Variables of Educational Research

It includes Independent and Dependent variables.

1. Q.1 Define Independent and Dependent Variables. By- Jemima Sultana Department of Education Aligarh Muslim University

2. A variable is any characteristics, number, or quantity that can be measured or counted. Age, sex, business income and expenses, country of birth, capital expenditure, class grades, eye color and vehicle type are examples of variables. It is called a variable because the value may vary between data units in a population, and may change in value over time. I. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES II. DEPENDENT VARIABLES VARIABLES

3. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE Independent variable is antecedent to the dependent variable. This is the variable whose effect is going to be known. It can be measured, manipulated and controlled by the experimenter. It is the cause of a study. The values of independent variable are under experimenter’s control. It influence the dependent variable EXAMPLE: Research Question: “A study of the effect of teacher praise on the reading achievement of second grades students.” Independent Variables: the amount and kind of praise……No praise, oral praise, written praise or both.

4. DEPENDENT VARIABLE Dependent variable is the consequence of independent variable. It is referred to as outcome or effect or responding or criterion variables. It cannot be manipulated or controlled by the researcher. Dependent variable is influenced by independent variable. The result of dependent variable may change by making changes of independent variable. EXAMPLE: Research Question: “A study of the effect of teacher praise on the reading achievement of second grades students.” Dependent Variable: the reading achievement of second grades students.

5. Relationship Between Independent and Dependent Variable INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE CAUSE EFFECT

6. Differences Between Independent and Dependent Variables Basis of Differences Independent Variable Dependent Variable Meaning The variables that do not depend upon other variables are known as independent variables. The variables that depend upon other variables are known as dependent variables. Control Independent variables are controllable. Dependent variables are not controllable. Explanation Independent variables explain the cause and effect of changes in the variables. Dependent variables are explained by the independent variables. Change Can be influenced by researcher. Changes in response variables are directly caused by the changes in independent variables. Outcome It is the exposure variable that is used in research. It is the outcome of the research

7. Thank You