Unit 4 Active transport.pdf

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1. 1
Topic are 2: Organisation and maintenance of life
Unit 4: Active Transport.
Sub-topic area 2.1: Movement into and out of a cell
Biology and Healthy Science
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2. The main objective of the topic:
Tobeabletoanalyseandinterprettheprocessofactivetransport
anditssignificancetolivingorganisms.
2 4.0. Key unit competency
Unit 4: Active Transport.
4.0. Learning objectives
(i)Defineactivetransport
(ii)Comparepassiveandactivetransport
(iii)Appreciatetheimportanceofactivetransport
(iv)Describehowcarrierproteinsmoveparticlesacrossmembrane
duringactivetransport.
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3. Downhill/Passive Transport& Climbing uphill
3 4.0. Introduction
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Downhill/Passive
Transport From
Hightolow/No
energyisrequired
Climbinguphill/Active
TransportFromlowto
High/energy is
required
(1)Whichiseasier?
R/Downhill
(2)WhatandHowthings
aretransportedinourbody.
R/Foodandwastesare
transportedviabloodand
bodyfluids.
Unit 4: Active Transport.
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4. Thetypesofmovements of
moleculesandionswehave
consideredinunit3involved
moleculesmovingdownoralong
concentrationgradient.
Thesemovementsarepassivehence
namedpassivetransport,molecules
andionscanalsofromanareaof
lowconcentrationtothatofhigher.
concentration.
4 4.1. Active transport and its importance
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Thesemovements
arepassivehence
named passive
transport,molecules
andionscanalso
fromanareaoflow
concentration to
that of higher
concentration.
Unit 4: Active Transport.
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5. Molecule to be transported
Molecule being
transported
Transport
Protein
4.1. Active transport and its importance
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Unit 4: Active Transport.
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6. Activetransportisthe
movement ofparticlesor
substances through
membranes inlivingcells
oftenagainstgradientof
concentration:fromanarea
oflowconcentrationtoan
areaofhighconcentration.
Aprocessrequiresmetabolic
energy.
6 4.1. Active transport and its importance
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Unit 4: Active Transport.
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7. 7 4.1. Active transport and its importance
Diffusiondoesnotrequire
energy and carries
moleculesorionsdowna
concentrationgradient
Active transport
pumpsmoleculesand
ions against a
concentration
gradient.
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Unit 4: Active Transport.
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8. Theonlywaythiscanbedoneisthroughactivetransportwhich
usesenergythatisproducedbyrespiration(ATP).Inactive
transport,theparticlesmoveacrossacellmembranefromalower
concentrationtoahigherconcentration.
Activetransportistheenergy-requiringprocessofpumping
moleculesandionsacrossmembranes"uphill"againstagradient.
Theactivetransportofsmallmoleculesorionsacrossacell
membraneisgenerallycarriedoutbytransportproteinsthatare
foundinthemembrane.
8 4.1. Active transport and its importance
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Unit 4: Active Transport.
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9. Differencebetweenpassivetransportandactivetransport
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4.1. Active transport and its importance
Unit 4: Active Transport.
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10. Differencebetweenpassivetransportandactivetransport
4.1. Active transport and its importance
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Unit 4: Active Transport.
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11. Differencebetweenpassivetransportandactivetransport
4.1. Active transport and its importance
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Unit 4: Active Transport.
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12. Activetransportisthe
movement of particles
throughthecellmembrane
fromaregionoflow
concentrationtoaregionof
highconcentrationusing
energy.Thisprocessrequires
theexpenditureofenergy
sinceparticlesmoveagainst
concentrationgradient.
4.1. Active transport and its importance
Theroleofproteinsin
activetransport
Themovementofsubstances
acrossacellmembrane by
activetransportrequirescarrier
proteinmolecules.Theypickup
moleculesofasubstancefrom
onesideofthecellmembrane
andtransportthemacross.
Unit 4: Active Transport.
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13. Carrierproteinmoleculeshave
bindingsitesforthemolecules.The
moleculestobetransportedbindto
thecarrierproteinusingenergy.The
carrierproteinchangestheshapeand
theparticlesaretransportedtothe
othersideofthemembrane;andthey
diffuseawayfromthecarrierprotein.
