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1.   Aadhikavi Bhanubhakta Campus Vyas-1,Bhadgaun,Damauli Presenter :- Gagan S hrestha Level :- BICTE First Semester Subject :- Fundamental Of Education Facilitator :- Bharat Kafle

2. General introduction to Eastern and western philosophies Philosophy is a system of thinking or thoughts and ideas. It represents the level of social development and peoples consciousness . The attitude to divide philosophy is based on its goal, functional scope, place, religion, content or matter to be given importance etc. base on it, philosophy is found to have been classified as theist and atheist, descriptive, speculative and scientific, Eastern and Western, Hindu, Christian, Islam, Spiritual and material philosophies, etc. Here, philosophy, relating it to place, has been classified into two part : Eastern philosophies Western philosophies UNIT: 5

3. Concept of Eastern philosophies The philosophy originated from the thinking process of ancient sages in the eastern world is called Eastern world is called Eastern philosophy. This philosophy has focused more on human wisdom, intellect, thoughts, self-thinking, knowledge and human discipline. It gives importance to conformity and moral supports. Eastern philosophy is seen to have been developed out of different philosophies such as Hinduism, Islam, Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, etc. Similarly, Jain and Charvaka philosophies also are the examples of Eastern philosophy. The ancient civilization spread throughout Mesopotamia also is seen to have helped in the wisdom and ethics-based philosophy. Particularly, the eastern philosophies focus more on positive thinking and learning . It is because that it is focusing on imposing knowledge, as it is found to have been sided more on theoretical aspect. Hindu philosophy among the eastern philosophies has occupied the most important place. It mainly aims at gaining religion, economy, sex and salvation. Its main basis scripture is the Veda. It is the legacy and contribution of Eastern human civilization of the earth. The Veda means also knowledge. Knowledge is the brightest thing. The Vedic philosophy is the oldest philosophy in the world. It has three main realities: God, soul, and matter. However, before the global influence of E uropean and American technological and scientific education -

4. -the idea of philosophy as rigorous science is not found in traditional eastern writings, which are for the most part religious and mythical. Same of the important eastern philosophies are presented as follows: Chinese thought: Philosophy has had a tremendous effect on chinese civilization, and East Asia as a whole. Many of the great philosophical schools were formulated during the spring and autumn periods and warring states periods, which came to be known as the Hundred school of thought. The four most influential of these were confucianism, Taoism, Monism, and Legalism. Later on during the Tang Dynasty, Buddhism from Indian also became a prominent philosophical and religious discipline. Like Western thought, possessing a multitude of schools that address every branch and subject area of philosophy.

5. Indian thought : The term Indian philosophy (sankrit: Darshanas), may refers to any of several traditions of philosophical thought that originated in the Indian subcontinent, including Hindu philosophy, Buddhist philosophy, and jain philosophy. Having the same or rather intertwined origins, all of these philosophies have a common underlying theme of Dharma, and similarly attempt to explain the attainment of emancipation. Some of the main Indian philosophies are given below:

6. Hindu philosophy Hinduism is one of the oldest major world religions. Hinduism is characterized by a diverse array of religious belief systems, practices and scriptures. It has its origin in ancient Vedic culture at least as far back as 1500 BC. This philosophy has been classified into two main parts: Theism Atheism Theism The main root of theist philosophy is the Veda. The philosophy that follow the ways shown by the Veda come under it.

7. It’s the oldest Vedic philosophy. This theist philosophy includes Nyaya, Vaisheshika the Vedanta, M imansa, S ankhya, and yoga system . It is a known as S haddrasana (the six system of H indu philosophy ). Its brief introduction is given as follows: Nyaya philosophy Nyaya means justice. A sage named V atsyayan says, “The investigation of meaning or truth through the use of evidence is known as Nyaya.” The founder of Nyaya philosophy is sage Gautama. Nyaya philosophy also divided into two branches: ancient (given by Gautama ) and N abya (new). It is found that the four events are required for justice and knowledge ; they are:-

