Vaccination of cattle and livestock of tropical region

cattle vaccination

2. Vaccination
Immunizationisthedevelopmentofimmunityto
a disease as result of vaccination
Vaccinesarecomposedofmodified/weakened
disease producing agents

3. The objective of vaccination is to induce a mild
attack of the disease from which the subject
always recovers. Recovery, however, is associated
with the development of antibodies, and the
subject becomes resistant to virulent strains of
the disease-producing organism

4. Vaccination Terms
A.Immunity: Resistance to developing a disease.
B. Active Immunity: Obtained naturally when a
person or animal is exposed to antigens

5. Terms, cont’d
C. Passive Immunity:
Transferred from mother to baby
or by injecting antibodies from an
animal that is already immune.
D. Vaccine: A substance
consisting of weakened, dead or
incomplete portions of pathogens
or antigens that, when injected into
the body, cause an immune
response.

6. Vaccination Terms
E.Modified Live Vaccine: Vaccines that are alive
but have lost their disease-causing ability

F. Killed Vaccine: Vaccines that don’t contain live
pathogens, but still achieve an immune
response

7. Terms, Cont’d
G. Vaccinations: An injection that makes
animals and humans artificially actively immune
to certain diseases.
H. Pathogens: Disease-causing agents

8. Importance of Vaccines
| Onderstepoort Biological Products © |22nd February 2013
Page 16
Diseases impact on livestock and commercial, small holding and emerging livestock
farmers, who are all vulnerable to the ravages of disease in terms of livelihood and
food security and can further impact on the economic development, food security and
trade of the country. Protecting livestock against diseases and preventing their
spread is one of the keys to fighting hunger, malnutrition and poverty.
What is a vaccine?
A vaccine is defined as a preparation of dead or weakened pathogens, or their antigenic
components which induces protective immunity against the specific pathogen (micro-
organism, tumour, toxin), but which does not itself cause disease.
•Vaccines (like a natural infection) induce a specific, systemic and /or local humoral and or
cell-mediated immune response to initiate or enhance protection of the host against a
specific organism.
•Passive immunity of the newborn is obtained via the colostrum of the vaccinated or
immune mother.

9. Importance of Vaccines …..
| Onderstepoort Biological Products © |22nd February 2013
Page 17
Veterinary Vaccines are essential for:
• Protection of individual animals
• Herd immunity to break chains of transmission
•Safe and efficient food production
•Control of emerging, re-emerging and exotic diseases of animals and people
•Reduction of transmission of food borne disease
•Control of zoonotic diseases and thus the threat and/or impact on human lives
(e,g, rabies, influenza, Rift Valley Fever, brucellosis etc
•Reduction of animal suffering
•Reduction in the need for antibiotics or more costly alternatives to
treat animals
•Control of diseases of companion animals and horses

10. | Onderstepoort Biological Products © |22nd February 2013
Page 18
Increasing demand for food (food security) to feed growing population, means
more effective and increased food production, including protein source, will be
required – healthy animals are key to meeting the food demand
Food Security

11. Vaccination schedule in dairy livestock
Age Vaccine Time of
vaccination
Immunity Remarks
Anthrax Live Spore
vaccine
1 in an year, pre-
monsoon
One season6 months age
Black quarterAlum ppt 1 in an year, pre-
monsoon
-
6 months age
Haemorrhag
ic Septaemia
Oil adjuvant 1 in an year,
pre- monsoon
-
6 months age
Brucellosis Strain 19
(live)
To be done
infected herd
3-4 calvingsAt about 6 -
9 months of
age
Foot and
mouth
Quadrivalent
O,A,C,Asia 1
At about 6
months of age
booster 4 months
later
One season4 months of
age

12. Raksha Ovac and Trivac

13. Anthrax and Brucella

14. Theileriosis

15. Precaution during vaccination
Storage vaccine in deep freezer
Check manufacturing date
Vaccinator, syringe, needle should be clean and
new
Thesolventmaterialshouldbemixedin
proper quantity

