unit 6 Developmental Psychology and psychology of people.pptx

Development psychology,
PSYCHOLOGY OF PEOPLEDIFFERENT AGES FROM INFANCY TO OLD AGE
children in hospital
role of nurse
early childhood
patient anxiety
Adolescence
early adulthood
PSYCHOLOGY OF VULNERABLE
Psychology of Challenged
Depression
psychology of sick personality
Psychology of Caregivers
Loss and Grief
mourning
psychology of groups
group
behavior
individual

1. Developmental Psychology Prof. Rahul Sharma Seedling School of Nursing, JNU, Jaipur

2. This branch of psychology describes the processes and factors that influence the growth and development in relation to the behavior of an individual from birth to old age It is further subdivided into branches like child psychology, adolescent and adult and old age psychology Development psychologists try to understand complex behaviors by studying their beginning and the orderly ways in which they change or develop over the lifespan

3. PSYCHOLOGY OF PEOPLE AT DIFFERENT AGES FROM INFANCY TO OLD AGE

4. Infancy The infant is called a neonate for the first 4 weeks after birth Psychological needs of an infant: It include need for security, love, affection, warmth, comfort, accep­ tance, nourishment, understanding and physical contact The infant needs to be cuddled and fondled frequently and recognized consistently

5. Children in Hospital There is strong evidence that very small children suffer from a sense of loss, mourning and grief when away from their mothers Rutter argues that the concept ‘maternal deprivation’ has been used to cover a wide range of different childhood experiences, which have different effects on development On admission to hospital, children experience many other distressing events, for example, the fact of being ill, strange medical and surgical procedures, different daily routines and a variety of unknown people

6. Role of a Nurse  The nurse who is to take care of infants must realize that the primary task of an infant is to grow The growth and development of an infant is all round—physical, mental, social and emotional The nurse who works with infants should give as much personal attention as possible such as handling, cuddling, holding and loving This kind of care will prevent deprivation and promote healthy physical and emotional development  The nurse should know that the infant may cry when it is hungry, in pain, diaper is wet or feels uncomfortable for any reason

7. Early Childhood The growth rate slows down in most areas during this period The average child becomes two and one­ half inches taller and 5 to 7 pounds heavier during each year of early childhood The child during this period learns to walk, run, climb, jump and balance; he/she develops fine motor skills and muscular coordination Older children, once they have recovered from an acute phase of illness, enjoy the companionship in the ward

8. Role of a Nurse  Tender loving care and physical security continue to be important to the child during these years  It is important that children’s routine in hospital resembles normal life as far as possible The child’s day should be a well­established routine, which includes a right time for play, stories, bath and for rest  Accurate observation is important to find out any physical or emotional problems  A cordial relationship should be established with the young patient by talking to him at his own level such as asking him his, nickname and likes and dislikes

9. Handling Parent’s Anxiety

10. Later Childhood The average child grows 2 to 3 inches in height and gains about 3 to 5 pounds of weight in a year Children develop much smoother and well­ coordinated muscle movements during this age Psychological needs during later childhood: It includes love, affection, security, belonging needs, understanding, attention and physical care, needs opportunities to exercise his/her muscles and to refine his motor coordination

11. Role of a Nurse

12. Adolescence Adolescence is a period of rapid physical, intellec­ tual, emotional and social growth—a period of growing up Adolescence begins with very rapid changes in the body Emotionally, the adolescent grows independent of parents and prepares himself for entering into other relationships that are needed in marriage, work and in the commu­ nity Sex consciousness develops and this influences the emotional as well as the intellectual activities of the individual An adolescent has many variations in mood, variations between excessive bursts of energy and periods of laziness

13. Adolescence

14. Early Adulthood A number of sensory and neural functions are also at optimal levels during this period For women, reproductive capacity is at its peak during young adulthood Young women have additional psychological differences related to body changes About 75 percent of all women in young adulthood experience mood swings with the cycle of menstruation During this period behavior is governed more by intelligence than emotions, adults adapt easily to social situations, face reality objectively, have normal drive to work or play and act according to own age The major task of the nurse is to respond to the different needs of different personalities

15. Early Adulthood  The ultimate goal of the nurse­patient relation­ ship throughout adulthood is helping the patient to achieve independence

