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Water pollution

1. Environment water pollution

2. WATER POLLUTION : Water pollution is defined as undesirable change in physical ,biological and chemical characteristics of water that will be or may be harmful to human and other living organisms. The contamination of water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater caused by human activities, which can be harmful to organisms and plants which live in these water bodies.

3. Point source Non point source Types of water pollution Physical Chemical Biological

4. sources : TYPES : POINT SOURCE : are those sources from which pollutants are released at one readily identifiable spot : a sewer outlet, a septic tank ,and so forth .it is easier to identify and easier to monitor systematically . Or Point sources of pollution occur when harmful substances are emitted directly into a body of water.  The Exxon Valdez oil spill best illustrates a point source water pollution . refers to contaminants that enter a waterway from a single, identifiable source, such as a  pipe  or  ditch . Examples of sources in this category include discharges from   sewage treatment   plant,   factory , city  storm drain .

5. Point source pollution -  Shipyard  -   Rio de Janeiro .

6. In 1989

7. Non –point source : are more diffuse ,e.g. fertilizer runoff from farmland ,acid drainage from an abandoned strip mine , or runoff of sodium or calcium chloride from road salts.it is difficult to locate and difficult to control. Or A non-point source delivers pollutants indirectly through environmental changes. Non-point sources are much more difficult to control.  Pollution arising from non point sources accounts for a majority of the contaminants in streams and lakes. A non-point source delivers pollutants indirectly through environmental changes. Non-point sources are much more difficult to control.  Pollution arising from non pointsources accounts for a majority of the contaminants in streams and lakes.

8. Non–point source  pollution refers to diffuse contamination that does not originate from a single discrete source, but the cumulative effect of small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area. Examples Leaching out of  nitrogen  compounds from fertilized agricultural lands. Nutrient  runoff  in  storm water  from "sheet flow" over an  agricultural field  or a  forest . Contaminated storm water washed off from  parking lots ,  roads  and  highways , called  urban runoff .

9. Physical pollution : physical pollution e.g . change of colour ,turbidity ,taste , odor etc . physical pollutants, such as discarded water bottles and plastic bags along with waste materials from industrial or manufacturing processes, do not naturally degrade and can accumulate or leach chemicals into the ground or water supplies as they breakdown. Physical pollutants are often sent to landfills , which are designated areas for trash disposal in which the waste is dumped and then covered by soil. Landfills keep physical pollutants confined to one area, and many modern landfills are lined with layers of clay or plastic to prevent leakage. However, as buried waste products and organic matter decompose, they can release methane gas, carbon dioxide and other gases that are harmful to the environment.

10. 4. Chemical pollution : Chemical e.g. change in chemical composition of water by introduction of chemicals into the environment. Agricultural practices are one example of a chemical pollution source. Pesticides used to control insects and fertilizers used to make soil more fertile contain nitrogen, phosphorus and other chemicals. These chemicals can run off of a farmer's field and enter waterways. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilize tiny plant life in the body of water, causing rapid growth and eventually depleting oxygen levels in the water to the point where fish and other species of life cannot survive. Chemical pollution from pesticides and fertilizers can also contaminate soil if used in excess. Other sources of soil contamination include the leaking of chemicals from mines and landfills.

11. 5. Biological pollution : Biological contamination exerts its effects by adding its toxins in water It may be organic Inorganic

12. 5. Biological pollution : Contaminants may include organic and inorganic substances. Some organic water pollutants are: Insecticides and herbicides Bacteria often is from sewage or livestock operations Food processing waste, including pathogens VOCs (volatile organic compounds), such as industrial solvents, from improper storage Petroleum Hydrocarbons including fuels (gasoline, diesel, jet fuels, and fuel oils) and lubricants (motor oil) from oil field operations, refineries, pipelines, retail service station's underground storage tanks, and transfer operations. Various chemical compounds found in personal hygiene and cosmetic products Disinfection by-products (DBPs) found in chemically disinfected drinking water

