VII - Methods and Materials in Health Education.pptx

Method and material for undergraduate health science students

1. Teaching Methods and Material in Health Educat ion By Nagasa Dida (B.Sc. in PH, MPH-HPE, Ass’t Professor) E-mail: [email protected] Cell-phone: [phone]/2017 1

2. Introduction Basically health education helps people to make wise choices about their health . To do this, accurate information must be presented in an understandable way using different methods . 5/17/2017 2

3. Cont’d… Teaching method - is the way in which messages are conveyed . Refer to how subject matter is going to be dealt with in a broad sense It ranges from what is heard to what is seen and done . It includes modern methods and instruments and different combination of tools. 5/17/2017 3

4. Types of teaching methods Audios Visual Written-word Direct Experience Audio-visuals 5/17/2017 4

5. Audios Audio includes anything heard such as spoken-word (talk), music, sound , etc . Characteristics: They are effective when based on similar or known experience. Could be distorted or misunderstood when translated . They can create misunderstanding and are easily forgotten. 5/17/2017 5

6. Spoken-word (talks) A spoken word is a symbol standing for an object or conveying an idea The most natural way of communicating with people . Speakers and listeners who share the same language and background can usually understand each other’s . Words describing tangible objects are more easily understood than those dealing with abstract ideas . E.g., health center building, quality of health services 5/17/2017 6

7. Health-Talks When talks are on health agenda , we call it a health talk . The talks may be conducted with one person or with a family or group of people. Group size Talks are good if conducted with small gatherings ( 5 to 10 people ). 5/17/2017 7

8. Participation Discussion is important that People can Ask questions, Share ideas, and Be clear about the real message of the talk . The larger the group the less the participation of members of a group; Participation is easy in small groups. Do not accept silence as agreement or understanding. 5/17/2017 8

9. In Preparing a Talk, Consider the ff: Know the group ; find out their needs and interests. Select an appropriate topic ; should be a single, simple topic . Have correct and up-to-date information ; look for sources of facts or recent information. List the points you make. Prepare only a few main points. 5/17/2017 9

10. Cont’d… Write down what you will say . If you do not like writing , think carefully about what to include in your talk. Think of examples , proverbs and stories to emphasize your points. Think of visual aids ; well chosen posters, photos, etc. will help people learn. Practice your whole talk ; this should include telling of stories and showing of posters and pictures. 5/17/2017 10

11. Cont’d… Determine amount of time you need . The talk, including visual aids should take about 15-20 minutes . Allow 15 minutes or more for questions and discussion . It should not be a long talk . 5/17/2017 11

12. Cont’d… Some points to remember when preparing and conducting health talks Make sure whether you can speak the local language or find a good interpreter. Words may not mean the same for all people . Know about the listeners . Build on what the listeners know . Encourage listeners to challenge, raise questions and comment Talks could become effective by combining with any of visual aids such as demonstrations, role-plays, posters, video shows, chalk boards, etc 5/17/2017 12

13. Cont’d… Choose the appropriate time . Pay attention to both verbal and non-verbal communications. Know that some error is inevitable and admit. Lack of understanding is not because of stupidity of the audience . 5/17/2017 13

14. b. Visual Visuals include something seen , e.g., a poster Written words are not included under visuals. characteristics of visuals . They can arouse interest if of high quality Provide a clear mental picture of the message Speed up and enhance understanding Can stimulate active thinking Create opportunities for active learning Help memory and provide shared experience 5/17/2017 14

15. 3. Written-word Includes anything written such as books, journals, magazines, leaflets , etc Apart from spoken-word , the written word has been used for years . Written words have the advantage to be distributed to the audience so that they read and understand them at their convenient times . 5/17/2017 15

16. 4. Direct Experience It is a learning through doing : E.g. giving injection to a patient. For messages that need to be learned and practiced , direct experience by the receiver is fundamental It ensures the practice and understanding of issues related. Useful when the objective of the training is to make the trainee perform the tasks. 5/17/2017 16

17. Cont’d… Talks and teaching materials such as handouts and textbooks will only supplement the learning process ; however, they could not substitute direct experience. 5/17/2017 17

