Unit III GE8076 Professional Ethics in Engineering by Dr.Selvaganesan

Unit III GE8076 Professional Ethics in Engineering by Dr.Selvaganesan

1. GE8076 Professional Ethics
in Engineering
by
Dr. S. SelvaganesanPh.D.(Malaysia)
Professor & HoD / IT
JJCET, Trichy.
Unit III

3. UNIT III
Engineering as Social Experimentation
UNITIII
EngineeringasExperimentation–
EngineersasresponsibleExperimenters–
CodesofEthics–ABalancedOutlookon
Law

4. Engineering as Experimentation
WhatisExperimentation?
•Experimentmeansascientifictestdonecarefully
tostudywhathappensandtogainnewknowledge.
•Experimentationreferstoactivity,processor
practiceofmakingexperiments.

5. Engineering as Experimentation
•Duringthecourseofengineer’scareer,he/sheis
involvedinResearch,Experimentationortesting
ofnewproducts.
•Duringthedesignphase,oneneedstoapply
variousexperimentalprocedures(whichiscalled
experimentation).

6. Engineering as Experimentation
•Inengineering,eachandeverystageofproductor
processdevelopment,experimentsareconducted.
•Ineachstage,theremaybeuncertainty.
•Engineerscannotaffordtodelayprojectsuntilall
informationisreceived.
•Thusthefinaloutcomeofanexperimentcouldbe
uncertain.
•Therefore,onecanvieweachengineering
work/project/activityasanexperiment.

7. Engineering as Experimentation
EngineeringasaSocialExperimentation
•Engineeringisnotanexperimentsolelyinalab
undercontrolledconditions.
•Itisanexperimentonsocietyinvolvinglivesof
humanbeings.
•So,engineeringcanbereferredasaSocial
Experimentation.
•Itinvolvesdesign,implementation,testing&re-
designing,re-testing,andmanyotheractivities.

8. Engineering as Experimentation
Figure 1 Design as an interactive process

9. Engineering Projects
Vs.
Standard Experiments

10. Similarities
1.PartialIgnorance
•Theprojectisusuallyexecutedinpartialignorance.
•Uncertaintiesexistinthemodelassumed.Thebehaviorofmaterials
purchasedisuncertainandnotconstant(thatiscertain!).
•Theymayvarywiththesuppliers,processedlot,time,andtheprocess
usedinshapingthematerials(e.g.,sheetorplate,rodorwire,forgedor
castorwelded).
•Theremaybevariationsinthegrainstructureanditsresulting
failurestress.Itisnotpossibletocollectdataonallvariations.
•Insomecases,extrapolation,interpolation,assumptionsoflinear
behaviorovertherangeofparameters,acceleratedtesting,
simulations,andvirtualtestingareresorted.
•Uncertaintiesin
•DesignCalculations
•Exactpropertiesofrawmaterialsused
•Natureofworkingoffinalproduct
Engineering Projects Vs.
Standard Experiments

11. Similarities
2.Uncertainty
•Thefinaloutcomeofprojectsarealsouncertainasin
experiments.
•Sometimes,unintendedresults,sideeffects(bye-
products)andunsafeoperationshavealsooccurred.
•Unexpectedrisks,suchas
•undueseepageinastoragedam,
•leakageofnuclearradiationfromanatomicpowerplant,
•presenceofpesticidesinfoodorsoftdrinkbottle,
•annewirrigationcanalspreadingwater-bornediseases,and
•anunsuspectinghairdryercausinglungcancerontheuser
fromtheasbestosgasketusedintheproduct
havebeenreported.
Engineering Projects Vs.
Standard Experiments

12. Uncertainties occurred in the model
designs:
Modelusedforthedesigncalculations.
Exactcharacteristicsofthematerials
purchased.
Constanciesofmaterialsusedfor
processingandfabrication.
Natureofthepressure,thefinished
productwillencounter.

