Vernacular architecture case study with examples

case study on vernacular architecture, examples of vernacular architecture, literature case study of vernacular architecture, examples of vernacular architecture of India, Maharashtra, Nanded, Aurangabad, complete case study on vernacular architecture

1. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE GUIDED BY: PROF. Leena Aphale. PROF. Abhishek Mahajan. SUBMITTED BY: Vishaka Bothra.

2. CONTENT: INTRODUCTION. HISTORY. VERNICULAR ARCHITECTURE OF WORLD. Africa, Rome, Turkey. VERNICULAR ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA. Uttarakhand, Assam, Ladakh, Andhra Pradesh. VERNICULAR ARCHITECTURE OF MAHARASHTRA. Wada, Forts. VERNICULAR ARCHITECTURE OF NATIVE Place. Nanded, Aurangabad.

3. INTRODUCTION: Vernacular architecture is architecture characterized by the use of local materials and knowledge, usually without the supervision of professional architects.

4. Vernacular architecture represents the majority of buildings and settlements created in pre-industrial societies and includes a very wide range of buildings, building traditions, and methods of construction.  Vernacular buildings are typically simple and practical, whether residential houses or built for other purposes.

5. HISTORY : Vernacular architecture originated when mankind was forced to make use of the natural resources around him and provide himself shelter and comfort. The simple traditions have long been regarded as backward, and have been replaced by half-digested largely in appropriate architectural values. Humanistic desire to be culturally connected to ones surrounding is reflected to a harmonious architecture, a typology which can be identified with a specific region. This sociologic facts of architectural genre, a spatial language of form that carries through the urban framework. The way human settlements are structured in modernity has been vastly un systematic; current architecture exists on a singular basis, in focused on the connectivity of a community as a whole

6. Vernacular architecture of world All forms of vernacular architecture are built to meet specific needs, accommodating the values, economies and ways of life of the cultures that produce them. vernacular architecture of Africa A majority of African's reside in rural areas and build and live in structures constructed with materials that are obtained locally. These structures use techniques that have been utilized for generations. It is an architecture that is both sustainable and beautiful. Vernacular architecture is composed of local materials and derived from local customs and techniques that have been passed down from generation to generation. But vernacular architecture in most (if not all) African countries is disappearing, being abandoned for Western materials and techniques.

7. MATERIALS USED Materials used in vernacular architecture come from what the land provides - mud, thatch, wood, bamboo, stones, reeds and rocks – and the methods of construction vary with the different cultures. The majority of Africa's population lives in rural areas, in structures made from these materials. Benefits of the material used Homes constructed with mud have characteristics similar to adobe. The walls soak up the sun’s heat in the daytime and releases it at night. The result is that the interior is cooler in the day and warmer at night, compared to the exterior temperature. The thatch roof also helped with thermal control, in effect breathing, allowing warm air to escape during the day. Mud house in Swaziland, Africa

8. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES Namibia — Weaving detail on sorghum storage huts in Northern Namibia Niger granary getting millet out South Africa Tswana traditional kitchen wood and mud-dung construction with grass thatched roof Swaziland home being constructed wood frame with rocks placed inside and will be plastered with mud  Mozambique walls being constructed using coconut palm spined stacked vertically  Fencing done from thatch and bamboo

9. Vernacular architecture of Rome Colosseum Location – regio IV templum pacis (temple of peace) , Rome, Italy Built in – 70-80 AD Type of structure – amphitheatre MATERIALS USED Several materials several materials were employed for the building of the Colosseum, all of them easily found or produced in the Roman area: first of all there is the travertino, a limestone, then tuff for the other pillars and radial walls, tiles for the floors of the upper storeys and the walls & concrete for the vaults. 1.Travertine A limestone that the is a sedimentary stone. Its color is whitish, slightly yellow or reddish. It is still used for building, for floors or as a veneer. The travertino of the Colosseum was quarried from Tibur (today Tivoli, a town about 20 Km from Rome). it was used for the main pillars, the ground floor and the external wall.