18. Cont’d… The following concept is derived from Chinese proverb. If I hear, I forget -------------> symbols If I see, I remember ------------> Visuals If I do, I know ------------> experience You Remember 20% of what you hear You remember 50% of what you hear , and see You remember 90% of what you hear, see & do . With repetition close to 100% is remembered. 5/17/2017 18

19. 5. Audio-visuals Are multi-sensory materials. They combine both seeing and listening . For example a television set is both heard and seen . When they are used appropriately , more effective communication takes place . Note also that different media appeal to different people . Therefore, in communicating messages it is not advisable to concentrate only on one of the senses , rather on the combination of the senses . 5/17/2017 19

20. Teaching materials- Are all materials that are used as A teaching aid to Support the communication process & Bring desired effects on the audience. 5/17/2017 20

21. Types Audio (for the ears) Radio Tapes/audio recording Songs Town criers Visual Flipchart poster Written-word Direct Experience Audio-visuals 5/17/2017 21

22. Audio (for the ears) Radio Radio broadcasting services as an important means of information, education and entertainment . At present, health issues are being regularly disseminated through radio which covers the vast majority of the country. A radio plays a remarkable role in behavior change communication. 5/17/2017 22

23. b. Tapes/audio recording This is the cassette tape that can be played on small portable machine using batteries. It is useful as an aid to provide health information and strength the health message dissemination . Other: Song Town carrier 5/17/2017 23

24. Visual POSTER : A poster is a large sheet of paper , often about 60 cm wide by 90cm high with words & pictures or 40cm wide by 60cm length carrying a bold clear message . It is widely used by commercial firms for advertising products. They commonly serve three purposes: To give information and advice , e.g. beware of AIDS! To give directions & instructions , e.g. how to prevent HIV / AIDS To announce important events & programmers , e.g. World AIDS day 5/17/2017 24

25. Cont’d… Standard rules in making posters : All words should be in the local language Words should be few & simple /it conveys best single idea in a brief slogan with a maximum of seven words / Symbols that illiterate people will also understand should be used Mix of colors should be used to attract attention 5/17/2017 25

26. Cont’d… General principles about posters : They should contain the n ame of the event, date & time, & place They should be large enough to be seen from some distance; Could be used for small or larger groups Should be placed where many people are likely to pass Do not leave them up for more than one month , to avoid boredom Never use them before pre-testing 5/17/2017 26

27. Cont’d… 2 . FLIPCHART Made up of a number of posters that are meant to be shown one after the other . In this way, several steps or aspects of a central topic can be presented e.g., family planning . Their purpose is to give information and instructions , or record information when prepared with blank pieces of paper . 3 . Photographs Used to show people new ideas or new skills being practiced. 5/17/2017 27

28. 3. Written-word Leaflets/folders/ a sheet of printed paper, usually folded , that is distributed free as part of an advertising or information. Leaflets can be very appealing if their message is simple and clear , and if the language is understood by the reader. In preparing them, short sentences & paragraphs should be used, illustrated with simple drawings or pictures that are easily understood. They need to be pre-tested before distributed to the villagers. 5/17/2017 28

29. b) Newspapers a publication containing news and comment on current events , together with features & advertisements might be of some help in reaching the villagers. the national newspaper does not reach smaller communities , or the people are unable to read them. In this case, a newsletter, written by the villagers themselves , can become the communities’ newspaper. Place copies on a bulletin board or wall in a public meeting places (market, well, bar). 5/17/2017 29

30. c. booklet Consists of up to about 24 pages joined together at the spine . it may be small in size and few pages but has more space for information . 5/17/2017 30

31. 4. Direct Experience Demonstrations Is pleasant way of sharing skills and knowledge . Though it basically focuses on practice It also involves both theoretical teaching as well. “ Showing how is better than telling how .” Purpose : Help people learn new skills Examples Taking blood pressure Taking contraceptive pills to prevent pregnancy Using child growth monitoring chart 5/17/2017 31

32. Cont’d… Size of Audience for Demonstration Sessions Demonstrations can be used to teach individuals. Demonstration teachings are effective in small groups that are manageable . It minimizes physical barriers . When groups are large there is less chance to practice and ask questions . 5/17/2017 32

33. Cont’d… For Effective Demonstration Demonstration must be realistic/practical Should fit in the local culture Use materials and objects that are familiar to the people Have enough materials for everyone to use during practice 5/17/2017 33

