

46. After Napoleon: Reorganisation of Europe
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
(1814-15)
Great Britain, Prussia, Russia and
Austria.
1.The Congress of Vienna
4.THE EUROPEAN RESTORATION

47. Restoration of absolutist monarchies:
legitimacy of monarchs
denial of national sovereignty
limitation of Constitutions, etc.
Re-drawing of the map of Europe  No
regard of nationalist aspirations + Balance
of power.
Holy Allegiance  Military help in case of
liberal revolutions.

48. Despite the Congress of Vienna and
the comeback of absolutism 
growth of liberalism and nationalism
in Europe  Uprisings from 1820
onwards  Eventual collapse of
absolutism.
2.Post-Napoleonic Liberalism, Nationalism and Democracy

49. LIBERALISM
-Freedom of the individual
-Separation of powers
-Constitutional monarchies with representative and
parliamentary assemblies.
-National sovereignty
-Limited male suffrage
-Governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil
liberties (association, expression, movement, press and
religion)
-Right to property and free trade
Directed by the bourgeoisie + popular support.
Led to the collapse of absolutism  Liberal state

50. NATIONALISM
•Response to:
•Napoleonic conquests
•Territorial impositions of Vienna
•Began as intellectual ideology: right of people
to establish its own boundaries based on a
common history, language and/or culture
(Volkgeist)
•Final product  Nation-state with national
sovereignty and the form of government that
each nation voted.

52. Secessionist nationalism  Several nations under the same large multinational power or foreign power

53. Unifier nationalism  Unstructured regions with a
common heritage

54. 5.THE LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS: 1820, 1830 AND 1848

55. 1.The Revolutions of 1820
Liberal revolutions.
Suppressed by the Holy Allegiance (ie.
Trienio Liberal).
Greece 
War of Independence – 1821-9.
Foreign support.
Independence in 1829.

56. 2.The Revolutions of 1830
- Moderate liberalism
- Constitutional monarchies
- Census suffrage.
France (Paris)  Middle and popular classes
Vs Charles X  Constitutional monarchy
(Louis Philippe de Bourbon).
1830  Belgium  Independence from the Netherlands.

57. 3.The Revolutions of 1848
End of the absolutist restoration in Europe
 More radical revolutionary wave.
LIBERALISM
NATIONALISM
WORKERS’
MOVEMENTS
Socialists
Anarchists
SEVERE CRISIS

58. From France to central Europe (Germany, Austria, Hungary) and Italy.
•Crisis  Fall of the Bourbon dynasty  Second Republic (1848-1852) 
LOUIS NAPOLEON BONAPARTE (Conservative)  1852: Coup 
Second Empire (1852-1870)
Austria, Germany, Italy
Nationalist movements.
Eventual failure

59. 4.Consequences of the revolutions
Limited direct impact, but several advances:
Progressive adoption of liberalism, division
of power and constitutional systems.
Male limited suffrage generally recognised.
Abolition of absolutist remains (serfdom,
for instance).
Bourgeoisie  power.
oIndustrial proletariat and commoners
 Class consciousness  Against
bourgeois ideas.

60. 6.NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS
NAPOLEONIC
CONQUESTS
HOLY
ALLEGIANCE
NATIONALIST
MOVEMENTS

61. Italy: Divided into seven states (some under Austrian
sovereignty)
Risorgimento
Movement led by KING VITTORIO EMMANUELE DI SABOIA
(Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia) and his PM, the COUNT
OF CAVOUR.
Support of intellectuals, liberals and nationalists.
GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI (south)  Revolutionary soldier
against foreign powers (Two Sicilies, Austria, France)
1.Italian unification

62. 1843 1870
1.Lombardy and Two Sicilies (1859-61)
War between Piedmont and Austria 
annexed Lombardy.
Expedition of the Thousand (Garibaldi) 
Conquered the south.
KINGDOM OF ITALY (1861)
Vittorio Emmanuele king.

63. 2.Venetia (1866)
Conquered during the Austro-Prussian War.
3.Papal States (1870)
Integrated during the French-Prussian War.
Difficult integration until 1929.
Liberal and constitutional monarchy Limited suffrage
Separation of powers Rome as capital

64. 2.German unification
Early 19th century
German confederation 36 states.
Prussia and Austria the strongest.

65. 1834  Zollverein (custom union)
Majority of German-speaking states
1848  Revolutions. First offer of
unification  Rejected by the Prussian king.

66. Wilhelm I  King of Prussia
Otto von Bismark  Chancellor
Movements towards unification (excluding Austria)
1864  War Vs Denmark (Schleswig [PR] and Holstein
[AUS])
1866  Austro-Prussian War  No Austrian influence.
North German Confederation  After the war
1870  Franco-Prussian War (Vs Second French Empire)

67. 1871  WILHEM I EMPEROR
OF THE SECOND REICH

Constitutional and conservative state
Kaiser William I
Berlin as capital
Progressive concessions: universal male
suffrage

68. Liberal and parliamentary regimes
EUROPE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19
TH
CENTURY
Constitutional monarchies with representative assemblies, limited suffrage, etc
PORTUGAL
SPAIN
FRANCE
BELGIUM
NETHERLANDS
ITALY
GREAT BRITAIN
GREECE
GERMAN REICH
DENMARK
SWEDEN
FINLAND
NORWAY

69. Strongest commercial, colonial and financial power in the world.
Industrial Revolution.
Great colonial empire.
Bipartisanship, turning power: Conservative party and Liberal
party. Stability. Reforms (universal male suffrage in the early 20
th
c; women in 1918).
Queen Victoria
(1837-1901)

70. Revolution 1848  Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected. Coup in 1852.
Second French Empire (1852-1870). Napoleon III. Conservative and
authoritarian regime.
Franco-Prussian War (1870)  Defeated by Prussia.
Paris Commune: radical uprising.
Third Republic (1870-1940). Instability. Conservative and authoritarian
governments.

71. Autocratic regimes
TSAR
Absolute political powers, controlled the army, the bureaucracy,
the political policy and it was also the highest religious charge of
the Orthodox Church.
Elimination of manorial system  1861.

72. Autocratic monarchy
Conservative parliament. Restrictive male
limited suffrage.
Several internal problems  Nationalist
movements.
Hungarian region  Demanded complete
autonomy  Creation of the
AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE
Dual monarchy
Two independent parliaments and
administrations
Common Emperor.
Late 19
th, early 20
th  Nationalist
movements in the Balkans.
Emperor Franz Joseph I
(1848-1916)
Nearly unlimited authority

73. Since 18
th
century: internal religious,
political and nationalist critics  Led to
independences and coups d’état.
1829  Greek independence.
Balkans  Increasing protests  military
conflicts with Russian support.
Late 19
th
century:
•independence of Romania and Serbia
•recognition of Bulgaria as autonomous
state
•Bosnia-Herzegovina recognised as part
of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

74. The development of the United States
THE UNITED STATES
Huge growth of population: from 4 million to
100 million people. Importance of Asian and
European migrants.
Expansion of territories: new states in the union.
● Interconnection of both coasts by train.
Conquest of the West

75. Centre of the second stage of the Industrial Revolution.Discovery and exploitation of natural resources
(oil, coal, iron, gold)

76. The American Civil War (1861-65)
Political, economic and ethnic differences between the
north and the south
Confederate States of America
Southern states
Pro-slavery and its extension to
the west.
Union
Northern states
Abolitionists
Loyal to the government of
Abraham Lincoln.
•War: intense combat for four years. Union won. Slavery
abolished in the US.
•Aftermath: Reconstruction Era. Lincoln.