16. Anti-stress
Before vaccination de-worming should be done
All birds should vaccinated at one time
Vaccination shouldbe carried
out in cooler part of the
day (evening)

17. Storage
•Health products have specific storage
requirements
•Proper storage
Reduces contamination
Reduces risk to health for
animals and people
Ensures product will work

18. Expiration Date & Shelf Life
•Purchase amount needed for one day
•Never use an outdated drug or
vaccine
•Some drugs must be used the same
day once opened or mixed
Otherwise may lose effectiveness
For example: Modified Live Vaccines

19. ALWAYS READ THE
LABEL!

20. Storage DO’s
•Determine drug storage
requirements
•Most require cool, dark, dry
storage
Some require refrigeration
•All drugs should be stored in a
clean, organized place
Avoid contamination

21. Storage DON’Ts
•Do NOT store partially used drugs or
vaccines unless allowable by label
•Drugs for lactating and non-lactating animals
should NOT be stored together
•DO NOT store medications in syringes
•Unless provided that way by veterinarian

22. Cross-Contamination
•Use transfer needles to reconstitute vaccines
•NEVER mix vaccines or other animal health
products, unless directed…
Use only APPROVED combinations of vaccines or
health products
•DO NOT store medications in feed room
Could get mixed with a feed ration

23. Cattle - Proper Injection Site

24. Needle-Use Guidelines
•Evaluate the quality of the
needle by assessing the
hub, shaft and bevel
The needle should be free of
chips, cracks or burrs
Make sure the needle is not
bent

25. Needle-Use Guidelines
•Select correct needle
•Shorter needles for SQ
•Longer needles for IM
•Smaller needles for
younger and smaller
animals
•Select smallest needle size
possible for injection
•Causes less damage

26. Needle-Use Guidelines
•Change needles frequently
Preferably after each animal
•Retrieve dropped needles and dispose immediately
•Change bent needles
Never straighten
•Ensure proper disposal of sharps
Needles, surgical knife blades, and syringes

29. Tape worms (Cestodes) tenia
Prevention
•Hygiene and
sanitation
•Dog other
carnivorous
should be kept
away from livestock
•Praziquintal
•Albendazole

30. Round worms (Nematodes) Hoemonchus
contortus
Prevention
•Periodic de-worming
•Rotational grazing
•Separationyoung
and adult livestock
•Mebendazole

31. Liver flukes (Trematodes) faciola
Prevention
Preventing access of
animals to snail
habits
Dirty pounds, pools
Praziquantal
Thelminthic

34. Flies
diseas
e
•Common
transmissio
nPrevention
•Periodic spraying
•Proper
manure disposal
•Insecticide

35. Ticks
•Common
disease
transmission
Prevention
•Periodic
dipping
•Insecticide

36. Mites

37. Some Internal and External
Parasites of Cattle

38. Internal Parasites
Hair (Stomach)worms
Lung worms
Coccidia

39. Hair Worms
Infected cattle pass eggs in
manure, larvae hatch and
move to grass and are
ingested
Mature in 3 weeks
Transmission occurs when
soil temperature is
between 55 and 75 F and
conditions are humid
Larvae die in summer and
hibernate in winter

40. Lung Worms
Lung worms cause a lung
disease in cattle with
clinical signs similar to
those of allergies, viruses
and bacteria.
Transmission is the same
as for hairworms.
Lung worm disease occurs
in previously unexposed
cattle and calves.

41. Coccidia
Coccidia cause an intestinal
disease of young cattle
Transmitted from manure and
ingested
Rain, cold or stress induced
Black or bloody scours
Treatment includes Amprol, Corid,
Deccox, Bovatec and Rumensin

42. External Parasites
Flies
Mosquitoes
Ticks
Lice
Mites

43. Face Fly
About the size of a
house fly, face flies are
responsible for
transmission of
pinkeye
Control includes
sprays, dusts, oilers and
pour-ons.