13 4.1. Active transport and its importance
Unit 4: Active Transport.
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14. 14 4.1. Active transport and its importance
Fig: How a carrier protein transport a molecule
Study questions
a)Whatistherole
of active
transport in
organisms?
b)Whichfactors
affectactive
transport?
Unit 4: Active Transport.
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15. a)Whatistheroleofproteinsin
activetransport?
b)Recordwhatyouseeinthe
pictures.
c)Discusswithyourpartnerthe
importanceoftheprocess
involved.
15 4.1. Active transport and its importance
Facts:Inactivetransport,
thecellmustuseitsown
energytomovethemolecules
againstaconcentration
gradient.Suchenergyis
suppliedbythecell’s
mitochondria. Therefore,
activetransporttakesplace
onlyinlivingcells.
Unit 4: Active Transport.
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16. Differencebetweenpassivetransportandactivetransport
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Passive transport Active transport
Transportoccursfromhigh
concentrationofmoleculesand
ionstolowconcentration,in
ordertomaintainequilibriumin
thecells.
Transportoccursfromalow
concentrationofsolutetohigh
concentrationofsolute
4.2. Difference between passive transport and active transport.
Unit 4: Active Transport.
a)Canyoutellwhatistakingplaceinthepictures?
b)Whichpartofthebodyistheprocesstakingplace.
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17. Differencebetweenpassivetransportandactivetransport
17
Passive transport Active transport
Does not require cellular
energy in order to take place
Require cellular energy in
order to take place
Involves diffusion and osmosis
process.
Transport protein, ions, large
cells and complex sugar.
Transports anything soluble
water, oxygen and carbon
dioxide.
Transports protein, ions, large
cells and complex sugars.
4.2. Difference between passive transport and active transport.
Unit 4: Active Transport.
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18. Throughactivetransport,roothaircellsinplantsabsorbmineral
saltsandionsfromthesurroundingsoil.Thistakesplaceeven
whentheconcentrationofthesemineralsaltsisalreadyhigherin
thecellsthaninthesoil.
Thecellsliningthehumansmallintestinecontinuetoabsorbfood
moleculesbyactivetransportEvenwhentheconcentrationof
thesemoleculesishigherinthecellsthantheintestinallumen.
184.3. Role of active transport in living organisms
Unit 4: Active Transport.
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19. Nervecellsneedsodiumionsandpotassiumionstofunction.The
concentrationofsodiumionsoutsideanerveishigherthanthe
concentrationoftheinside.Theconcentrationofpotassiumions
ontheoutsideislowerthananinside.Thenervecellmaintains
theseconcentrationsinthiswaybyactivetransport.
Whenurineisfirstformedinthekidney,itcontainsuseful
substanceslikeglucoseinadditiontothesewastessubstances.
Theusefulsubstancesarereabsorbedintothebloodbyactive
transport.
194.3. Role of active transport in living organisms.
Unit 4: Active Transport.
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20. Activetransportisinvolvedinaccumulationofsubstancesinthe
bodyofsomeorganismstooffsetosmoticimbalancesinaridand
salineenvironments.
Anyfactorsthataffectsenergyproductionalsoaffectsactive
transport.
Concentration of oxygen
AhigherConcentrationofoxygen,thecellsproducemoreenergy.
Thisleadstorapidactivetransportbytheproteincarriers
204.3. Role of active transport in living organisms.
Unit 4: Active Transport.
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21. Concentration of oxygen
AhigherConcentrationofoxygen,thecellsproducemoreenergy.
Thisleadstorapidactivetransportbytheproteincarriers.
Concentration of glucose
Theamountofenergyproducedbyacelldependsontheamount
ofglucoseavailable.Whenmoreglucoseisavailable,thecells
producemoreenergy.Thisleadstorapidactivetransport.
21 4.4.Factors that affect active transport.
Unit 4: Active Transport.
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22. Temperature
High temperature can destroy (denature) the protein carries in the
cell membrane. This stops active transport. Active transport works
best under normal temperature which in human beings is 37
o
C.