10. 2-Tuff:  Tuff is softer than travertine and it brings elasticity. However; since it was not resistant to the fire, the damage was bigger in cases of big fires in Colosseum. 3- Concrete:  Concrete was invented by the Romans. It was cheap, quick to make, and easy to use. To make concrete, the Romans dropped pieces of rubble into sticky mortar made of lime  (a powder of burned chalk or limestone) , water, and pozzolana  (a volcanic ash) .  4- Bricks:  Bricks were mixed with water, sand and tiles. 5 – Iron / Bronze Clamps:  In order to bind stones together these clamps were used. 6 – Marble:  Marble is used both in decoration and the entrances of the caveat in Colosseum. Some of the columns are also made of marble. The first three marble rows were for the nobles and special guests. 7 – Lime:  Lime was used as binder for the cement by adding water. It was made of limestone which is heated. 8 – Mortar : Mortar is mixture of cement/sand and water. There were two types of mortar: The first one is lime mortar – the one we mentioned above, and pozzolanic mortar – the volcanic ash which is an aluminous material reacted with calcium hydroxide. 9 – Stone:  Stone was used on the outside walls of Colosseum and the sections of the building that took the most weight. Big lifting cranes hoisted stone blocks into the air.

11. Beehive houses – Turkey These are found in the thick of hot deserts and cities. Most are found in rural farming communities. With their distinctive domed roofs, these homes protected families from the region's blistering sun. The interiors of the beehive homes are very dark, as most are built without windows. Although the darkness can be inconvenient, the windowless walls protect residents from the harsh desert winds, and block out the sun. With these natural heat-beating factors in place, the interior of each home remains around 75-85 degrees Fahrenheit, while the outside desert can blaze up to a blistery 140 degrees. Materials : Mud Hay bricks

12. Construction Built of all natural local materials, the thick walls act as thick insulation, helping to cool the interior by keeping out the sun. The walls are made from mud bricks and stacked in a giant circle. Building height, they close in to a conical shape and are capped off by domes. The interior and exterior walls are packed with straw and mud the mud walls dry to a hard and durable finish. The top of the beehive dwellings have an oculus—a hole that provides light to the interior and sucks hot air up and out. Even though there is an opening at the top of the dwelling, the conical shape keeps the interior dry during the rare rainy season. The shape also enables rain to quickly drain off of the façade, meaning minimal mud erosion on the exterior of the homes.

13. The familiar  half-timbered  was used informally to mean  timber-framed  construction in the Middle Ages. For economy, cylindrical logs were cut in half, so one log could be used for two (or more) posts. The shaved side was traditionally on the exterior and everyone knew it to be half the timber. Medieval half timbered construction : Half-timbering is a way of constructing wood frame structures with the structural timbers exposed. This medieval method of construction is called timber framing. A  half-timbered  building wears its wood frame on its sleeve, so to speak. The wooden wall framing — studs, cross beams, and braces — are exposed to the outside, and the spaces between the wooden timbers are filled with plaster, brick, or stone. Originally a common type of building method in the 16th century, half-timbering has become decorative and non-structural in designs for today's homes.  A good example of a true half-timbered structure from the 16th century is the Tudor-era manor house known as Little Moreton Hall (c. 1550) in Cheshire, United Kingdom.  In the United States, a Tudor-style home is really a Tudor Revival, which simply takes the "look" of half-timbering instead of exposing the structural wooden beams on the exterior facade or the interior walls

14. Materials half-timbered building wears its wood frame on its sleeve, so to speak. The wooden wall framing — studs, cross beams, and braces are exposed to the outside. The spaces between the wooden timbers are filled with plaster, brick, or stone.  Constructional method After 1400 A.D., many European houses were masonry on the first floor and half-timbered on the upper floors. This design was originally pragmatic — not only was the first floor seemingly more protected from bands of marauders but like today's foundations a masonry base could well support tall wooden structures. It's a design model that continues with today's revival styles. In the United States, colonists brought these European building methods with them, but the harsh winters made half-timbered construction impractical. The wood expanded and contracted dramatically, and the plaster and masonry filling between the timbers could not keep out cold drafts. Colonial builders began to cover exterior walls with wood clapboards or masonry.

15. Pitched roof over entrance Wooden trusses supporting the sloping Mangalore tiled roof . Construction material Wooden frame structure High basalt stone plinth Thick brick infill walls Arched entrance constructed out of bricks Most commonly used materials are wood , stone and brick

16. KOTI BANAL FROM UTTARKASHI DISTRICT OF UTTARAKHAND Koti banal structures are earthquake resistant buildings which have been standing since past 900 years Rajgarhi area of Uttarkashi and can be anywhere from 2-7 storeys high although the residences are generally 2or 3 storeys , where the lower storey is for keeping cattle and upper storeys are for residing and as attic to store grains. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA

17. The building rests upon a raised platform made from dry masonry over the foundation. The walls are 50 to 60cm thick and are made up of timber reinforced stone masonry with the paste of pulse as mortar, the structure has minimum openings so that the heat is trapped inside the house, single small door access on the ground floor and relatively smaller south-facing windows are provided, the upper two floors have balconies running around the whole building cantilevered with the support of wooden logs of the flooring system with a wooden railing. The roof consists of a wooden frame and is cladded with slate tiles.