8. Perception Inference comparison Verbal testing or testimony The main goal of Nyaya philosophy is liberating the soul and another main matter of Nyaya philosophy is acquiring wisdom and knowledge. Vaishesika philosophy According to this philosophy, there are seven element in the universe among them one is believed to be ‘vishesh’ (particular) from which ‘vaishesika’ has been called. This

9. - is related to material science. Its fonder was sage Kanada. Those elements are : substance, quality, action, generally, particularity, inherence, and have non-existence. These elements are K nowlable, nameable, and existence. It studies all of these elements. These are nominal and perceptible by the senses. After understanding all of these substances, the soul can meet the S upersoul (Almightly) . Vedanta philosophy its literal meaning is the end of the Veda. Its main basis are the Upanishads (108 Upanishads) mean the summarization of the Veda which is called the Vedantrasastra. A sage named Byas wrote the essence treatise of all the Upanishads which is known ‘Brhamasutra’. It has 555 formulas in total of the Veda . The Vedic analysis done by Byas is called the Uttra-mimansa. Organism or a living being is Brhama. There is on any other organism beyond Brhama. It is the essence of Hinduism. The power of Brhama is called ‘Maya’ meaning ‘love’. If being able to cross the love, nothing can be seen. Everything happens due to love . Maya or love can’t be seen, but its result can be seen. That is why; the world can be seen due to Maya or love. When we across love, we automatically take the form of Brhama. This is what called salvation or ‘moksha’.

10. fig :-Some figure of vendanta philosophy

11. Mimansa philosophy Its general meaning is critique. Which kinds od behaviors or conducts to be shown and not to be shown by man are stated in it. The critics believe the Veda as the revealed knowledge. It believes the ritual portion of the Veda as the primary basis which has emphasized on ceremonial philosophy . The sage Jaimini is the main studier of it. It says that after a person performs rituals prescribed by the Veda, he\she can be set free form bondage. Harassing others is a sinful act. If one does so, he can’t progress. Jealousy and greediness shouldn’t be taken at all. There are three types of functions : first: present function, second : cumulative function, it means it is a belief that any function or action done by a person doesn’t

12. -die out, rather it keeps being stored ; Third: Fate function. Cumulative function turns into fate function in sometime later and later and the fruit (result) can be achieved. Mimansa philosophy believes action as a direct proof of knowledge and soul is the shelter of Chaitanya (consciousness), heart is like a molecule and knowledge itself is light, and achieving salvation is the happiness or pleasure of life. It believes that salvation can’t be achieved without separation of body and soul. Sankhya philosophy The term ‘Sankhya’ refers to true knowledge (understanding well) . A great saint Kapil (he has written six chapter based Sankhya Sutra\formula ) is propounder of it. This

13. -is believed to be the number-related philosophy. According to the followers of Sankhya, when counting the elements of the this world (The universe ), there are 25 element in total out of which the world has been created. It primarily accepts dualism or two realities : (a) the spirit(purusa) and (b) the nature. ‘ P urusa’ (conscious principle) is believed to be self or the soul. It is because that ‘Selves’ are different, some are rational, some are irrational, some are bad and some are good. It enjoys consuming the goods produced out of nature. Nature of ‘prakriti’is one of 25 elements. The 16 elements: hand, foot, eye, nose, ear, tongue,heart, mind, skin, anus, the genitals, earth, water, fire, air, and ether (Aakasa) or space are named as mutilation(Britiki). Similarly, the 7 elements such as egoism, word, sensation, intoxication, appearance, liquor(Rosa), and smell are nature-mutilation. Satwa means the quality of purity or goddness , Raja, means ‘passion’ based on emotional and Tama means’ darkness’ based on obscurity and igorance are the parts/quality or pride or arrogance of nature. These 3 qualities are the tide coils of a rope which being connected or tied to each other. The important of Sankhya philosophy is teaches us about he components of the body, mind, and spirit, from the gross elements that make up the physically body to the more subtle elements of mind and consciousness.