13. Some inorganic water pollutants include: Spill of oil over the seas is the biggest danger. Heavy metals including acid mine drainage. Acidity caused by industrial discharges Chemical waste as industrial by products Fertilizers, in runoff from agriculture including nitrates and phosphates Silt in surface runoff from construction sites, burn practices or land clearing sites

14. Environmental profile of Pakistan In Pakistan only 1 % of waste water is treated before discharged directly into rivers and drains. 2 million tons of urban excrement is produced every year and 50% of this is ends up in water

15. Causes of water pollution: POLLUTION DUE TO BIODEGRADABLE WASTES POLLUTION DUE TO COMPLEX BIODEGRADABLE SUBSTANCES ( PESTICIDES) POLLUTION DUE TO COMPLEX NON- DEGRADABLE SUBSTANCES .

16. Causes of water pollution: A. Pollution due to biodegradable wastes: These includes substances which can be easily broken down into simpler harmless substances . some of the them are volatile and produce odor ,called osmogens .some are non –odorous .these includes Exudates ,excreta, secrtion of living plants ,animals and microorganisms. Chemical from industry and home e.g hydrogen sulphides ,ammonia ,amines ,aldehydes, alcohols,phenol,sters,chlorinated organic compounds etc. Sewage effluents and fecal matter Sediments pollution occurs due to soil erosion by wind and water and agricultural practices.

17. Effects: Odorous compounds on entry into the lungs causes irritation ,loss of appetite ,giddiness nausea anorexia . Contamination of water and food directly causing diseases . Vectors such as rodents ,flies ,mosquitoes breed on organic wastes which are the carriers of diseases Sediments pollution :it causes water to be murky and unfit for drinking and also reduces the light available to under water plants and blankets food supplies to marine life .the sediments blocks water channels reserviour water filters and damages power generating equipments.

18. Causes Toxic Buildup in the Food Chain Harmful chemicals such pesticides from agriculture and heavy metals like lead and mercury from industries can build up in the food chain, where they reach toxic levels in fish and other sea animals. Kills Aquatic Life Polluted water kills fish, shrimp other aquatic life. This means fewer fish to eat and the loss of livelihood for many.

19. Threatens Sea-Birds The oil from spills coats the feathers of birds reducing their waterproofing and insulating qualities. As a result birds die from exposure to cold water and air. Causes Flooding When a lot of soil is washed away into rivers and trenches this not only causes aquatic life to perish but also floods, especially with heavy rainfall.

20. Effects of Run-Off Pollution When rain runs off the land it picks up dirt and silt and carries them into the water. When the dirt and silt (sediment) settle in the water body they enter, these sediments can keep sunlight from reaching aquatic plants, plants that live in and grow in the water. When the sun can't reach the plants, they die. The sediments can also clog fish gills, and smother organisms that live on the bottom of the body of water. Contaminated Ground Water Effects When contaminated water seeps into the ground it can have serious effects. People can get very sick and have the possibility of developing liver or kidney problems, cancer or other illnesses, depending on if contaminated water seeps into the ground.

21. Effects of Factory Pollution Many factories have pipes that drain chemicals into rivers or streams. These chemicals can damage aquatic life as they are carried downstream. Furthermore, the added chemicals can warm the river, which decreases the amount of oxygen that the fish need to live . Effects of Garbage from Private Offices and Homes Many people today dump their garbage into streams, lakes, rivers, and oceans. Some examples of this garbage are cans, paper, furniture, and other household products. When people dump cleaning products into the ecosystem they are endangering its inhabitants. When plastic is dumped in lakes, ducks are at risk because they might be strangled and when dumped in the ocean, dolphins might be killed. Aluminum cans can cut the animals and fish.