Enzyme inhibitors
Anenzymeisasubstancewhichspeedupreactionstakingplace
inthecell.Enzymeinhibitorsarechemicalsubstanceswhich
“poison”ormakeanenzymeinactive.Ifenzymesinvolvedinthe
releaseofenergyduringrespirationareaffected,therewillbelack
ofenergy.Thiswillpreventactivetransportfromtakingplace.
22 4.4.Factors that affect active transport.
Unit 4: Active Transport.
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23. Enzyme inhibitors
Ifenzymesinvolvedinthereleaseofenergyduringrespirationare
affected,therewillbelackofenergy.Thiswillpreventactive
transportfromtakingplace.
pH
AbnormalchangesinpHintheenvironmentofthecellcanalter
thestructureoftheproteincarriers.Thiswillreducetheirability
totransportmoleculesacrossthecellmembrane.
23 4.4.Factors that affect active transport.
Unit 4: Active Transport.
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24. The movement of
macromolecules such as
proteinsorpolysaccharides
intoandoutofthecellis
calledbulktransport.
Therearetwotypesofbulk
transport,endocytosisand
exocytosis,andbothrequire
theexpenditureofenergy.
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4.5. ENDOCYTOSIS AND EXOCYTOSIS
Unit 4: Active Transport.
Endocytosis
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25. Activity2:Investigatingtheprocess
ofendocytosisandexocytosis
Youwillbeprovidedwithcharts,
computersimulationsandanimations
Usethecharts,computersimulations
andanimationstoillustratethe
processofendocytosisandexocytosis
Discusswithyourgroupmembersthe
processinvolved.
Shareyourfindingswiththerestof
theclass.
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Unit 4: Active Transport.
4.5. ENDOCYTOSIS AND EXOCYTOSIS
Studyquestions
Differentiatebetween
phagocytosis,
exocytosis and
pinocytosis
How importantare
theseprocessesina
cell?
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26. Endocytosis and exocytosis
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Unit 4: Active Transport.
4.5. ENDOCYTOSIS AND EXOCYTOSIS
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27. Endocytosisisthefoldingofthecellsurfacemembranetoforma
vesicleorvacuole.Aportionofthemembranewrapsaroundthe
particleandfuses.Thereaftertheparticlesaresurroundedbythe
plasmamembrane.
Theportionofthemembranecontainingtheparticlethenpinches
offleavingtheplasma.Endocytosisinvolvesthebulkuptakeof
materialsthroughtheplasmamembrane.Ittakesplaceintotwo
ways:
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Unit 4: Active Transport.
4.5. ENDOCYTOSIS AND EXOCYTOSIS
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28. There are two main
kinds of endocytosis:
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
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4.2.1. PHAGOCYTOSIS
PhagocytosismeanscelleatingThisis
aprocessbywhich plasma
membraneextendtoformdepression.
Thedepressionenclosesthesolid
foreignparticles.
Unit 4: Active Transport.
4.5. ENDOCYTOSIS AND EXOCYTOSIS
Thefoodvacuoleformedmovestowardtheinteriorofthecell.The
processisselectiveandspecifictosolidmaterialsengulfed.An
exampleiswhitebloodcellsthatengulfbacteriainourbodies.
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29. PHAGOCYTOSIS
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Unit 4: Active Transport.
4.5. ENDOCYTOSIS AND EXOCYTOSIS
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30. 30
Unit 4: Active Transport.
4.5. ENDOCYTOSIS AND EXOCYTOSIS
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Pinocytosismeans"cellular
drinking"occurswhenthe
plasma membrane folds
inwardtoformachannel
allowingliquidsubstancesto
enterthecell.Whenthe
channelisclosed,theliquidis
encircledwithinapinocytic
vesicle.Fig: Pinocytosis

31. EXOCYTOSIS
Exocytosis,thisistheprocessbywhichmaterialsareremovedfrom
thecells.Materialsremovedincludesolidparticles,undigested
remainsfromfoodvacuolesamongothers.Themoleculesorcell
secretionsaccumulateinsecretoryvesicles,whichthenmovesand
fuseswiththeplasmamembrane.