14. Yoga philosophy It is believed to be close to Sankhya philosophy. Its expounder is sage patanjali. Yoga philosophy has been rapidly spreading among the yogis of the East and among the saints of the West as well. There 195 formulas in total mentioned in Yoga sutra(formula). Yoga has 84 postures in total. The state of mind and senses can be controlled or stopped, then the mind cannot be diverted. It’s a behavioral philosophy. Yoga sadhana(spiritual practice) has 8 stages in total :

15. Restraint: Injunction or prohibitory order is called restraint. Man should be away from murder, violence, theft, greed, sensual, pleasure, jealousy, etc. There have abstentions: non- violence, non-covetousness, non-sensuality, non-lying, non-possessiveness to be kept been mentioned in it. Rule: Man should do positive things as per the treatise. Our daily or constant act or duty as well as conducts or behavior should be kept pure. He should pay his attention to studying the Veda and attention to God. He should be able to be satisfied. There have five observances: purity, contentment, austerity, study and surrender to God to be kept been mentioned in it. Posture: Yoga should be practiced in different postures. Any posture you feel comfortable doing Yoga, you should do it in the same posture . It is not necessary that you should follow a particular posture while practing Yoga. Patanajil has an idea “Sthiram Shukham -

16. Aashanam”. You can change the posture one by one or gradually. d. Breath control: It is a process of controlling breath. It has three stage: breath taking, breath holding, and breath leaving. Its pace or control must be gradually increasing through practice. Breath control is believed to be very important for yoga. It can help to make our mind stable and concentrated. e. Withdraw of senses: Under it, sensible feelings are controlled. The senses must be brought into control. The power to control the senses with external things is the withdrawal of senses by which mind or thoughts will be concentrated. f. Attention: mind should be kept focused(fixed) on one thing. So, being able to keep the mind concentric state is called attention. g. Contemplation/meditation: contemplation/meditation is a process of thinking by making the mind concentrated. Meditation can’t be done when there is disturbance. It should be done freely, quietly, and continuously. Atheism Atheism comes under atheist philosophy. It believes in the disavowed Veda, soul, transcendentalism and God. It is that philosophy which does not believe the Vedic religion and doesn’t accept the existence of God, rebirth , and the next world. Atheist philosophy includes

17. Charwaka , Jain and Buddhist philosophies. This philosophy accepts this saying : “Eat , drink and be merry, for tomorrow we may die.” we should enjoy as much as possible, because it will be over soon . Charwaka philosophy it is a materialist philosophy under the Eastern philosophy. It believes in materialistic pleasure rather than religious belief. It gives more importance to the body or hedonistic pleasure . It believes in pleasing and romantic things to serve the purpose of materialistic pleasure or happiness, it is called Charwak or Lokayata philosophy.

18. The main profounder of this philosophy is Acharya Brishaspati. It says that things like God , soul, heaven, hell, skin, piety, the vedas all are just imagination and illusion. This world has been created from air, fire water and earth, and it is the truth. Consciousness also has been made from physical element, and after the body dies, the soul also ends up. In other words, the soul comes to an end along with the end of the body. Thus, it believes in direct and concrete evidence, but does not accept assumption . It believes in live happily how long you live . Thus ,it is a hedonist philosophy . 2. Jain philosophy -It is a materialist philosophy. Its founder is Bardhaman Mahabir. According to this philosophy, every being has sensation. So, they should be loved and shown affection. Murder, violence, theft and untruth should be existence of God. It, claiming lots of elements in the world, accepts the

19. existence of the external world. Feeling the free individuality by a being is spiritual experience. The state of purity of soul is the liberation from which all the sufferings and pains or anguishes go away,and peace becomes possible. It also has two primary communities: Digambar Swetamber (this school or community doesn’t wear cloth), and swetambar (this school or communtiy wears white dress). Meditation and control (restraint) are its core idea. It claims that no one becomes perfect by knowledge. Knowledge is like having an experience of elephant by touching it without the visibility of eyes or without seeing it. 3. Buddhist philosophy This is a Buddhism-based philosophy . The word ‘Buddha’ is believed on “To know’ and casteism and color bar. This philosophy is against stealling. Slaughter and killing, violence and crime. The teachings of enlightment of Gautama Buddha are the abutment of this philosophy. He has taught that one should give up two things: ultra-path and indulgence in lust to achieve supreme enlightenment. He himself didn’t believe inn worshipping God, but after his death, this philosophy got split into various sects such as