13. Similarities
3.ContinuousMonitoring
•Incaseofexperimentation,monitoringisa
continuousprocessthathelpsinprogressand
gainingnewknowledge.
•Monitoringistheactivityofperiodicalobservations.
•Performanceofaproductistobemonitoredeven
duringtheuseoftheproductbyenduser.
Engineering Projects Vs.
Standard Experiments

14. Similarities
4.Learningfromthepast
•Engineersnormallylearnfromtheirownprevious
designsandinferfromtheanalysisofoperationand
results,andsometimesfromthereportsofother
engineers.
•Itdoesnothappenfrequently.Manyfailureshave
beencausedduetothefollowingreasons.
•Absenceofinterest
•MereNegligence
•Egoinnotseekinginformation
•Fearoflegalactions
•Guiltyuponfailure
Engineering Projects Vs.
Standard Experiments

17. Engineering Projects
Vs.
Standard Experiments

18. Contrasts
1.ExperimentalControl
•Instandardexperiments,membersforstudyareselectedinto
twogroupsnamelyAandBatrandom.
•GroupAaregivenspecialtreatment.GroupBisgivenno
treatmentandiscalledthe‘ControlledGroup’.
•TheyareplacedinthesameenvironmentastheothergroupA.
•ThisprocessiscalledtheExperimentalControl.(adoptedinthefield
ofmedicine).
•Inengineering,thisdoesnothappenexceptwhentheproject
isconfinedtolaboratory.
•Thisisbecauseitistheclientsorconsumerswhochoosetheproduct,
exercisethecontrol.
•Itisnotpossibletomakearandomselectionofparticipantsfromvarious
groups.InEngineering,throughrandomsampling,thesurveyismade
fromamongtheusers,toassesstheresultsontheproduct.
Engineering Projects Vs.
Standard Experiments

19. Contrasts
2.Humanetouch
•Engineeringexperimentsinvolvehumansouls,their
needs,views,expectationsandcreativeuseasincase
ofsocialexperimentation.
•Thispointofviewisnotagreedbymanyofthe
engineers.
•Butnowthequalityengineersandmanagershave
fullyrealizedthishumaneaspect.
•Forexample,testingofdrugsonhumanbeingviolatestheactof
humane.
•Thisshouldbecompletelybannedandpeoplehavetorecognize
whatishappeningtothem.
Engineering Projects Vs.
Standard Experiments

20. Contrasts
3.InformedConsent
•InformedConsentreferstotheagreementorthe
permissiontoconductanengineeringexperiment.
•EngineeringExperimentationisviewedassocial
experiment.Inmedicalpractice,moralandlegalrights
havebeenrecognizedwhileplanningfor
experimentation.
•Informedconsentispracticedinmedical
experimentation.Suchapracticeisnottherein
scientificlaboratoryexperiments.
Engineering Projects Vs.
Standard Experiments

21. Contrasts
3.InformedConsent(contd.)
•Informedconsentissaidtohavetwobasicelements.
1.Knowledge
2.Voluntariness
•Knowledge:Subjectshouldbegivenallinformation
tomakethedecisionwhethertoparticipateinthe
experimentornot.
•Voluntariness:Subjectshouldtakepartinthe
experimentwithoutforce,fraudordeception.Respect
forrightsofminoritiestodissentandcompensation
forharmfuleffectareassumedhere.
Engineering Projects Vs.
Standard Experiments

22. Contrasts
3.InformedConsent(contd.)
•Foravalidconsent,thefollowingfourconditionsare
tobefulfilled.
1.Consentmustbevoluntary.
2.Allrelevantinformationshouldbepresentedinaclearly
understandableform.
3.Consentershouldbecapableofprocessingthe
informationandmakerationaldecisions.
4.Subject’sconsentmaybeofferedinproxybyagroupthat
representsmanysubjectsoflike-interests.
Engineering Projects Vs.
Standard Experiments

23. Contrasts
3.InformedConsent(contd.)
•Whenbringinganengineeringproducttomarket,
‘InformedConsent’helpsthecustomertoknowthe
following:
1.Knowledgeabouttheproduct
2.Risksandbenefitsofusingtheproductand
3.Allrelevantinformationontheproduct
•VoluntaryandInvoluntaryrisks
Engineering Projects Vs.
Standard Experiments

