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Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior, including conscious and unconscious phenomena. Psychologists study a variety of topics, including perception, cognition, attention, emotion, intelligence, motivation, brain functioning, and personal...


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Unit # 9

Objectives 1.Define the term evaluation. 2.Compare and contrast evaluation and assessment. 3.Identify purposes of evaluation. 4.Distinguish between five basic types of evaluation: process, content, outcome, impact, and program.

EVALUATION MODELS Abruzzese (1978) developed the Roberta Straessle Abruzzese (RSA) Evaluation Model for conceptualizing, or classifying, educational evaluation into different categories or levels.

RSA Evaluation Model

Process (Formative) Evaluation The purpose of process evaluation is to make adjustments in an educational activity as soon as they are needed, whether those adjustments be in personnel, materials, facilities, learning objectives, or even one’s own attitude.

E valuation of the process of teaching a newly diagnosed juvenile insulin-dependent diabetic and her parents how to administer insulin. Would you facilitate learning better by first injecting yourself with normal saline so they can see you maintain a calm expression? If you had planned to have the parent give the first injection, but the child seems less fearful, might you consider revising your teaching plan to let the child first perform self-injection ?

Content Evaluation The purpose of content evaluation is to deter- mine whether learners have acquired the knowledge or skills taught during the learning experience. Abruzzese (1978) describes content evaluation as taking place immediately after the learning.

For example, if both parents and the juvenile diabetic are taught insulin administration, all three are asked to complete a return demonstration.

Outcome (Summative) Evaluation The purpose of outcome evaluation is to deter- mine the effects or outcomes of teaching efforts. Was teaching appropriate? Did the individual(s) learn? Were behavioral objectives met? Did the patient who learned a skill before discharge use that skill correctly once home?

For example, if the juvenile diabetic client can self inject insulin at home after discharge its means outcome is positive.

Impact Evaluation T he purpose of impact evaluation is to obtain information that will help decide whether continuing an educational activity is worth its cost. “What is the effect of the education program on subsequent nursing staff turnover?” “What is the effect of the cardiac discharge teaching program on long-term frequency of re-hospitalization among patients who have completed the program?”

F or example, a class on the use of body mechanics. The outcome objective is that staff members will demonstrate proper use of body mechanics in providing patient care. The goal is to decrease back injuries among the hospital’s direct-care providers.

Program Evaluation T he purpose of total program evaluation is to determine the extent to which all activities for an entire department or program over a specified period of time meet or exceed goals originally established. “How well did patient education activities imple - mented throughout the year meet annual goals established for the institution’s patient education program?”

Abruzzese (1978) describes the scope of program evaluation as encompassing all aspects of educational activity (e.g., process, content, outcome, impact) with input from all the participants (e.g., learners, teachers, institutional representatives, community representatives).

Reference Nurse as Educator: Principles of Teaching and Learning for Nursing Practice, Second Edition Susan B. Bastable . CHAPTER 15 Evaluation in Healthcare Education ( pg # 494 to 502)