20. ‘Mahayana, Hinayan, Vajrayana, and Lamaism.’ He felt so sorry for the aged, sick and dead and came out to get rid of all that . He sat for penance for many years, after that he got four supreme truths; (i) The suffering in the world (ii) Causes of suffering, (iiii) suffering can be removed, and (iv) Ways to remove the sufferings. It says that many new things come along for the change happen in every single moment; therefore, it belives in momentism (kshanikbad). Suffering and being liberated (achieving Nirvana) from suffering is the reality of Buddhist philosophy. According to this philosophy, there are eight fold paths to achieve Nirvana (Liberation). These eight fold paths are: Rights view, Right aspiration, Right speech, Right speech, Right action, Right livelihood, Right effort, Right mindfulness and Right contemplation.

21. b) Western philosophy The philosophy originated in the western world is called western philosophy. These philosophies have been founded by the ancient western philosophy. These philosophies also have given priority to the universe, God, human intellect, conscience, thoughts, self-thinking , knowledge and discipline. Along with the origin of spiritual and material philosophies in the west, Religious philosophies also got developed in the west. The founders of ancient western spiritual and idealist philosophy; Socrates and Plato are found to be in the frontline among all other philosophers.

22. The people of Athens, one of the ancient Greek city-states, used to believe a person who taught to seek the truth and knowledge with love, affection and kindness as a philosopher. Socrates and Plato of that city used to think of themselves as philosophers. Pythagoras is found to have, for the first time ever, used the term ‘Philosophy’ around B.C.5480-500. In those days, various areas such as God, human life, nature , soul, knowledge, mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, politics, sociology, etc. used to be studied, interpreted and analyzed within the philosophy. These P hilosopies are believed to be the philosophy based on individualism, freedom, and creativity. They give more importance to active thinking and learning and emphasize more on practicability than theory, claiming that knowledge can be achieved throught two-way communication than just keep pouring it . The development of western philosophy has been classified as follow: )

23. 1. Ancient philosophy (600 B.C - 500 A.D Ancient philosophy is the philosophy of the Greco-Roman world from the sixth century B.C. to the fourth century A.D. it is usually divided into three periods; the pre-Socratic period, the periods of Plato and Aristotle, and the post-Aristotelian period. The themes of ancient philosophy are: understanding the fundamental causes and principles of the universe; explaining it in an uniform way; the epistemological problem of reconciling the diversity and change of the natural universe, with the possibility of obtaining fixed and certain knowledge about it, questions about things which cannot be perceived by the senses, such as numbers, elements,

24. universals, and gods, the analysis of patterns of reasoning and argument; the nature of the good life and the importance of understanding and knowledge in order to pursue it. The earliest Greek philosophers were the Ionic School, materialist philosophers, mathematicians, geographers and astronomers of the 6 th century BC including Thales, his disciples Anaximander and Anaximenes, Heraclitus etc. Xenophanes, Parmenides and Zeno of Elea are famous philosophers of 5-6 th century BC. There were a group of philosophers called as sophists at this time. The sophists, professional “Teachers of wisdom” of the 5 th century BC included Protagoras, Hippias of Elis etc. Pythagoras was an influential philosopher of 4 th century BC. Leucippus and Democritus were the founders of Atomism, the view that matter was not infinitely divisible, but was composed of small “atoms”. It developed a view which is identified as Materialism. Socrates (469-399) initiated the turn away from the earlier materialist doctrines to a logical system. Plato (428-348 BC) was his pupil. His works are known only via Plato and Aristotle. Aristotle was the greatest of all Greek philosophers, founder of logic and many branches of science that was educated in Plato’s school.

25. 2. Babylonian Philosophy: The origins of Babylonian philosophy can be traced back to the wisdom of early Mesopotamia, which embodied certain philosophies of life, particularly ethics, in the forms of dialectic, dialogues, epic, poetry, folklore, hymns, lyrics, prose and proverbs. The reasoning and rationality of the Babylonians text “Dialog of Pessimism” contains similarities to the agonistic thought of the sophists, the Heraclitean doctrine of contrasts, and the dialogues of Plato. Thales is known to have studied philosophy in Mesopotami.