24. Contrasts
4.Knowledgegained
•Scientificexperimentsareconductedwithanintentiontogain
newknowledge,but‘engineeringexperiments’arenotdesigned
toproducemuchknowledge.
•Fromthemodelstestedinthelaboratorytothepilotplanttested
inthefield,therearedifferencesinperformanceaswellasother
outcomes.
1.Engineeringexperimentshelpus
2.Toverifytheacceptabilityofthedesign
3.Tocheckthestabilityofthedesignparameters
4.Topreparefortheunexpectedoutcomesintheactualfield
environment.
•Fromthemodelstestedinthelaboratorytothepilotplanttested
inthefield,therearedifferencesinperformanceaswellasother
outcomes.
Engineering Projects Vs.
Standard Experiments

25. Engineers as Responsible
Experimenters
•Engineersarenotaloneinthefield.
•Theirresponsibilityissharedwithorganizations,people,
governmentandothers.
•Nodoubttheengineersshareagreaterresponsibilitywhile
monitoringtheprojects,identifyingtherisks,andinformingthe
clientsandthepublicwithfacts.Basedonthis,theycantake
decisionstoparticipateorprotestorpromote.
•Engineer,asanexperimenter,oweseveralresponsibilitiestothe
society,namely,
•Conscientiousness
•ComprehensivePerspective
•MoralAutonomy
•Accountability

26. Engineers as Responsible Experimenters
Conscientiousness
Conscientiousnessimpliesconsciousness(senseofawareness).
Conscientiousnessimpliesadesiretodoataskwell.Conscientious
peopleareefficientandorganizedasopposedtoeasy-goingand
disorderly.–
Asholdingtheresponsibleprofessionwithmaintainingfullrangemoral
ethicsandvalueswhicharerelevanttothesituation.
Peoplemustbeconscientiousabouttheirresponsibilitiesandmoral
values.(Conscientiousmoralcommitment).
Inshort,engineersmustpossessopeneyes,openears,andanopen
mind(i.e.,moralvision,morallistening,andmoralreasoning).
Thismakestheengineersassocialexperimenters,respectforemostthe
safetyandhealthoftheaffected,whiletheyseektoenrichtheir
knowledge,rushfortheprofit,followtherules,orcareforonlythe
beneficiary.
Thehumanrightsoftheparticipantshouldbeprotectedthrough
voluntaryandinformedconsent.

27. Engineers as Responsible Experimenters
Conscientiousness
•Engineersshouldhaveopeneyes,openearsandopenmind.–
Onewhothinksofoneselfandone’sbenefitsalonecannotbe
moralagents.
•Example:Engineersshouldnotinvolveinthenegativeduties
suchasalteringdatabyfraud,violatingpatentrightand
breakingconfidentiality.
•Conscientiousmoralcommitmentmeans
•Beingsensitivetofullrangeofresponsibilitiesandmoral
values
•Willingnesstodevelopskillsandexpendenergyneededto
reachthebalancepossibleamongthoseconsiderations.

28. Engineers as Responsible
Experimenters
Conscientiousness
ReplicableFacetsofconscientiousness
•Researchershaverevealed5replicablefacetsof
conscientiousness(onthelower-orderstructureof
conscientiousness)
•Orderliness
•Self-control
•Industriousness
•Responsibility
•Traditionality

29. Engineers as Responsible
Experimenters
Conscientiousness
Non-ReplicableFacetsofconscientiousness
•Byinvestigatingtheunderlyingstructureof
conscientiousness
•Decisiveness
•Punctuality
•Formality
•Virtue

30. Engineers as Responsible
Experimenters
Conscientiousness
Conscientiousnessisoneoffivesuper-ordinatetraits
intheBigFiveModelofpersonality
•Conscientiousness
•Extraversion
•Neuroticism
•Opennesstoexperience
•Agreeableness

31. Engineers as Responsible
Experimenters
ComprehensivePerspective
•Engineersshouldgraspthecontextofhisworkandensurethatthe
workresultsinonlymoralends.Oneshouldnotignorehis
conscienceiftheproductorprojectthatheisinvolvedwillresultin
damagingthenervoussystemofthepeople.
•Aproducthasbeenbuiltusingobsoleteorredundantcomponentsto
boostsaleswithafalseclaim.
•Inpossessingoftheperspectiveoffactualinformation,theengineer
shouldexhibitamoralconcernandnotagreeforthisdesign.
Sometimes,theguiltistransferredtothegovernmentorthe
competitors.Someorganizationsthinkthattheywillletthe
governmentfindthefaultorletthefraudulentcompetitorbecaught
first.
•Afullscaleenvironmentalorsocialimpactstudyofa
product/projectbyindividualengineersisuseful(butnotpossiblein
practice).

