Veterinary Anatomy of Male and female genital system lectures together and specie difference between different species

Veterinary Anatomy of Male and female genital system lectures together and specie difference between different species

1. Male Genital System

2. Learning outcomes
By the end of this lecture you will be able to
•Name the parts of male genital system
•Describe the structure of various parts
•Describe the differences among species
(Penis and urethra will be skipped from this presentation for self study)
•Describe the events in descent of testicles
•Describe the layers of scrotum and scrotal
septum.
•Describe inguinal canal and its contents.

3. MALE GENITAL ORGANS:
SCROTUM:
Envelopes testicals, epididymis and distal part of spermatic cord
PREPUCE:
Envelopes glans of penis




Scrotum: 2/3 of the distance from preputial opening to anus, b/w
the thighs

4. MALE GENITAL ORGANS

–PAIRED TESTES
–EPIDIDYMIDES
–DEFERENT DUCTS
–URETHRA
–PENIS

–ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS
•Prostate glands?
•Ampullae of ductus deferens?
•Seminal Vesicles?
•Bulbourethral glands?

5. Bull

–SCROTUM
–TESTES
–EPIDIDYMIS
–DEFERENT DUCTS
–URETHRA
–PENIS
–PREPUCE
–ACCESSORY
SEX GLANDS

6. Dog

7. Till now…
•What does prepuce envelopes?
•What does scrotum holds?
•What are different parts of genital tract?
•Name the sex glands.
•Which sex glands are absent in dog?
•Where was each of these glands located?

8. Testicle
–External Structure
•Visceral vaginal tunic
•Shape, poles, surfaces, borders and orientation (specie
specific)

–Internal Structure (as discussed in histology)
•Coverings Tunica albuginea and testicular capsule

•Seminiferous tubules (contorted and straight)
•Cord like CT in mid = mediastinum
Testicular network and rete testis
•Efferent ducts

10. •Epididymis:

–Head (Caput epididymis)
–Body (corpus epididymis)
–Tail (cauda epididymis)

–Testicular bursa
(aka sinus epididymalis)
- b/w lateral border of epididymis
& testical

1.Proper ligament
2.Ligament of tail of epididymis
- connects caudal pole of testes to vaginal tunic & spermatic fascia
3. Scrotal ligament
- continuation of lig. Of tail of epididymis into scrotum

11. Dog
•TESTIS:
oval (L=3cm, W= 2cm if dog 25 lb)
Placed obliquely (dorso caudally)

•Surfaces = 4 (dorsal, ventral, lateral & medial)
•Poles =2 (cranial & caudal)

•Epididymis
•L= 5-10 m

12. Testes
Stallion
oOval
oPoles: cranial & caudal
oAttached border dorsal
oTunica albuginea thick &
musculoelastic
oNo rete testis, no distinct
mediastinum testis
Bull
oElongated ovoid
oPoles: dorsal and ventral
oAttached border caudal
oTunica albuginea thin, elastic
but lack muscles
oDistinct rete testis and
mediastinum testis

13. Epididymis
Stallion
oEpididymis attaches
laterally on dorsal
border of testis
oL =72-81m
Bull
oEpididymis attaches
laterally on caudal
border of testis
oL= 40-50m

14. Recall
•External layers of testicals?
•Poles? Borders? Surfaces?
•Orientation of testicals?
•Difference of tunica albuginea? Mediastinum? Rete
testes?

•Parts of epididymis?
•Location of epididymis?
•Testicular bursa
•Location of ductus deferens

•Ligaments?

15. Ductus Deference
L = 17 to 18cm in Dog
From cauda epididymis to the seminal hillock/
seminal colliculus after passing through the mass
of prostate gland.