26. 3. Medieval Philosophy (500 A.D- 1350 A.D) Medieval philosophy is the philosophy of Western Europe and the Middle East during what is now known as the medieval era or the middle ages, roughly extending from the fall of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance. Medieval philosophy is defined partly by the rediscovery and further development of classical Greek and Hellenistic philosophy, and partly by the need to address theological problems and to integrate sacred doctrine. Some problems discussed throughout this period are the relation of faith to reason, the existence and unity of God, the object of theology and metaphysics, the problems of knowledge, of universals, and of individuation. Philosophers from the middle Ages include Augustine of Hippo, Boethius, Peter Abelard, Roger Bacon, Thomas Aquinas etc .

27. 4. Renaissance (1350-1600 A.D) The Renaissance (Rebirth) was a period of transition between the theological philosophy of the Middle Ages and modern thought, in which Latin began to lose its role of the standard language for philosophical discussion. The study of classics and of the human arts, such as history and literature enjoyed a new popularity. The concept of man became the central object of philosophical reflection

28. With the loosening of theological criticism on though, the Renaissance renewed interest in natural philosophy via Nicholas of Kues, Giordano Bruno and Francis Bacon. This coincided with a revival of magic, hidden easy of knowing and mastering nature. Ethical and political philosophy was revived by the work of Machiavelli and in the utopias of Thomas More and Francis Bacon. Within Christianity itself, these new movements fitted closely with the Reformation. 5. Early modern philosophy (1600 A.D. – 1800 A.D) Modern philosophy begins with the revival of skepticism and the rise of modern physical science. Philosophy in this period centers on the relation between experience and reality, the ultimate origin of knowledge, the nature of the mind and its relation to the body, the implications of the new natural sciences for free will and God, and the emergence of a secular basis for moral and political philosophy. Main figures of this period includes Hobbes, Descartes, Locke, Spinoza, Leibniz, Berkeley, Rousseau, Hume, and Kant, Chronologically, this era begins in the 17 th and 18 th centuries, and is generally considered to end with Kant‘s systematic attempt to reconcile. Newtonian physics explained with traditional metaphysical topics.

29. 6 . Nineteenth century philosophy Later modern philosophy is usually considered to begin after the philosophy of Immanuel Kant at the beginning of the 19 th century. German Idealists, such as Fichte, Hegel, and Schelling expanded on the work of Kant by maintaining that the world is constituted by a rational mind-like process, and as such is entirely knowable. Rejecting idealism, other philosophers, many working from outside the university, initiated lines of thought that would be occupy academic philosophy in the early and mid-20 th century: Frege’s work in logic and Sedgwick’s work in ethics provided the tools for early analytic philosophy. Husserl initiated the school of phenomenology. Peirce and William James initiated the school of pragmatism. Kierkegaard and Nietzsche laid the groundwork for existentialism. Karl Marx began the study of social materialist philosophy.

30. 7. Contemporary Philosophy (1900- present) Within the last century, Philosophy has increasingly become an activity practiced within the university, and accordingly it has grown more specialized and more distinct from the natural sciences. Much of philosophy in this period concerns itself with explaining the relation between the theories of the natural sciences and the ideas of the humanities or common sense. In the Anglophone world, analytic philosophy became the dominant school. In the first half of the century, it was more or less identical to logical positivism, united by the notion that philosophical problems could and should be solved by attention to logic and language. In the latter half of the twentieth century, analytic philosophy diffused into a wide variety of disparate philosophical views, only loosely united by historical lines of influence and a self-identified commitment to clarity and rigor. Since roughly 1960, analytic philosophy has shown a revival of interest in the history of philosophy, as well as attempts to integrate philosophical work with scientific results, especially in psychology and cognitive science. In addition, the experimental philosophy movement has sought to bring social science research techniques to the field. On continental Europe, no single school or temperament enjoyed dominance. The flight of the logical positivists from central Europe during the 1930s and 1940s, however, and an emphasis on the humanities, broadly construed, figures prominently in what is usually called “Continental philosophy”. Twentieth century movements such as phenomenology, existentialism, hermeneutics,

