Unit bed for university education 2 8610.pptx

Unit

1. UNIT # 2 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

2. OBJECTIVES At the end of the unit, trainee students will be able to: 1 . Understand the genetic Foundations which affect child development. 2. Aware of prenatal development and relevant issues 3 . Describe the developmental course of physical growth 4 . Familiar with the physical characteristics of learners 5 . Develop appropriate physical activities for pre and elementary school children

3. OVERVIEW What is Physical Development? “Physical development is the physical growth from birth to adulthood and the development of both gross (e.g . Walking ) and fine motor (e.g . Finger movement ) control of the body. Physical development means the progress of a child's control over his body . This includes control over muscles , physical coordination , ability to sit and stand.

4. The ABCs of Genetics Human body consists of numerous cells. Each cell has it’s a core called nucleus. Its contains of chromosomes. Chromosomes are responsible for the storage and transmission of genetic information from one generation to another.

5. Genes are the basic units of hereditary transmission. Heredity is the transmission of physical characteristics from parents to children through their genes. It influences all aspects of physical appearance such as height, weight, body structure, the colour of the eye, the texture of the hair, and even intelligence and aptitudes. Diseases and conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, obesity, etc., can also be passed through genes, thereby affecting the growth and development of the child adversely.  However , environmental factors and nurturing can bring the best out of the already present qualities in the genes . Genetic Inheritance

6. Genes and Environments The environment plays a critical role in the development of children and it represents the sum total of physical and psychological stimulation the child receives. Some of the environmental factors influencing early childhood development involve the physical surroundings and geographical conditions of the place the child lives in, as well his social environment and relationships with family and peers. It is easy to understand that a well-nurtured child does better than a deprived one; the environment children are constantly immersed in contributes to this. A good school and a loving family builds in children strong social and interpersonal skills, which will enable them to excel in other areas such as academics and extracurricular activities. This will, of course, be different for children who are raised in stressful environments .

7. Cont… Genes and Environment work together to form behaviors and patterns of development. These influences are unique to each individual , Caused by multiple factors and Lead to multiple directions So is the the identical twins living in the same context may develop some dissimilar traits .

8. Life Before Birth – Prenatal Development Time period between conception and birth is referred to as prenatal development . It has considerable influences on the well being of the child in later life. Prenatal development comprises Nine Months which are further characterized by three periods including; Zygote Embryo and Fetus ( Keenan & Evans, 2009 )

9. Duration of Each Periods Zygote Lasts for first two weeks of life before birth Characteristics : It involves rapid multiplication of cells to form a complex being. Embryo Beginning of the third week and lasts until the end of the second month of pregnancy Characteristics : It is characterized by the most rapid changes during prenatal period which set the stage for the development of body parts, structures and systems. Fetus The longest prenatal period which starts from the ninth week and lasts till birth Characteristics : It is characterized by immense physical growth and finishing. Brain's growth is at its peak at this stage.

10. Environmental Risks-Teratogens Despite minimal contact with the outer world, A number of environmental factors may affect and cause damage to the development of embryo or fetus during this period, referred as teratogen (Berk, 2013). These possible effects of teratogens include; Physical damages , Psychological consequences , Developmental delays , Even death

11. Cont… The most critical teratogens for the expecting mothers are consumption of; Tobacco , alcohol or caffeine Which may result of; Pre-mature birth , Low birth weight and other physical defects Maternal health , diseases, age, exercise, nutrition, and emotional stress create prenatal complications. It may have long-term negative consequences for the unborn child.

12. Environmental pollution , and exposure to radiations and toxins etc. can cause considerable harm to the developing fetus . It may result in physical deformities , brain damage , and cognitive deficits . It is important for the expecting parents to minimize the possible exposure to teratogens in order to ensure the safety of their unborn child. Cont…

13. Physical Development in Childhood The course of Physical Growth 1. Changes in body size Physical growth  refers to an increase in body size (length or height and weight) and in the size of organs . From birth to about age 1 or 2 years, children grow rapidly. After this time,  growth  slows. A sharp increase in growth is again observed in early adolescence (10 to 14 years) followed by a sudden decline when the adult growth is achieved.