18. The circular form of these houses helps to provide insulation against the external environment by resisting high-velocity desert winds and reducing exposure to heat. I t also resists lateral forces of an earthquake, thus, making the structure earthquake resistant. Since, the traditional Bhunga dwelling requires regular maintenance i.e. a regular application of lime plaster to the walls and floor and replacing dried grass on the roof more and more houses nowadays are shifting towards Mangalore tiles as an alternative to the thatched roof.

19. BAMBOO HOUSE OF ASSAM T he traditional bamboo house has a higher plinth level. The structure can be of maximum two storeys connected through the bamboo staircase, and the walls are of timber frames inserted with ikra panels(A weed, which grows in river plains and lakes across the state of Assam) covered with 3 layers of mud mortar plaster, open spaces are provided in front (chotal) and backside (bari)of the house.

20. Due to heavy downpour round the year, Gable or Hip roof are considered best options as it doesn’t allow waterlogging and are made up of locally available grass which can last up to 10 years before being replaced.

21. MUD AND TIMBER ARCHITECTURE OF LADAKH A traditional house of Ladakh consists of a single large room with an oven in the corner which is used for cooling as well as heating the interior spaces and is made entirely of mud, sometimes reinforced with horizontally placed timber members. The ground level is reserved for animals, wood, and fodder storage for winters whereas the upper level has the habitable spaces.

22. Cavity walls of the structure are either made of sun-dried bricks or rammed earth and a six-inch gap between the two walls is filled with low-cost insulation: sawdust or wood shaving mixed with earth and clay. The walls are generally thick at the bottom and taper gradually as they rise, these are coated with 15-25 mm thick wet mud plaster. Most mud plasters have to be repaired annually.

23. CHUTTILLU FROM VISAKHAPATNAM DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH Chuttilu style houses are built with mud or mud and wattle, the house is raised on a plinth decorated with finger marks in white rice paste or vertical stripes of white and red ochre. Thickly thatched roof projects and comes down very low on all sides to protect interiors of the mud walls from the rains and because of it, it was better not to have windows.

24. The interior of the house is divided into two or three rooms: the inner circular room is used to stock grains during summer and used as sleeping space during winters, it is enveloped by another circular space that serves as the kitchen on one side and a store or a sitting/sleeping area at the other end. Each house has a spacious verandah at the entrance. Earlier, the houses were built close to each other in a circular formation so that the cyclonic winds that often hit the coast bounced off tangentially away from the cluster

25. Vernacular architecture of Maharashtra Wada is an example of vernacular architecture in western Maharashtra Typical Wada Brick , stone , and mortar structure built upon stone foundation. Plinth- 4-6ft in length and upto 4m in height ; built with dressed sandstone in lime mortar. Structural framework built in wood Entrance- north facing. Equipped with huge double panelled , metal spiked door. Kitchen wall provided with shaft for better ventilation. Parapet courses in brick.

26. Joshi Wada Location : pune, Maharashtra Example of ordinary Wada typology It has square plan Two storied structure with court abutting the street. House and main entrance is oriented towards the east.

27. Construction material Wooden frame structure High basalt stone plinth Thick brick infill walls Arched entrance constructed out of bricks Most commonly used materials are wood , stone and brick Pitched roof over entrance Wooden trusses supporting the sloping Mangalore tiled roof . Construction material Wooden frame structure High basalt stone plinth Thick brick infill walls Arched entrance constructed out of bricks Most commonly used materials are wood , stone and brick

28. Fort architecture in Maharashtra Forts were primary defence mechanism in Maharashtra against enemy invasions since the ancient times and are known in local language as ‘KILLA’. They were naturally and artificially protected human settlements, guarded by elements like hills, the forests, the desert, the sea, and man made stone structures that formed a armour around them. Types of forts Hill forts Land forts Forests forts Sea forts Human forts

29. Hill fort These forts were combination of land and sea forts. The hill forts were most common in Maharshtra and scattered all around sahyadri mountains. Pratapgad fort , Raigad fort Construction of hill forts The hill forts were constructed from stones carved out from the very mountains and joined (as per the design) with the help of lime, rubble, gravel, stones, bricks (used mainly in land forts/ smaller forts) , molten metal and sand. Lime mortar was ground on the fort itself with the help of a roller passing through a circular channel. The stones formed the outer layer of the fort. Stone layer were often sandwiched between earth, rubble and mortar.

30. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF NANDED. KANDHAR FORT Kandhar Fort  or  Kandhar Khilla  is a fort located in  Kandhar , Nanded district in the state of Maharashtra, India. [1]  Its construction attributed to the  Rashtrakuta   King Krishna IIII  of Malkhed. Kandhar is the taluka place of Nanded district which is 40 KM from Nanded, the Kandahar city was the capital of the Rashtrakuta. Kandhar Fort was built during the reign of Rashtrakuta dynasty. Encircling the fort, is a ditch filled with water. Outside the Kandhar fort at some distance is a hillock on which an old Eidgah held in reverence by the Muslims. It is of Nizamsahi period with two domes in characteristic Ahmednagar style. The architecture of the fort has some amazingly elaborates security designs. There is a ditch in the periphery and Mogul style construction in the Kandhar fort is remarkable. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF NATIVE PLACE.

31. Also, worth noticing is a clock tower. The place was once surrounded by the common market area. Lal Mahal and Darbar Mahal are worth a visit. A beautiful water tank with fountains and the surrounding garden remnants suggest the royalty experienced by the medieval Sultans. Amongst the all the heritage structures in the fort, the most charismatic is the Ambar Khana and Sheesh Mahal. The Sheesh Mahal is a double-storied building probably constructed at the same site where the Rashtrakuta Royal Palace existed. The Sheesh Mahal seems like the Rani Mahal of the Tughlaq and Bahmani sultans. Also, the fort features many sculptures. Amongst them, the most noteworthy remains the huge ‘yaksha vastupurush’ sculpture of a man measuring 60 feet in height.

32. MATERIALS: BLACK STONE- Black stone is mainly used for construction of this fort which is local material of this area. LIME MORTAR- lime mortar is used for fixing the stones. TIMBER- Timber is used for making of doors and it is also used for making roofs at some places in fort. TIN- Tin is used as fixing material it is used as mortar, It is melted and pour into the gap in between stone which is used as floor.

33. HUZUR SAHEB NANDED: Huzur sahib is also known as t akht Sachkhand Sri Hazur Abchalnagar Sahib, is one of the five  takhts  in  Sikhism . It is located on the banks of the  River Godavari  at the city of  Nanded  in the state of  Maharashtra ,  India The Gurudwara Complex at Hazur Sahib Nanded is a magnificent structure made by accomplished artisans in the 1830s. It was built by Maharaja Ranjit Singh in the honour of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. The entire complex took about 5 years to be constructed and 1837 onwards was opened to the followers and the public. This sanctum is also called the Angitha Sahib.  Inside the angitha saheb t wo golden domes with a gold plated traditional Kalash.

34. The interiors of the sanctum have a carpeted floor and marble linings decorated with floral patterns on the lower portions of the walls. The middle portions have some impressive stucco work while the upper walls and the ceiling bear shimmering gold plates. The entire complex has white colored walls and flooring, mostly made of marble. The rest of the gurudwara building consists of a room on the first floor and some more rooms in the basement. The first floor has kiosks with domes on octagonal pedestals, windows with Jali work and some stucco work on the wall. The entry wall also has several more gold pates installed on the outside and some decorative fencing.

35. MATERIALS: WHITE MARBLE: White marble is main used as main construction material which is used for construction of takht Sachkhand Sri Hazur Abchalnagar Sahib Colored marbles and gemstones are used as decorative materials, together with painted stucco detailing inside some of the outer buildings . GOLD: The upper walls and the ceiling have decorated with gold plates and colored stone merge in it. Blue sapphire, Emerald, Hessonite, Ruby, Red coral, White sapphire, Yellow sapphire is used in designing. This gems are lining decorated with flowering pattern on the lower portion of wall.

36. VERNICULAR ARCHITECTURE OF AURANGABAD DAULATABAD FORT: Daulatabad Fort is situated on a 600 feet high hill. The construction of the fort is based on the forts constructed on ground and hills. Three walls, known as  kots , surround the fort so the fort is considered as one of the most powerful forts.

37. Aurangabad Caves: Aurangabad Caves are situated between  Satara and Sihyachal   mountain ranges. These caves have the temples which were built in between 6th and 8th centuries. The temples in the caves were built on the basis of Buddhist architecture. There is a popular shrine that is based on  Sutosama Jataka . The caves include paintings and rock-cut sculptures described as among the finest surviving examples of ancient Indian art. They are universally regarded as masterpiece of Buddhist religious art. The site is protected monument in the care of the Archaeological Survey of India, since 1983,the Ajanta Caves have been a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

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