Course of Ductus Deferens
–From the tail of epididymis, ductus deferens runs along the
dorsomedial border of testis
–Ascends in the spermatic cord
–Enters abdominal cavity through inguinal canal
–Runs in the fold of peritoneum and crosses ventral to ureter at the
level of lateral ligament of u.bladder
–Ampulla of the ductus deferens
–Penetrates the prostate to open into prostetic urethra lateral to
colliculus seminalis

18. Ductus Deferens
Stallion
oDuctus deferens attaches
medially on dorsal border
of testes
ocommon duct of seminal
vesicles and ductus
deference--- ejaculatory
duct opens through
ejaculatory orifices
bilaterally on seminal
hillock (--Robert Getty)
Bull
oDuctus deferens attaches
medially on caudal
border of testes

oDuctus deferens has
separate opening
bilaterally on seminal
hillock medial to the
opening of excretory
duct of seminal vesicles
(--Robert Getty)

20. Accessory sex glands

21. What did you learn?
•Course of ductus deferens?
•Terminal opening of ductus deferens?
•What is ejaculatory duct/orifice?
•Accessory sex glands of dog? Bull? Stallion?
•Difference in seminal vesicles?
•Parts of prostate gland? In dog? Bull? Stallion?
•Bulbourethral/cowper’s glands?

22. Uro-genital system
•Embryologically and anatomically, the two systems
are intimately connected.

•Both develop from a common mesodermal ridge
along the dorsal wall of abdominal cavity (from and
around mesonephros in sublumber region).

•In higher animals the two apparatus are independent
except at terminal part
•female = Vestibule and vulva
•Male= greater part of urethra

23. Descent of Testes dog: begins at about the time of birth
ruminants and pig: before birth
horse: 10-14 days before or after birth
•Testical lying inside
peritoneal cavity


•one pole of testical
attached to gubernaculum
and scrotum

24. Descent….

Shortening of gubernaculum
(now becomes ligament of tail of
epididymis)

Testical descends into scrotum
after passing through inguinal
canal

Taking along it the peritoneal
covering now called vaginal
tunic, epididymis and ductus
deferens, vessels and nerves.

33. What did you notice?
•Original location of testicals?
•What is gubernaculum? Where does it attach?
•Sequence of changes?
•What does gubernaculum become later?
•What is pulled down along with testical?

34. SCROTUM:
–Pouch of skin (+ 5 connective tissue layers)
–Divided into two cavities by median septum
–Having a testicle, epididymis, distal part of spermatic
cord

–Skin, subcut tissue, tunica dartos,
–external spermatic fascia,
–internal spermatic fascia,
–parietal tunica vaginalis

–Scrotal septum: (all layers of scrotum except skin)
tunica dartos in middle and external and internal
spermatic fascia and parietal tunica vaginalis on both
sides.

35. ………

38. Scrotum
s/c
Median septum

39. Things you know by now
•Layers of scrotum?

•Which structure turned into visceral vaginal tunic?
•What turned into parietal vaginal tunic?
•What communicates with peritoneal cavity?
•Mesorchium?


•How does cremester muscle form?
•Where did external and internal spermatic fascia come from?

•What is median scrotal groove?
•What is median scrotal septum?
•Which part of scrotum is not part of septum?
•Which parts of scrotal layers get doubled in septum?
•Which is the middle layer of septum?

•What are the contents scrotum holds?
•Proper lig? lig of tail of epi? Scrotal lig?

40. Scrotum

Horse
•Non pendulous, Long axis
horizontal
•Usually hairless, smooth, oily
and pigmented in stallion
•Scrotal ligament well
developed.



Ox
•Long pendulous scrotum in
bull (as long axis of testes
vertical)
•Covered with fine hair.
•Tunica dortos well developed
(10mm thick)

41. Inguinal canal and inguinal rings

42. Spermatic cord

44. Answer now
•What is inguinal canal?
•What is superficial inguinal ring?
•What is deep inguinal ring?
•Boundaries of inguinal canal?
•Contents of spermatic cord?
•Mesorchium? Mesoductus deferens?
•Inguinal structures in female?

45. Penis and prepuce

46. Male Urethra
–Internal opening of urethra -neck of bladder
–External urethral opening -at free extremity
of penis

•Pelvic portion
–Pre-prostatic portion, prostatic portion
•Penile portion

47. DOG’s PENIS Topographically : Root, Body and Glans.
–Root
•2 Crura of penis (with in each crus is blood filled corpus cavernosum)
•Unpaired bulb of penis (blood filled sac that lies b/w crura at ischial
arch and its continuous with corpus spongiosum surrounding urethra)

–Body
•2 dorsal Cavernous bodies terminate into os penis
•1 ventral spongy body that modifies into tissue of glans