44. Horn Fly
Horn flies reproduce in
fresh manure
Bite and suck blood and
irritate animal
Treatment at 250 flies/head
(2 hands)
Treatment includes sprays,
dusts and dust bags, back
rubbers, ear tags, a feed
additive (Altosid), and
pour-ons (with or without
dewormer)

45. Heel (Grub) Fly
Flies lay eggs on heels of
cattle in late winter and
early spring
Eggs hatch and burrow
into skin and travel
through body emerging in
fall along the back
Treatment includes
CoRal, Warbex, Spotton,
Neguvon, Tiguvon, or
Prolate by early July or
Ivomec, Eprinex,
Dectomax and Cydectin
later

47. Mosquito
In addition to blood loss
and irritation mosquitoes
can cause death by
asphyxiation of young
animals
Mosquito control is difficult
and usually ineffective
Reduce areas of standing water
Remove cattle to other locations

48. Soft (Ear) Ticks
Spinose ear ticks can
transmit anaplasmosis
and cause nerve and
tissue damage
Use premise control
On animal use CoRal,
Permethrin, ear tags
(not less than 3 months
of age!)

49. Hard Ticks
Lone Star and Gulf
Coast ear ticks are the 2
most prevalent
Use premise control
On animal use Atroban,
CoRal, Permethrin

50. Lice
Biting (1 specie)
Feeds on skin and hair
Sucking (5 species)
Short and long nose (head, neck
and brisket) and cattle tail louse
Control
Chemical at 2 week intervals,
some tags or use Ivomec, Eprinex,
Dectomax or Cydectin
Mostly problem during winter and
summer months

51. Mites
Feed on surface or just
under the skin
Control with Taktic,
CoRal, Lindane,
Permethrin twice or
with Ivomec,
Dectomax, Cydectin

52. Other Concerns
Bloat – gas accumulates in the animal high on
the calf’s left side
Feed an ionophore, 1 pt. mineral oil/feeding
Founder – inflammation of the hoof tissue due
to rapid growth
Anti-inflammatory drugs, remove grain from diet
Foot Rot – caused by bacteria which enters
through a break in the skin or hoof
Sulfa boluses, anti-bacterial ointment

53. Continued…
Ringworm – caused by a fungus infection of the
skin
7% iodine, captan, ivermectin
Warts – caused by a virus
Vaccinate, mineral deficiency, cut them off and feed to animal
Scours – diarrhea, loose stool caused by abrupt
changes to feed and/or stress
Sanitation, antibiotics, electrolytes, probias

54. DATA RECORDING

55. Data Recording
“Animal farm is dynamic and complicated enterprise having objective for milk
production and profitability increase”.
It is dynamic because every moment will change the data such as-
oNumber of Milking and Dry Animal
oNumber of days open and Pregnant Animal
oAge Structure
oInput Cost
For achievement of goal -efficient manager is required to tackle all the data in systemic
manner and that record all the information regarding farm activity.
Data Recording with purposefully -help in proactive management

56. Record Keeping
Data is being maintained for the past many decades on sheets and registers
etc. As herds continued to increase in size and as milking three times daily
became more prevalent, gathering data through historical methods became
more costly for that ,
Latter on----
Use of PC
Data recoding Software's
Online Software's
Real time recording software’s
Analysis of Data----
Online and Software's
Statistical methods-manually

57. Types of Data Recording
Livestock register
Pedigree and history Sheet
Birth Register
Daily Milking Register
Growth Register
Daily Sick Animal & Treatment Register
Milk feeding register
Feed and Fodder register
Sale/Auction/mortality Register
Case book Register
Stock Book etc.

58. Serial No. Animal No. Breed Sex(M/F) Age
Livestock Register
It contains information about number of animals,
animal number, breeds, sex, age etc.