34. Cont’d… Place : - Adequate space is needed for everyone to see and practice Time : - Choose a time that is convenient for every one Allow for enough time Do not rush Checking : - Check that everyone can practice the skill . When the purpose is to transfer skills , the most important thing is making sure that the learners could do it by themselves. 5/17/2017 34

35. Cont’d… Reading assignment  Drama and Role-Plays 5/17/2017 35

36. 5. Audio-visuals could be used in health education sessions on a day-to-day basis or during special presentations and trainings . Depending on Target group, Availability of equipment , and Size of the group , they can be used for different purposes . The purpose could range from creation of awareness to transferring of skills in trainings . 5/17/2017 36

37. a. Television : Television is a medium of communication that creates lively interest to audience . In the health field , it serves as a powerful advocate of health directed behavior change. Reaches potentially the largest and widest range of intended audiences 5/17/2017 37

38. Visual combined with audio good for emotional appeals and demonstrating behaviors Can reach low income intended audiences Television allows us to show people how to do something . E.g., you can show how to buy condoms , ask for treatment at an STD clinic, or ask a partner to use a condom . 5/17/2017 38

39. b. Video Films : Are useful communication medium that can provide action, color and sound . Video films have many purposes. Some present information , Some demonstrate skills , Others are like plays and show real life situations . E.g., a video show on HIV/AIDS helps to increase awareness and influence feelings. On the other hand, TBA could be trained on prenatal, delivery and postnatal cares u sing videos as auxiliary teaching aids. 5/17/2017 39

40. Advantages and limitation Advantages : Printed materials It make possible a wide range of formats (handouts, work book, poster, etc) It can be used as medium in its own, or as a support for other kinds of media , e.g., in campaigns Printing on different surfaces & materials (paper, close, plastic packaging, etc) Printed material can be used in different ways . It can be used temporary just to be read and throw away, or it can be a permanent record to be used and reused. 5/17/2017 40

41. Cont’d… Printed material can be produced to any level of sophistication suited to any audience Material can be produced without access to electricity Printed material can be used and viewed freely; no special rooms or facilities are needed (sometimes not even a class room) Readers can use printed material in their own way and at their own speed-they can learn at their own pace and read They can be produced locally 5/17/2017 41

42. Cont’d… Audio-visual materials They are good for realistic illustration (e.g., photographic shows in film slides or with LCD The can convey strong messages with high emotion appeal They are good for showing examples and studies They can show movement Information can reach a vast area within a short period of time 5/17/2017 42

43. Limitations Printed materials May be fragile and susceptible to tear It can be difficult to store as it may come in many different shapes and sizes Long-term storage may be difficult due to bulk and susceptibility to damp, heat, dust , etc 5/17/2017 43

44. Cont’d… Printing sometimes costly , e.g. If elaborate materials and special finishes are required, or if paper is in short supply Timely distribution arrangement may be difficult 5/17/2017 44

45. Audiovisual Materials They are one-way communication and can’t get feedback immediately They are often expensive and complex to produce It may be difficult to pause, or repeat pictures when needed Correct videotaping conditions and light levels may be essential for successful communication and difficult to achieve Projection equipment may be expensive or difficult to maintain Electricity is usually needed 5/17/2017 45

46. Which approach is/are appropriate for our Audience? Individual approach Group approach Mass approach 1. Personal contact 1. Lectures 1. Television 2 . Home visits 2. Demonstrations 2. Radio 3. Personal Letters 3. Discussion m ethods : 3. News paper Group discussion 4. Printed material Panel discussion 5. Direct mailing Symposium 6. Posters Workshop 7. Health museums and exhibitions Conferences 8. Folk methods Seminars 9. Internet Role play

47. How to choose teaching methods When choosing teaching methods for a particular session, you may consider the following questions. Is the method suitable for the objectives ? Does the method require more background knowledge or skills than the participants possess? How much time does it take to prepare and then to use it in the learning session? 5/17/2017 47

48. Cont’d … Is that sort of time available with the adult educator and adult learners? How much space does the learning session take? Is that kind of space available at the venue of learning sessions? Is the method appropriate for the size of the learning group ? 5/17/2017 48

49. Cont’d … What kind of teaching materials does it require? Are those materials available ? Does the method require special skills to use? Does the adult educator possess these skills ? 5/17/2017 49