16. Middle Adulthood Middle adulthood, commonly called mid­life, brings with it dramatic changes in physical development The slow decline of physical development, which begins during the late years of early adulthood appears to speed up and is much more visible as a person reaches the late forties In middle age, the skin looses some of the elasticity; hair begins to thin out and often turns grey or white During middle adulthood, men and women undergo a number of changes in their reproductive and sexual organs, a process that generally is referred to as the climacteric For women in mid­forties cessation of menstruation occurs termed as menopause

17. Middle Adulthood

18. Late Adulthood Other chronic diseases, which are common among old age are cancer, arthritis, loss of hearing and vision Psychological needs of late adulthood: It include need for improvement of self­image, need for normal roles and relationships, need for love and relatedness, need to improve sense of hopefulness and need for accomplishment of tasks  Older adults may be hospitalized more often than any other age group Nursing care of the elderly is called geriatric nursing  A special effort should be made to make the elderly person feel respected and valued as an individual  The elderly may not feel pain as readily as younger people and bedsores can quickly develop even with regular nursing care

19. Late Adulthood  The older adult also needs close observation on behaviors such as depression, lack of interest in others or environment, withdrawing from others, sleeping poorly, expressing despair or sadness  Elderly people often express a longing for the warmth and personal touch of another person Emotional help and support from others are very necessary in order for them to find the strength and inner resources to adapt to their changing lives and lifestyles

20. PSYCHOLOGY OF VULNERABLE

21. INDIVIDUALS

22. Psychology of Challenged Individuals  Chronic illness and prolonged disablement necessitate a reconstruction of patient’s idea of himself and a complete reorganization of relationships  Patient who realizes that he is permanently disabled becomes angry with himself and with others  This phase of self­consciousness increases the difficulties, like family members or hospital staff feel embarrassed or discomfort due to patient’s attitude  The will to live is essential to recover and the nurses must help the patient to see that inspite of his handicap he is needed by those who love him and that he can be useful to the community  Some health conditions are progressive causing dependence, disablement and suffering

23. Psychology of Challenged Individuals

24. Depression

25. Teen Pregnancy

26. Domestic Violence

27. Psychology of Sick Person The main aim of nursing care is to assist the patient in attaining the highest possible level of independence Sickness interferes with self­care, interpersonal relationships, control over others, responsibilities and obligations particularly if admission to hospital is necessary Inevitably illness results in disturbance of family and other social relationships Illness also affects the emotional component in the individual Severe illness, parti­ cularly one that is life­threatening can lead to more extensive emotional reactions such as anxiety, shock, fear, anger, denial and depression

28. Psychology of Caregivers during Illness

29. Loss and Grief Patients who are terminally ill are often aware of the approach of death before anyone has discussed the subject with them These are closed awareness, mutual pretence and open awareness In closed awareness the patient and his family may be unaware of the impending death and may even lack a full appreciation of the illness This creates problems for both the patient and his family and a dilemma for the nursing staff who may feel that the patient’s trust in them may be threatened by less than honest communications In mutual pretence the patient, his family and the caregivers know that the prognosis is mortal but choose not to discuss the subject

30. Loss and Grief

31. Mourning These are accepting the reality, accepting the pain that grief causes, adjusting to life without the loved one and able to reinvest emotions in other relationships Nurses should be available to support the bereaved The nurse should know the duration of grieving process, if it is prolonged and unresolved it may result in physical and psychological problems

32. Psychology of Groups

33. Classification of Groups  Primary group: In this type there is an intimate face to face relationship and cooperation between the members All the members have a ‘we’ feeling and are prepared to make maximum sacrifice for each other, for example, family  Tertiary group: In this type of group the degree of intimacy or relationship is for a short period and marginal in character

34. Influence of Group on Individual

35. Behavior Groups influence their members in many ways, but such effects are often produced through culture, values, norms and roles Culture is a complex whole, which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of the society Our behavior is molded and controlled by the society and culture in which we are born The most important parts of a culture, which are learned by each member of their group are values, norms and roles The behavior of a person who refuses to confirm to major social and cultural norms is called antisocial behavior

36. Behavior Groups are crucial for the development of individuals and for some individuals changes in health are possible to achieve with group support and encouragement The attitudes that individuals have are developed in kin and friendship group; continued membership throughout life in other groups influences thoughts, choices, behavior and values Health behavior is influenced greatly by the groups to which people belong and for which they value membership Each group develops its own standards of values, its own rules about behavior and its own attitudes to which members are expected to conform When individuals fail to conform, the group as a whole exerts pressure to bring the member’s behavior within the range of acceptable behavior