–Glans penis
•Bulbus glandis
•Pars longa glandis
(Os penis and spongy body)

–Surfaces
•Dorsal and ventral or urethral surface

51. Penis Stallion
Musculo-cavernous type
•larger blood spaces,
tunica albuginea and
septa are thinner and
muscular

•Larger volume of
blood is needed for
errection (increase in
diameter and length)
Bull
Fibro-elastic type in ruminants
•Small blood vessels or caves
or spaces --- cavernous
tissue with thick tunica
albuginea --- surrounding
both corpus cavernosum and
corpus spongiosum

•Sigmoid flexure--- non errect
penis in ruminants

•Needs less blood to
engorge/toughen. Elongates
by straightening of flexture.

53. Glans Penis
Stallion
•Resembles mushroom with
corona

•Neck of glans (collum
glandis)

•Central fossa (fossa glandis)

•Terminal part of urethra
protrudes into the fossa
glandis.


Bull
•The free extremity of penis
is capped b y a small glans

•Asymmetrical and slightly
twisted.

•Urethra ends in a low
projection with a slit like
opening at its tip.

•In small ruminants the
urethra extends 4 cm in
ram, 2.5 cm in buck. And it
has the erectile tissue.

55. What did you get?
•Root of penis?
•Body of penis?
•Glans penis in dog?
•Glans in horse Vs Glans in ox?
•Bulb of penis vs bulbus glandis?
•Type of penile tissue? Sigmoid flexure?

56. Dog’s Prepuce:

•Internal and
external lamina
•Ostium preputiale
•Prepucial cavity
•Fornix

57. Prepuce/sheath
Stallion
•Horse has an additional fold
that allows considerable
lengthening of penis during
errection.

•Cranial preputial muscle for
protraction of prepuce =
absent in horse

•Caudal preputial muscle for
retraction of prepuce=
absent in horse only


Bull
•External (skin)and
internal lamina which
are continuous at
preputial opening

•Cranial preputial muscle
= present in ox only

•Caudal preputial muscle
= present in ox

•Tuft of hair at preputial
opening is present

59. •Prepuce proper internal
•Sheath external
•Preputial ring
•Preputial cavity

60. •How many laminae of prepuce are there?
•Preputial ring?
•Preputial cavity?

61. Female Reproductive System

62. Learning outcomes
•By the end of this lecture you will be able to
•Tell Names of organs with sequence
•Location of ovaries
•Describe and compare structures of various
organs
•Describe the attachments/ligaments of organs

63. Parts of system
•Paired ovaries
•Uterine tubes/fallopian
tubes/salpinx/oviducts
•Uterus/metra/hystera +
Neck of uterus/cervix
•Vagina +Vestibule
•Vulva
•ligaments

64. OVARIES---Position
suspended by mesovarium and other ligaments
Bitch &
queen
Dorsal part of abdomen
(caudal to kidneys)
Mare Hang 8-10cm ventral to the dorsal wall
+ lie cranial to oviduct and uterine horns
Ruminants Close to abdominal floor + lie caudal to
oviduct and uterine horns (..just cranial
to pelvic inlet).

67. Form and Size of Ovaries
MARE ALL DOMESTIC SPECIES
Kidney shaped Ellipsoidal in shape

Relatively regular surface Large follicles and corpora lutea on
surface
Mare = 7 or 8-12cm Long
3 to 4 cm thick
70 to 80 grams
Small ruminant=1.5-2cm Long
Cow = 3 or4-6cm Long
2.5cm wide,1.5cm thick
15 to 20grams

2 surfaces =medial & lateral
2borders= attached & free (fossa(
2 poles= tubal & uterine
2 surfaces =medial & lateral
2borders= attached & free
2 poles= tubal &uterine

68. STRUCTURE
Tunica albuginea with germinal epithelium, cortex/parenchyma
& medulla
Mare Cow

69. Lets recall
•Organs?
•Location of ovaries?
•Shape of ovaries?
•Borders, poles, surfaces.
•Ovulation fossa
•Cortex and medulla

70. Ovarian Attachments

1. Mesovarium (part of broad ligament)
Mesovarium proximale – from body wall to mesosalpinx
Mesovarium distale - from mesosalpinx to ovary

Ovary is attached both to the body wall and the mesosalpinx by mesovarium
(Wall of ovarian bursa is formed both by mesovarium and meso salpinx)

2.Suspensory ligament of ovary (cranial portion of free border of broad
ligament) ….. Absent in cow and mare.