32. Moral Autonomy
Autonomymeans‘Self-determining’or‘Independent’
MoralAutonomyistheabilitytothinkcriticallyand
independentlyaboutmoralissuesandapplythisnormal
thinkingtosituationsthatariseduringtheprofessional
engineeringpractice.
•Inotherwords,moralautonomymeanstheskillandhabitof
thinkingrationalityonethicalissuesbasedonmoralconcern.
•i.e.,itisconcernedwiththeindependentattitudeofan
individualrelatedtoethicalissues.
•Itistheabilitytoarriveatreasonedmoralviewsbasedonthe
responsivenesstohumanvalues.
Engineers as Responsible
Experimenters

33. Moral Autonomy
FactorsinfluencingtheMoralConcern(ofaperson)
•Atmosphereinwhichthepersonisbroughtupinhischildhood.
•One’srelationshipwithfriendsandrelatives.
•One’sinteractionwithneighbors.
•One’sfamilystructureandfamily’seconomy.
•Influenceofreligiousinstitutionssuchastemples,churches,
mosquesetc.
•Influenceofeducationalinstitutionssuchasschools,collegesetc.
•Influenceofteachersandothermentors.
•Influenceofmedialikenewspapers,novels,movies,televisionetc.
•Influenceofsomesocialevents.
Engineers as Responsible
Experimenters

34. Moral Autonomy
SkillsrequiredtoimproveMoralAutonomy(givenbyMikeMartinand
RolandSchinizinger)
•Proficiencyinrecognizingmoralproblemsandissuesin
engineering.
•Skillinunderstanding,clarifying,andcriticallyevaluatingthe
arguments,whichareagainstthemoralissues.
•Abilitytoformconsistentandcompleteperspectivesonthebasisof
relevantfacts.
•Abilitytomakeimaginativeandcreativealternativesolutions
underdifficultsituations.
•Sensitivitytovaliddifficultiesanddelicacies.(i.e.sensitivityto
others’views,problems,andsufferings.)
•Adequateknowledgetousethecommonethicallanguagesoasto
supportordefendone’smoralviewswithothers.
Engineers as Responsible
Experimenters

35. Engineers as Responsible
Experimenters
Accountability
•Accountabilityreferstotheactofbeingwillingto
beopenandresponsivetotheappropriate
situations.
•Engineersshouldbeawareoftheirpersonal
responsibilitiesfortheirworkandco-operateina
riskyenterpriseinwhichtheypracticetheir
personalexpertiseandleadtowardsgoal.

36. Engineers as Responsible
Experimenters

37. Engineers as Responsible
Experimenters

38. Engineers as Responsible
Experimenters
1.Aconscientiouscommitmentisnecessaryto
livebymoralvalues.
2.Acomprehensiveperspectiveonrelevant
information.
3.Unrestrictedfree-personalinvolvementinall
stepsoftheproject/productdevelopment
(autonomy).
4.Beaccountablefortheresultsoftheprojects
(accountability).

39. Ethics in Research
•ResearchEthicsinvolvestheapplicationof
fundamentalethicalprinciplestoavarietyoftopics
involvingscientificresearch.
•Theseinclude
•DesignandImplementationofresearchinvolving
humanexperimentation.
•AnimalExperimentation
•Variousaspectsofacademicscandal
•Scientificmisconduct(fraud,fabricationofdata)
•Whistleblowing;Regulationofresearchetc.

40. Integrity (Unit 1)
4.AcademicIntegrity
Honestyasanengineerbeginswith
honestyinstudyingtobecomean
engineer.
Academicintegrityistheimportanceof
aninstitution’sreputation.
Integrityinresearchisaboutpromoting
excellenceinpursuingtruth.

41. Integrity (Unit 1)
5.ResearchIntegrity
Researchshouldbeguidedbywhat
RichardFeynmancallsakindofutter
honesty.
Integrityinresearchisaboutpromoting
excellenceinpursuingtruth.
Forexample,ifwe’redoingan
experiment,weshouldreporteverything.