22. Effects of Acid Rain The effects of acid rain are most clearly seen in lakes, streams, rivers, oceans, and other bodies of water. Acid rain directly falls on water, but it can flow into rivers after it falls on land. Lakes and streams become acidic (pH value goes down) when the water and the land around it can not neutralize the acid rain. Animals that live in the water environment are hurt and possibly killed. Some fish can only tolerate a certain amount of acid before dying. The more acid rain that falls, the life in the bodies of water decreases. Furthermore, animals that eat prey that is affected will be killed because they will be consuming acid.

23. Effects of Eutrophication Eutrophication , occurs when lake water is artificially supplemented with nutrients, which causes abnormal plant growth. The cause of eutrophication can be runoff of chemical fertilizers from fields. Eutrophication can produce problems such as bad tastes and odors as well as green scum algae. Also, the growth of rooted plants increases, which decreases the amount of oxygen in the deepest waters of the lake.

24. e. Produce oxygen deficit in aquatic systems and eutrophication : various microbes live in aquatic systems.these organism take oxygen to breathe from two sources ; Atmospheric oxygen dissolves in water Oxygen produces by plants and other microorganisms called phytoplankton in th presence of light in the depth of standing water .these microbs takes up the organic matter discharged in water as their food and produce inorganic substances in the presence of oxygen more organic matter consumed means more oxygen consumed and more inorganic matter produces ;this leads to two harmful effects ;

25. One is decreased in oxygen supply for fish which begin to die and start of an aerobic activity after consumption of available oxygen which leads to foul smlling end products which are injurious for aquatic plants and animals . Secondly excess of inorganic elements in water (produced as a result of activity of microbes along with the inorganic substances reaching water due to surface run off ,wind borne dust ) is called eutrophication . This leads to excessive growth algae,mosses ,ferns ,lichens ,a phenomenon called algal boom.this makes the water murky .obscure light and food from aquatic life and causes loss of biodiversity of aquatic system with persistence of only a few useless or harmful species including pathogenic organisms.

26. B. POLLUTION DUE TO COMPLEX BIODEGRADABLE SUBSTANCES ( Pesticides : ) Insecticides : Organochlorine Organophosphates Carbamides Pyrethroids Minerals Fumigants Herbicides It destroy plant worms. Some of the herbicides present little problems to mammals b/c of the physiological dissimilarity b/w the two species .the highly toxic are chlorophenoxy acetic acid ,di – nitro phenols ,bipyridyls ,triazine derivatives like atrazine and substituted urea etc. Fungicides Used to kill fungi of plants Usually non toxic . Some of commonly used are di – ethyle di thio – carbamates ,substituted aromatics e.g. captan ,foplet ,hexa chlorobenzene etc.

27. Problems associated with pesticides : Organisms useful for soil are affected They are carried away with wind, water ,and living organisms too far of non- target areas They have long half life and keep on effecting the non – target population e.g organo - chlorine persists for 18 months or years . They show biomagnification and bioaccumulation e.g 0.0001 ppm of DDT may be magnified in the oysters up to 70 thousand times .1kg of soil may contain 0.0001 mg of organochlorine but the carrots grown on this soil may contain 2-6 mg/kg. They have been shown to effect the fertility in animals and plants Most of the pesticides depress immune system e.g captan ,atrazine etc. Teratogenic effects

28. Biomagnification, also known as bioamplification or biological magnification, is the increasing concentration of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in the tissues of organisms at successively higher levels in a food chain. Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism absorbs a substance at a rate faster than that at which the substance is lost by catabolism and excretion.

29. Remedy of problems associated with pesticides use: Mechanical control : by hand picking ,capturing ,killing ,shaking the plants ,sieving screening Physical control : control factors like heat ,light ,temperature moisture Engineering control : filling the ditches ,emptying the canals ,raising the level of grounds . Cultural control ; e.g. regulation of agricultural practices like ploughing ,sowing and harvesting time ,crop ,rotation using resistant varieties , trimming ,stimulating vigorous growth ,mixed cropping .