Extends from 13
th
(& 12
th
) rib to the ventral surface of ovary & mesosalpinx
(lies b/w opening of ovarian bursa and ascending oviduct)

3.Proper ligament of ovary
Suspensory ligament is continued caudally by proper ligament of ovary. It
extends from ovary to the cranial end of the uterine horn. (again part of
broad lig/mesovarium)

•Both proper and suspensory lig have C.T and smooth muscle fibers.

77. Fallopian Tubes/ uterine tubes/
oviducts/ salpinx

Ascending part (Runs craniolaterally along the free edge of
suspensory ligament)
Descending part (0.5 cm cranial to ovary it swings onto the dorsal
surface of suspensory ligament and caudomedially towards ovary
and then caudo laterally towards apex of uterine horn)

•Infundibulum (Inside Ovarian bursa, has Fimbriae)
abdominal ostium near opening of ovarian bursa
•Ampulla (site of fertilization)
•Isthmus (uterine ostium/utero-tubal junction)


Attachment
Mesosalpinx (part of broad ligament)

78. UTERINE TUBE/
FALLOPIAN TUBE/OVIDUCT/SALPINX

•20-30cm in mare
•20-25cm in cow


•UT JUNCTION
–Abrupt (mare and bitch)
–Gradual (cow)

80. See what we know now?
•Names of ligaments?
•Attachments?
•Parts of oviduct?
•Difference of uterotubal junction?

81. UTERUS/ HYSTERA/ METRA
& CERVIX or NECK
•Uterus duplex
•Uterus bicornis
•Uterus simplex

BICORNIS and BIPARTITE
–Single median cervix
–Single median body
–Paired horns

Horn length
–25cm (mare)
–35-40cm (cow)
& Domestic
ruminants

82. Uterus/ Histera/ Metra
•Cervix
•Body of uterus
•Uterine Horns


Attachments:
•Mesometrium (part of broad ligament)
•Round Lig. of uterus
The proper ligament of ovary is continuous with the round ligament of
uterus – it extends caudally toward the inguinal canal and passes
through it wrapped by vaginal process

85. MARE UTERUS
•Large body and 2 divergent
horns usually raised
towards the roof of
abdomen.
•Body larger compared to
cow’s
•Cervix is comparatively
small
•Folds in cervix are
longitudinal
•Length of cervix = 5 cm

COW UTERUS
•2 horns,each horn coils
ventrally on itself.
•Very small body as the
septum extends almost as
far as the cervix
(Most of the externally visible body is
caudal part of horns)
•Caruncles on mucosal side
•Intercornual ligaments
•Circular folds in cow’s cervix
•Length of cervix = 10cm

90. •Vagina
•(From the external os of uterus to entrance of urethra)
•Shorter (mare), longer (cow)
•Vestibule (Vestibular bulb, constrictor vestibuli)
•From external urethral opening to external vulva
–long (mare), short in cow

–Suburethral diverticulum in cow
–Urethra in bitch (urethral ostium) at urethral tubercle

94. VULVA


•Dorsal commissure is rounded and ventral one
pointed. (Reversed in mare)

•Clitoris (homologus to male penis, fossa
clitoridis)

97. What do you remember?
•Types of uteri?
•Attachments of uterus
•Inter cornual lig?
•Difference of horns?
•Horns vs body?
•Caruncles?
•Cervical canal? Ostia? Folds? Length?
•Vaginal fornix?

98. NERVES & VESSELS
ARTERIES
•Ovarian a
•Uterine a
(br of external iliac in mare, of internal iliac in others)
•Vaginal a (br of internal iliac a)
•Internal pudendal a

NERVES
•Ovaries (intermesenteric, caudal mesenteric plexus and vagus)
•Remaining tract (pelvic plexus)

99. Blood supply

102. •References:
–The Anatomy of Domestic Animals (Robert Getty)
– Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals (Konig
& Liebich)
–Miller’s Anatomy of the Dog
–Pasquini