31. structuralism, and post structuralism are included within this loose category. Major philosophers of the twentieth century include Jean Paul Sartre and Albert Camus, whose work in metaphysics and absurdism contrasted Nietzsche’s views, Ludwig Wittgenstein worked mostly in logic . 5.2.1 Implication of Eastern and Western Philosophy in education A. Implication of Eastern Philosophy in education The Objective of education, curriculum process, educational and evaluation system, the roles of student, teachers and school are the major implication of eastern philosophy in the field of education. Even though, the majors’ uses of Vedic education are as follows: Hindu philosophy emphasized the mental development of students with development of behavior of them. It also emphasized the development of physical, mental, spiritual, moral etc. aspects of students. In the present context, the major objective of education is to help all round development of Childs. Hindu philosophy especially forces to develop discipline and constructing characters or virtue

32. -in children. The aims of education is also to be shaped the children are disciplined. 3.It also effects the functional curriculum development in the field of education. 4.Its major implication is to use different language, literature, logic etc. in curriculum. 5.Hindu philosophy is gave more emphasize to the role of teachers because teachers is the place of God for developing moral and spiritual values of students. Teacher is the most influencing factors of Vedic education and their actions are like to imitation to all the pupils. 6.In present situation, the habit of students, feedings habits and dress up of students are perceivable that influence our society in regarded to Hindu philosophy . B Implication of Western philosophy in education The ancient western thought had also a very significant contribution in the development of civilization in the west. They had developed a very strong system of law and administration. They were also very strong in practical work such as architecture and engineering. The major contributions of western thought are given below .

33. Liberal education was developed in Athens. So, this philosophy was given more contribution to development of Liberal education.- Western philosophy gives more importance in development of personality, arts and literature . 3 .The State is governed by Intellectual persons that concept was developed from Athens. This was the major contribution of Western philosophy. 4. Inductive, Deductive and Dialectical method was developed in the field of education that was the prescribed vision of western philosophy. 5. Western philosophy is emphasized the moral and ethical norms, values and behaviors’ development in the child through education. 6. Western philosophy was expended the information and function of Law, Religion, Language, Code of Citizens and political organization all over the world from the roman education system.

34. 7. Western philosophy developed educational activities, technology and function of engineering in the field of education. 8. Western Philosophy is to help the development of feelings of Nationalism or Patriotisms and diffusion all over the world. 9. Practicable and Implemented curriculum and Scientific education system was developed in Western Philosophy. This renounce system was imitable to all over the world. 10. Obedience to law and custom, the maintenance of religion and morals were the main objectives of early education system of Western Philosophy.

35. Some Objective questions:- 1. Which philosophy is the example of Eastern philosophy ? 1. Jain and Charvaka Philosophies. 2.Naturalistic Philosophy 3.Idealistic Philosophy 4.Mechanistic Philosophy 2. The investigation of meaning or truth through the use of evidence is known as 1. Nyana Philosophy 2. Vedanta Philosophy 3.Mimansa Philosophy 4. Sankhya Philosophy

36. 3.The power of Brhama is called 1.Maya (love) 2.Suttra 3.Knowledge 4.Happiness 4.Which philosophy give more importance to the body or hedonistic pleasure? 1.Charwaka philosophy 2.Jain philosophy 3.Buddhist philosophy 4.Yoga philosophy

37. 3.The power of Brhama is called 1.Maya (love) 2.Suttra 3.Knowledge 4.Happiness 4.Which philosophy give more importance to the body or hedonistic pleasure? 1.Charwaka philosophy 2.Jain philosophy 3.Buddhist philosophy 4.Yoga philosophy

38. Question Answer 1. Compare and contrast between Eastern and western philosophy? 2. Explain the different steps of yoga? 3.Discuss the aim of education according to Hindu philosophy of education ? Thank You 4. List out the implementation of Eastern and Western philosophy in education?