44. Ethics in Research
•ResearchEthicsismostdevelopedasaconceptin
medicalresearch.
•Researchinthesocialsciencespresentsadifferent
setofissuesthanthoseinmedicalresearch.
•Manyethicalissuestobeconsidered;
•Sociologistsneedtohaveresponsibilitytogetthe
permissionofallthoseinvolvedinthestudy.
•Thereisadutytoprotecttherightsofpeopleandtheir
privacy.
•Confidentialityofthoseinvolvedintheobservation
mustbecarriedout.

45. Ethics in Research
Research–CostandBenefits-Analysis
Ethicsinresearchareveryimportantwhenpersonsaregoing
toconductanexperiment.
•Ethicsshouldbeappliedonallstagesofresearch(planning,
conductingandevaluatingresearchproject).
•Thefirstthingtodobeforedesigningastudyistoconsiderthe
potentialcostandbenefitsoftheresearch.

46. Ethics in Research
EthicalStandards
Researchersshoulddothefollowingasperthestandardof
researchethics
•Avoidanyriskofconsiderablyharmingpeople,environmentor
propertyunnecessarily.
•Obtaininformedconsentfromallinvolvedinthestudy.
•Preserveprivacyandconfidentialitywheneverpossible.
•Notofferbigrewardsorenforcebindingcontractsforthestudy.
•Notskewtheirconclusionsbasedonfunding.
•Notcommitsciencefraud,falsifyresearchdata
•Notusethepositionasapeerreviewertogiveshampeer
reviewstopunishordamagefellowscientists.

47. Ethics in Research
CodesandPoliciesforResearchEthics
Manygovernmentagenciessuchas
•NationalInstituteofHealth(NIH)
•NationalScienceFoundation(NSF)
•FoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)
•EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)
•USDepartmentofAgriculture(USDA)
haveethicsrulesforfundedresearchers.

48. Ethics in Research
Thefollowingisageneralsummaryofsomeethicalprinciples.
1.Honesty
2.Objectivity
3.Integrity
4.Carefulness
5.Openness
6.RespectforIntellectualProperty
7.Confidentiality
8.ResponsiblePublication
9.ResponsibleMentoring
10.Respectforcolleagues
11.SocialResponsibility
12.Non-Discrimination
13.Competence
14.Legality
15.AnimalCare
16.HumanSubjectsProtection

49. Ethics in Research
Whatisethicsinresearch?Whyisitimportant?

50. Acodeofethicsisaguideofprinciplesdesignedtohelp
professionals(Engineers)conductbusinesshonestlyand
withintegrity.Acodeofethicsdocumentmayoutlinethe
missionandvaluesofthebusinessororganization,how
professionalsaresupposedtoapproachproblems,the
ethicalprinciplesbasedontheorganization'scorevalues,
andthestandardstowhichtheprofessionalisheld.
Acodeofethics,isalsoreferredtoasan"ethicalcode“.
Acodeofethicsisaguidingsetofprinciplesintendedto
instructprofessionalstoactinamannerthatishonestand
thatisbeneficialtoallstakeholdersinvolved.Acodeof
ethicsisdraftedbyabusinessandtailoredmadetothe
specificindustryathand,requiringallemployeesofthat
businesstoadheretothecode.
Codes of Ethics

51. Acodeofethicsinbusinessisasetofguidingprinciples
intendedtoensureabusinessanditsemployeesactwith
honestyandintegrityinallfacetsofitsday-to-day
operationsandtoonlyengageinactsthatpromotea
benefittosociety.
Codes of Ethics

52. Codes of Ethics
•Engineeringisanimportantandlearnedprofession.
•Engineersareexpectedtoexhibitthehigheststandards
ofhonestyandintegrity.
•Engineeringhasadirectandvitalimpactonthequality
oflifeforallpeople.
•Accordingly,servicesprovidedbyengineersrequire
honesty,impartiality,fairnessandequity,andmustbe
dedicatedtotheprotectionofthepublichealth,safety
andwelfare.
•Engineersmustperformunderastandardof
professionalbehavior.

53. Codes of Ethics
PurposeofCodeofEthics
•Itprovidesaframeworkforethicaljudgmentfora
professional.
•Italsoexpressesthecommitmenttoethicalconducts
byaprofessional.
•Itdoesnotestablishnewethicalprinciplesand
standards,butre-implementthem.
•Itdefinesroles,andresponsibilitiesofprofessionals.
•Itservesasaguide,andstrengthensaprofessionalby
hiscorrectbehavior.