14. 2. Changes in Body Proportions Changes  in the size and shape of the  body parts  are caused by different segments. The first trend in the growth of the child highlights the 'head to toe' pattern. For example, a baby would learn to hold up his head way before he could walk. The next pattern follows the 'inside to outside' or 'centre to outside' path. For example, the muscles around the trunk of the body grow stronger before the muscles in the hands, feet etc. Cont…

15. 3. Changes in muscle-fat makeup Body fat increases at a faster rate in infancy It is considerably reduced during early and middle childhood Muscles build up at a much slower rate during infancy and childhood When compared to the adolescence period, as they start to develop rapidly. Cont…

16. 4. Skeletal growth Physical maturity is estimated by skeletal growth or age which specifies a measure of the development of body bones. It is based on the number of epiphyses and the extent to which they are merged. This measure helps to understand the causes and consequences of individual differences in physical development. Cont…

17. 5. Changes in gross and fine motor skills Gross motor skills  are larger movements. Baby makes with arms , legs, feet, or entire body. For example; Crawling, running, and jumping   Cont… Fine motor skills  are smaller actions. Baby can control his arms before his hands, and control his hands before his fingers. For example; Drawing, writing, and cutting with scissors

18. Environmental Factors in Physical Development Physical growth and development is dependent on both biological and environmental factors. Whereas biological structure and hormonal influences play a central role in manipulating physical development . Some of the Environmental influences are also critical such as; nutritional intake emotional well-being cultural practices

19. Physical growth is highly dependent on nutritional intake . Its not only important to eat sufficient food, but also eat the right kind of food. It helps in maintaining healthy physical growth and development. Besides , anxiety, fear and emotional deprivation may hinder physical development of children. Cont…

20. Children need to move Children at the pre and elementary school level have an inherent need to move their bodies. Physical Characteristics of Learners

21. Improved Eye-Hand Coordination Also referred to as visual motor integration skills , Begin to develop during infancy. It controls the hand movement of a child guided by his/her vision. This coordination is not sophisticated during infancy. It reaches to the point of near independence during the pre-school years. It continues to improve through middle childhood. Cont…

22. Improved Body Coordination Balance and coordination are critical physical attributes, help to maintain a controlled body position. Pre and Elementary school children show increased body coordination in activities like; running , climbing etc . They can still fall easily. It is, thus, important to remain vigilant and ensure safety and injury prevention measures . Cont…

23. Improved Perceptual Abilities The  ability  to be able to deal with and give  meaning  to sensory stimuli. Although the five basic senses are well-developed at birth The child continues to develop perceptual abilities during Pre and Elementary school years. It helps the child to interact with the physical and social world in an effective way. Cont…

24. Improved Gross and Fine Motor Skills Pre and elementary school children develop better upper body mobility and coordination. They continue to develop improved gross motor skills through age 7 and beyond. This results in refined fine motor skills for children with greater precision. The development of fine motor skills is crucial for other activities which require increased physical controls and skills such as writing, painting, etc. Cont…

25. Activities in Schools Physical activities play a critical role in developing the basic movement skills of children. It is difficult for children to work on sedentary activities for longer duration of time . So it is necessary to engage them into some physical activities.

26. Preschool and Kindergarten At this level students have sufficient control over their fine motor skills. It help them to draw, write and engage in activities that require precise control of hand and body movement. Some of the traditional physical activities for this age level involve; Running, Jumping/Skipping, Hopping Drawing, coloring , painting, cutting, pasting, gluing, using play dough, rollers, and shape cutters etc.

27. Elementary Level At this age children continue to develop their gross and fine motor skills. They become expert in activities which require precise hand and body control. Daily physical activities should be incorporated into the school routine to maintain active physical development. This can be done in different ways, For example ; Introducing health and physical education classes Integrating physical activities into other areas of curriculum