30. Biological control : the larva of a small wasp that is harmless to people and animals prey parasitically on tomatoes hornworms and kill them . a particular bacterium (bacillus thuringiensis) attack and destroy several types of borer insects but not harmful to animals and plants . some viruses e.g cytoplasmic polyhedrosis are very effective against some cotton pests. viruses e.g cytoplasmic polyhedrosis

31. Remedy of problems associated with pesticides use: Mechanical control : by hand picking ,capturing ,killing ,shaking the plants ,sieving screening Physical control: control factors like heat ,light ,temperature moisture Engineering control : filling the ditches ,emptying the canals ,raising the level of grounds . Cultural control ; e.g. regulation of agricultural practices like ploughing ,sowing and harvesting time ,crop ,rotation using resistant varieties , pruning ,stimulating vigorous growth ,mixed cropping . Biological control : the larva of a small wasp that is harmless to people and animals prey parasitically on tomatoes hornworms and kill them .a particular bacterium (bacillus thuringiensis) attack and destroy several types of borer insects but not harmful to animals and plants .some viruses e.g cytoplasmic poly hedrosis are very effective against some cotton pests. .

32. Control by sterilization Control by genetics engineering Pheromonal control : a group of chemical secreted by insects to attract their male during reproduction is called pheromones such as phenols are used to attracts insects to be killed from opposite sex. Hormonal control : hormones e.g juvenile hormones is an insect hormones which interferes with embryogenesis and disrupt the reproductive process and reduces insect population

33. Fertilizers : Importants fertilizers are nitrates ,phosphates , potash(potassium salt dissolved in water ) .these chemical are dissolved in the water in order for plants to use them ,but that means that they can also dissolve in surface and ground water bodies . These salts also contributes to eutrophication . Fertilizers in large amount may decreases the ability of bacteria to absorb the organic wastes and produce inorganic substances naturally .

34. Control : Reduction to the fertilizer application to the minimum needed. Use of slow release fertilizers Nitrates could alternatively be supplied by the periodic planting of legumes on the roots of which grow bacteria that fix nitrogen in the soil . Use of animal manures,but they contributes to BOD(biological oxygen demands ) of runoff waters in addition to adding nutrients that leads to eutrophication . Crude petroleum derivatives spills in the form of oil spills and natural oil spills.

35. C: pollution due to non – degradable substances : Heavy metals : e.g arsenic ,cadmium,lead,mercury ,manganese, zinc, copper, barium,etc Sources : Combustion of fossil fuel; 1/3 of this goes to the atmosphere and the rest is dumped into the soil and water . Contribution from industrial activity Mining and processing of wastes .

36. Problems with Heavy metals Injurious to living organism Leads to musculoskeletal disorders Persistence in to the environment and conversion into non toxic substances. Many are fat soluble and stored in the body . Bio magnification and bio accumulation occurs which may damage the food supplies, water and agricultures along with the human Syergestic effects enhance their toxicity Teratogenic ,mutagenic ,carcinogens effects Polymers ,plastics ,plasticizers ,and other solid non bio- degradable waste This group consists of those substances which forms paper ,plastic .most of which appear as solid waste and garbage . They are resistant to degradation and may persists for 20 -30 years Most of these plastics are made up of highly reactive monomers. Plastic contains plasticizers for elasticity which are teratogenic ,mutagenic ,carcinogenic and may enter in the food or any other products from the plastic bag and into the environment after degradation . Water flowing over the partially solid wastes including plastics ,leach with it toxic substances and microbes into the subsoil and surface water .

37. Simples measures to control water pollution: Dispose of Wastes Soundly Do not throw wastes into drains because of convenience . Find out where to take harmful waste. Dispose of garbage in a bin or by composting. Never wash animal wastes into trenches. Never wash pesticides into trenches . Around the House -Dispose of chemicals properly -Dispose of pet waste in garbage or toilet -Do not use pesticides, or fertilizers frequently or before a heavy rain -Keep pet wastes, leaves, and debris out of street gutters and storm drains

38. Do NOT Use Excess Fertilizers Use fertilizers in minimum quantities and avoid applying fertilizers when it is raining. Fix Leaks on Cars Promptly Quickly fixing leaks on cars reduces the chance of polluting oil and petrol getting into water ways .