54. Codes of Ethics
FeaturesofEngineeringCodeofEthics
•Thehighestethicalobligationofengineersistothe
“safety,healthandwelfareofthepublic”.
•Engineersmustalsoactforclientsoremployersas
faithfulagentsortrustees.
•Engineersmustpracticeonlyintheirareasof
competence.
•Engineersmustactobjectively,truthfullyandina
waythatavoidsdeceptionandmisrepresentation,
especiallytothepublic.

55. Codes of Ethics
NationalSocietyofProfessionalEngineers(NSPE)
•Engineers,asthefulfillmentoftheirprofessional
duties,shalldothefollowing:
•Holdparamountthesafety,health,andwelfareofthe
public.
•Actforeachemployerorclientasfaithfulagentsor
trustees.
•Performservicesonlyinareasoftheircompetence.
•Avoiddeceptiveacts.
•Issuepublicstatementonlyinanobjectiveandtruthful
manner.

56. Codes of Ethics
ProfessionalObligations
Thefollowingpointsaretobekeptinmind,while
followingethicalcodes,
•Engineersshallbeguidedinalltheirrelations,bythehighest
standardsofhonestyandintegrity.
•Engineersshallbereadyatalltimestoservethepublicinterest.
•Engineersshallnotbeinfluencedintheirprofessionaldutiesby
conflictinginterests.
•Engineersshallnotattempttoinjure,maliciouslyorfalsely,
directlyorindirectly,theprofessionalreputation,prospects,
practice,oremploymentofotherengineers.
•Engineersshallacceptpersonalresponsibilityfortheir
professionalactivitiesprovided.

57. Codes of Ethics
OthertypesofCodes
Someorganizationsthatprovidescodesforengineers
aregivenbelow.
•InstituteofIndustrialEngineers(IIE)
•AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers(ASCE)
•AssociationforComputingMachinery(ACM)
•InstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers
(IEEE)

58. CODES OF ETHICS
-ROLE OF CODES
ROLEOFCODES(Advantages)
(The‘codesofethics’exhibit,rights,duties,andobligationsof
themembersofaprofessionandaprofessionalsociety.Thecodes
exhibitthefollowingessentialroles:
1.Inspirationandguidance.Thecodesexpressthecollective
commitmentoftheprofessiontoethicalconductandpublicgood
andthusinspiretheindividuals.Theyidentifyprimary
responsibilitiesandprovidestatementsandguidelineson
interpretationsfortheprofessionalsandtheprofessionalsocieties.
2.Supporttoengineers.Thecodesgivepositivesupportto
professionalsfortakingstandsonmoralissues.Furthertheyserve
aspotentiallegalsupporttodischargeprofessionalobligations.

59. CODES OF ETHICS
-ROLE OF CODES
3.Deterrence(discouragetoactimmorally)anddiscipline
(regulatetoactmorally).Thecodesserveasthebasisfor
investigatingunethicalactions.Theprofessionalsocieties
sometimesrevokemembershiporsuspend/expelthe
members,whenprovedtohaveactedunethical.This
sanctionalongwithlossofrespectfromthecolleaguesand
thesocietyareboundtoactasdeterrent
4.Educationandmutualunderstanding.Codesareusedto
promptdiscussionandreflectiononmoralissues.They
developasharedunderstandingbytheprofessionals,
public,andthegovernmentonthemoralresponsibilitiesof
theengineers.TheBoardofReviewoftheprofessional
societiesencouragesmoraldiscussionforeducational
purposes.

60. CODES OF ETHICS
-ROLE OF CODES
5)Creategoodpublicimage.Thecodespresentpositiveimageof
thecommittedprofessiontothepublic,helptheengineersto
servethepubliceffectively.Theypromotemoreofselfregulation
andlessenthegovernmentregulations.Thisisboundtoraisethe
reputationoftheprofessionandtheorganization,inestablishing
thetrustofthepublic.
6)Protectthestatusquo.Theycreateminimumlevelofethical
conductandpromotesagreementwithintheprofession.Primary
obligationnamelythesafety,health,andwelfareofthepublic,
declaredbythecodesservesandprotectsthepublic.
7)Promotesbusinessinterests.Thecodesofferinspirationtothe
entrepreneurs,establishsharedstandards,healthycompetition,
andmaximizeprofittoinvestors,employees,andconsumers.