59. Pedigree and History Sheet

60. Daily Milk Yield Register

61. Reproductive Traits Register

62. Post Mortem Register

63. Birth Register
Sire NoDam
No.
DOB Calf NoSex(M/F)Birth
Weight
Date of
Death/Disposal
It contains information about date of birth(DOB), sire and dam number
birth weight, calf number, sex, date of death/disposal etc.

64. Growth Register- Recording of body weight at different age group from calf hood age
Treatment Register- It records the animal number of sick animals, name of the
disease/disorder, treatment given
Milk feeding register- It records about the amount of milk fed to the calves in case of
weaning and also to orphan calves
Feed and Fodder register- To record expenditures on feed and fodder
Sale/Auction/mortality Register
Case book Register etc.

65. Purpose of Data Recording-------------
 To Know the pedigree and history of each animal
It helps to compare between herd performance within breed as well as to make
Breed comparison
It helps in culling and selection of animal for breeding purpose which in turn bring
 the genetic improvement of future generations
It may helps in feeding management for different group of animal
It also helps in research and proactive development planning
 Growth record of young stock may helps in culling of poor performing calf
 To know financial status of farm
To Know the health status of animal
Proactive management and plan

66. Record-keeping systems have provided an essential link that significantly increase milk
Production.
The data of one farm may be utilized as reference for other Farm
In-milk-parlor milk recording meters became available, milking machine manufacturing
companies developed procedure to capture cow side data and to develop on-farm data
Bases and to develop on-farm data-bases

67. Introduction
 Records are necessary for good livestock business
management.
 Farmers will depend on their memories while
making decisions regarding their farm practice.
 Records of performance of animals can be easily
done if animals have identification.

68. Intro cont
 Farmers who keep records are able to see how
they are managing their farm compared to other
farmers.
 Farmers can also be able to see their strength and
weakness in their farm operation.
 It is important to have accurate facts and figures
on financial records.

69. Advantages of records
 Assist in preparing pedigree and history of
animals.
 Assist in better breeding plans to check
inbreeding, selecting superior parents and help in
better replacements and culling practices.
 Assist in progeny testing of bulls.
 Overall better supervision and management of
herd

70. Advantage cont . . . .
 Assist in finding commonly occurring diseases in
the herd to formulate measures like vaccination and
deworming on time.
 Assist in fixing proper prices of animal (buy or
sale).
 Assist on expenditure and income of the farm.

71. Types of livestock records keeping and uses
1.Animal identification records: such as identification no,
date of birth, sex, calving date, date of purchase, date of
death etc
2. Calving report: Calf number, sex and date of birth
3. Growth records: Record the weight of animals at different
periods
4. Feeding records: Record the type and amount of feed
available and given to animals with associated costs
5.

72. Types of livestock records Cont
5. Health and treatment records: Records of all diseased animals and
their history, signs, identified disease, treatment and veterinarian
information
6. Animal history records: Record all information related to individual
animals on the farm
7. Financial records: Records financial aspects of the farm (sales,
expenses, information about the price of feed, vaccines etc.).

73. Examples of Records
Vaccination records
No ID/NameDate of
Vaccination
Type of
vaccine used
Remarks

74. Examples of Records Cont . . .
Breeding records
Da
m ID
Dam
breed
Dam
birth
date
Sire
ID
Sire
breed
Mating
date
Calving
date
Remarks

75. Conclusion
 Keeping farm records is one of the most neglected
activities in the farm management.
 Farmers consider record keeping as time consuming
therefore they often ignore this practice.
 Keep track of what is happening in farm is one of the most
important aspects in order to improve welfare and and farm
management.

76. Conclusion
 Financially wise it is necessary that the management of the
production processes on a farm needs to improve every year
to remain successful
Do you want to be successful ?
Your choice. Do remember – if you do not measure you can
not manage.

77. Thank you