39. Automobiles - Wash cars at commmercial car washes, or wash them without soap over grass. -Make sure your car does not leak oil, and other fluids. -Dispose of used motor oil at a service station Agriculture - Manage animal waste -Use planned grazing procedures -Dispose of pesticides, containers, and tank in a an approved manner

40. Hydrologic cycle : T he sequence of conditions through which water passes from vapor in the atmosphere through precipitation upon land or water surfaces and ultimately back into the atmosphere as a result of evaporation and transpiration called also hydrological cycle. The hydrologic cycle begins with the evaporation of water from the surface of the ocean. As moist air is lifted, it cools and water vapor condenses to form clouds. Moisture is transported around the globe until it returns to the surface as precipitation . Once the water reaches the ground, one of two processes may occur; some of the water may evaporate back into the atmosphere the water may penetrate the surface and become groundwater . Groundwater either seeps its way to into the oceans, rivers, and streams, or is released back into the atmosphere through transpiration . The balance of water that remains on the earth's surface is runoff , which empties into lakes, rivers and streams and is carried back to the oceans, where the cycle begins again.

41. Evaporation of warm surface water increases the amount of moisture in the colder, drier air flowing immediately above the lake surface. With continued evaporation, water vapor in the cold air condenses to form ice-crystal clouds, which are transported toward shore. By the time these clouds reach the shoreline, they are filled with snowflakes too large to remain suspended in the air and consequently, they fall along the shoreline as precipitation . The intensity of lake effect snowfall can be enhanced by additional lifting due to the geographical features (hills) along the shoreline. Once the snow begins to melt, the water is either absorbed by the ground and becomes groundwater , or goes returns back to the lake as runoff.

42. Processes: Precipitation : Condensed water vapor that falls to the Earth's surface. Most precipitation occurs as rain, but also includes hail, graupel ( soft hail ), and sleet(ice balls). Approximately 505,000 km 3 78 % of global precipitation occurs over the ocean.

43. Snow melt :The runoff produced by melting snow. Runoff :The variety of ways by which water moves across the land. This includes both surface runoff and channel runoff. As it flows, the water may seep into the ground, evaporate into the air, become stored in lakes or reservoirs, or be extracted for agricultural or other human uses . Infiltration: The flow of water from the ground surface into the ground. Once infiltrated, the water becomes soil moisture or groundwater . A recent global study using water stable isotopes, however, shows that not all soil moisture is equally available for groundwater recharge or for plant transpiration

44. Sub surface flow :The flow of water underground, in the vadose zone and aquifers. Subsurface water may return to the surface (e.g. as a spring or by being pumped) or eventually seep into the oceans. Water returns to the land surface at lower elevation than where it infiltrated, under the force of gravity or gravity induced pressures. Groundwater tends to move slowly and is replenished slowly, so it can remain in aquifers for thousands of years.

45. Sub surface flow

46. Evaporation :The transformation of water from liquid to gas phases as it moves from the ground or bodies of water into the overlying atmosphere. The source of energy for evaporation is primarily solar radiation. Evaporation often implicitly includes transpiration from plants, though together they are specifically referred to as evapotranspiration. 86% of global evaporation occurs over the ocean

47. Sublimation : The state change directly from solid water (snow or ice) to water vapor by passing the liquid state. Deposition : This refers to changing of water vapor directly to ice. Condensation: The transformation of water vapor to liquid water droplets in the air, creating clouds and fog. Transpiration :The release of water vapor from plants and soil into the air . Percolation : Water flows vertically through the soil and rocks under the influence of gravity.

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