61. Limitations of codes
Thecodesarenotremedyforallevils.Theyhavemany
limitations,namely:
1)Generalandvaguewordings.Manystatementsaregeneralin
natureandhenceunabletosolveallproblems.
2)Notapplicabletoallsituations.Codesarenotsacred,andneed
notbeacceptedwithoutcriticism.Toleranceforcriticismsofthe
codesthemselvesshouldbeallowed.
3)Oftenhaveinternalconflicts.Manytimes,theprioritiesare
clearlyspeltout,e.g.,codesforbidpublicremarkscriticalof
colleagues(engineers),buttheyactuallydiscoveredamajor
bribery,whichmighthavecausedahugelosstotheexchequer.
4)Theycannotbetreatedasfinalmoralauthorityfor
professionalconduct.Codeshaveflawsbycommissionand
omission.Therearestillsomegreyareasundefinedbycodes.
Theycannotbeequatedtolaws.Afterall,evenlawshave
loopholesandtheyinvokecreativityinthelegalpractitioners.

62. Limitations of codes….
5)Onlyafewenrollasmembersinprofessionalsociety
andnon-memberscannotbecompelled.
6)evenasmembersoftheprofessionalsociety,manyare
unawareofthecodes
7)Differentsocietieshavedifferentcodes.Thecodes
cannotbeuniformorsame!Unifyingthecodesmay
notnecessarilysolvetheproblemsprevailingvarious
professions,butattemptsarestillmadetowardsthese
unifiedcodes.
8)Codesaresaidtobecoercive.Theyaresometimes
claimedtobethreateningandforceful.

63. A BALANCED OUTLOOK ON LAW
The‘balancedoutlookonlaw’inengineering
practicestressesthenecessityoflawsand
regulationsandalsotheirlimitationsindirectingand
controllingtheengineeringpractice.
Inordertolive,workandplaytogetherinharmony
asasociety,theremustbeabalancebetween
individualneedsanddesiresagainstcollectiveneeds
anddesires.
Onlyethicalconductcanprovidesuchabalance.
Sothecodesmustbeenforcedwiththehelpoflaws.

64. Lawsarenecessarybecause,
peoplearenotfullyresponsiblebythemselves
andbecauseofthecompetitivenatureofthe
freeenterprise,whichdoesnotencouragemoral
initiatives.
Lawsareneededtoprovideaminimumlevelof
compliance.
A BALANCED OUTLOOK ON LAW

69. Thefollowingcodesaretypicalexamplesof
howtheywereenforcedinthepast:
CodeforBuildersbyHammurabi
HammurabithekingofBabylonin1758
framedthefollowingcodeforthebuilders:
A BALANCED OUTLOOK ON LAW

70. A Balanced Outlook on Law
CodeforBuildersbyHammurabi
Hammurabi,theKingofBabylonin1758framethefollowingcodeforthe
builders.
•Ifabuilderhasbuiltahouseforamanandhasnotmadehisworksound,and
thehousewhichhehasbuilthasfallendownandcauseddeathofthe
householder,thatbuildershallbeputtodeath.
•Ifitcausesthedeathofthehouseholder’sson,theyshallputthatbuilder’sson
todeath.
•Ifitcausesthedeathofthehouseholder’sslave,heshallgiveslaveforslaveto
thehouseholder.
•Ifitdestroysproperty,heshallreplaceanythingithasdestroyed;andbecause
hehasnotmadethehousesoundwhichhehasbuiltandithasfallendown,he
shallrebuildthehousewhichhasfallendownfromhisownproperty.
•Ifabuilderhasbuiltahouseforamananddoesnotmakehisworkperfectand
awallbulges,thatbuildershallpoutthatwallinsoundconditionathisown
cost.
•Thiscodewasexpectedtoputinself-regulationseriouslyinthoseyears.