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Unit 4: Active Transport.
4.5. ENDOCYTOSIS AND EXOCYTOSIS
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32. Secretionofdigestive
enzymesbypancreas
Secretionofmilkfrom
mammaryglands
Secretionofmucus
bysalivaryglands.
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Unit 4: Active Transport.
4.5. ENDOCYTOSIS AND EXOCYTOSIS
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Thecontentsofthevesiclearethenexpelledoutofthecell.Examples
oftheexocytosis:
Fig: Exocytosis

33. Activetransportinvolvestheuseofenergytomovemolecules
acrossthecellmembrane.Duringactivetransport,moleculesare
movedagainstaconcentrationgradient:fromlowconcentration
tohighconcentration.
Factorsaffectingactivetransportinclude:concentrationof
oxygenandglucose,temperature,enzymeinhibitorsandpH.
proteincarriermolecules,whicharepartofthecellmembrane,
areinvolvedinactivetransport.
33 4.6. Unit Summary
Unit 4: Active Transport.
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34. Endocytosisistheprocessofcapturingasubstanceorparticle
fromoutsidethecellbyengulfingitwiththecellmembrane,and
bringingitintothecell.
exocytosisisaformofactivetransportinwhichacelltransports
moleculesoutofthecellbyexpellingthemthroughtheplasma
membrane.
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Unit 4: Active Transport.
4.6. Unit Summary
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35. Test your competence
(1) Active transport is affected by the following factors except?
A.Oxygen concentration
B.Glucose concentration
C.Thickness of the membrane
D.Enxymeinhibitors
R/C:Thicknessofthemembrane
35 4.7. Test your competence
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36. (2) Study the table below and answer the questions that follow:
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Mineralion ConcentrationinsoilConcentration in
cellsap
Sodium 239 150
Chloride 50 280
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37. (a) State the processes by which each of the ions would be absorbed
into the root
(i)Sodium ion
(ii)Chloride ion
(b) What condition need to be fulfilled for chloride ions to be taken
up?
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38. (3) Compare endocytosis and exocytosis by filling the following table:
38
Endocytosis Exocytosis
Uptake of substances by
the cell
Substances of substances by the
cell
Formation of vesicles Vesicles fuse with plasma
membrane
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39. (4)Concentrationofoxygenaffectsactivetransport.Explain?
R/Theamountofoxygenaffectsaerobicrespiration.Therefore,
whentheamountofoxygenislow,lessenergyisproduceandrateof
activetransportreduces.Asamountofoxygenincreases,more
energyisproduced;hencetherateofactivetransportincreases.
(5)Identifylocationsinplantandanimaltissueswhereactive
transportoccurs.
R/ Plants; shoot and root apexes. Animals; testes and
muscles.
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40. (6) The following is a list of physiological processes. Match the
physiological process to the correct description of it. Physiological
process:
A.Diffusion
B.Osmosis
C.Active transport
D.Endocytosis
E.Exocytosis
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41. Description
I.The process by which water molecules move from a region of
low concentration to a region of high concentration though a
semi permeable membrane.
II.The process by which molecules move from a region of high
concentration to a region of low concentration
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42. (III)Theprocessbywhichsubstances moveacrossthecell
membraneagainstaconcentrationgradient
(IV)Theprocessbywhichmaterialsfromtheinsideofthecellare
broughttothecellsurfacewithinthemembraneboundvesicles.
(V)Theprocessbywhichmaterialsenteracellwithoutpassing
throughthecellmembrane.
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43. (6) R/Match
A.Diffusion: The process by which molecules move from a region of
high concentration to a region of low concentration
B.Osmosis: The process by which water molecules move from a
region of low concentration to a region of high concentration
though a semi permeable membrane.
C.Active transport: The process by which substances move across
the cell membrane against a concentration gradient
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44. (6) R/Match
D. Endocytosis: (V) The process by which materials enter a cell
without passing through the cell membrane.
E. Exocytosis: (IV) The process by which materials from the inside of
the cell are brought to the cell surface within the membrane bound
vesicles.
44
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