71. A Balanced Outlook on Law
SteamBoatCodeinUSA
•Wheneverthereisacrisis,weclaimthatthereoughttobelawto
controlthis.
•Wheneverthereisafireaccidentinafactoryorfirecracker’sstore
houseorboatcapsize,wemakethisclaim,andsoonforget.
•Lawsaremeanttobeinterpretedforminimalcompliance.Onthe
otherhand,lawswhenamendedorupdatedcontinuouslywouldbe
counterproductive.
•Lawswillalwayslagbehindthetechnologicaldevelopment.The
regulatoryorinspectionagenciessuchEnvironmentalAuthorityofIndia
canplayamajorrolebyframingrulesandenforcingcompliance.
•Intheearly19
th
century,alawaspassedinUSAtoprovidefor
inspectionofthesafetyofboilersandenginesinships.
•Itwasamendedmanytimesandnowthestandardsformulatedby
theAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineersarefollowed.

72. INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS
IndustrialStandards:
•Theoptimumcriteriaforanyindustrytofunctionand
carryoutoperationintheirrespectivefieldsof
production.
•Industrialstandardsenvisagetheregulated,lawful,
logicalusageinthesegmentoftheeconomydealing
withindustrialization.
•E.g.sizeofthetire(automobileindustry)
•Theglobaleconomyisalsoaffectedbyindustrial
standard.

73. INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS
RolesofIndustrialStandards:
•Administrationandlegislativebodiesarealsobenefitedby
theIndustrialstandards.
•Standardizationfacilitatesahealthycompetitionand
designingofnewconcepts.
•Industrialstandardsascertaintherankofanindustryinthe
economicsetupofacountry.
•Optimumstandardsfacilitatethecreationofpoliticalas
wellasbusinessrelatedadvantages.
TwomajorfactorsofIndustrialStandards:
•Specification
•Standardization

74. INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS
ProsandConsofStandardization
Advantages:
•CostReduction
•ImprovedQuality
•EnhancedCustomerPreference
•GlobalCustomer
•GlobalSegments
•TimetoMarket
Disadvantages:
•LackofUniqueness
•Vulnerabilitytotradebarriers
•StrongLocalCompetitors

75. INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS
Table1IndustrialStandards
Aspects Purpose Examples
1.Quality Value appropriate to
price
Surface finish of a
plate, life of motor…
2.Quality of ServiceAssurance of product
to ISO procedures
Quality of degrees,
according to
institutions
3.Safety To safeguard against
injury/damageto
property
Methods of waste
disposal…
4.Uniformity of
physical properties
and functions
Interchangeability, case
of assembly
Standard bolts, nits and
standard time…

76. INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS
InternationalStandardsOrganization(ISO)
ISO9000Qualitymanagement
ISO14000Environmentalmanagement
ISO3166Countrycodes
ISO26000Socialresponsibility
ISO50001Energymanagement
ISO31000Riskmanagement
ISO22000Foodsafetymanagement
ISO27001Informationsecuritymanagement
ISO45001Occupationalhealthandsafety
ISO37001Antibriberymanagementsystems

77. INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS
JapaneseIndustrialStandards(JIS)
JapaneseIndustrialStandards(JIS)specifiesthestandards
usedforindustrialactivitiesinJapan.
Old Symbol New Symbol

78. INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS
JapaneseIndustrialStandards(JIS)-Standardsclassificationandnumbering
Standardsarenamedlike"JISX0208:1997",whereXdenotesareadivision,followedby
fourdigits(orfivedigitsforsomeofthestandardscorrespondingISOstandards),andthe
revisionreleaseyear.DivisionsofJISandsignificantstandardsare:
A–CivilEngineeringandArchitecture
B–MechanicalEngineering
JISB7021-1989–ClassificationandWaterResistibilityofWaterResistantWatchesfor
GeneralUse
JISB7512-1993–Steeltapemeasures
JISB7516-1987–MetalRules
C–ElectronicandElectricalEngineering
JISC0920:2003–Degreesofprotectionprovidedbyenclosures(IPCode)
JISC7012Typedesignationsystemfordiscretesemiconductordevices
JISC8800Glossaryoftermsforfuelcellpowersystems
D–AutomotiveEngineering
E–RailwayEngineering
F–Shipbuilding
G–FerrousMaterialsandMetallurgy
H–Nonferrousmaterialsandmetallurgy

79. TodownloadtheUnitIIIppt
slides,usethefollowinglink:
https://www.slideshare.net/DrSSelvaGanesan