Waste management

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1. Shri Vaishnav Academy Bal Vigyan 2015-16 Topic:- Waste Management Presented by : Vivek Jain

2. WASTE MANAGEMENT

3. INTRODUCTION Waste management is all those activities and action required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes amongst other things, collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste together with monitoring and regulation. It also encompasses the legal and regulatory framework the relates to waste management encompassing guidance on recycling etc.

4. WASTE MANAGEMENT ‘Waste management’ shall mean “the collection, transport, recovery and disposal of waste, including the supervision of such operations and aftercare of disposal sites” ….European Union Directive on waste However the newer concepts of ‘Waste management’ talk about ‘Reduce, Reuse and Recycle of waste’ over and above waste disposal.

5. EFFECTS OF WASTE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: Surface water contamination Ground Water contamination Soil contamination Air contamination ECONOMIC EFFECTS : Municipal wellbeing Recycling revenue

6. THE 3 R’s – 1. Recycle Saves limited natural resources. Prevents greenhouse gas emissions and water pollutants. Saves energy. Provides raw materials for industry and creates jobs Saves landfill space.

7. THE 3 R’s – 2. Waste Reduction Make double sided copies. Circulate memos, documents and periodicals. Use durable cups and silverware. Proof-read documents on the computer screen. Purchase merchandise with minimal packaging or order in bulk . Read periodicals online. Send e-cards. Reduce your junk mail by writing to the Direct Marketing Association at Mail Preference Service, PO Box 9008, Farmingdale, NY 11735-9008.

8. THE 3 R’s – 3. Reuse Reuse envelopes. Reuse single-sided paper for scratch paper. Reuse foam peanuts and other packaging material. Use remanufactured or surplus office equipment. Use rechargeable batteries. Use rechargeable fax and printer cartridges. Compost grass clippings and food waste. Donate toys and other items to charity.

9. WASTE HIERARCHY CHART

10. Sources of Wastes Households Industry

11. Sources of Wastes Agriculture Fisheries 11

12. Pie-Chart of Sources of Waste

13. Method of disposal

14. 1. LAND FILL It is the most traditional method of waste disposal. Waste is directly dumped into disused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits. Disposed waste is compacted and covered with soil Gases generated by the decomposing waste materials are often burnt to generate power . It is generally used for domestic waste .

15. ADVANTAGES site is a cheap waste disposal option for the local council. Jobs will be created for local people. Lots of different types of waste can be disposed of by landfill in comparison to other waste disposal methods. The gases given off by the landfill site could be collected and used for generating power. DISADVANTAGES The site will look ugly while it is being used for landfill. Dangerous gases are given off from landfill sites that cause local air pollution and contribute to global warming. Local streams could become polluted with toxins seeping through the ground from the landfill site. Once the site has been filled it might not be able to be used for redevelopment as it might be too polluted.

16. LAND REQUIRED FOR DISPOSAL OF MSW EMMISION OF METHANE FROM LANDFILL

17. 2. INCINERATION Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of solid waste at 1000C. waste materials are converted into ash. , flue gas, and heat. The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste and gases due to organic waste. the heat generated by incineration is used to generate electric power.

18. ADVANTAGES Minimum of land is needed compared to other disposal methods. The weight of the waste is reduced to 25% of the initial value . No risk of polluting local streams and ground waters as in landfills. Incineration plants can be located close to residential areas. Gases are used to generate power DISADVANTAGES Expensive Required skilled labour . The chemicals that would be released into the air could be strong pollutants and may destroy ozone layer (major disadvantage). high energy requirement.

19. 3. COMPACTION The waste is compacted or compressed. It also breaks up large or fragile items of waste. This process is conspicuous in the feed at the back end of many garbage collection vehicles. Deposit refuse at bottom of slope for best compaction and control of blowing litter.

20. 4. PYROLYSIS Pyrolysis is defined as thermal degradation of waste in the absence of air to produce char, pyrolysis oil and syngas , e.g. the conversion of wood to charcoal also it is defined as destructive distillation of waste in the absence of oxygen. External source of heat is employed in this process.

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22. MAKING Biogas Biogas typically refers to a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen . Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure , municipal waste , plant material , sewage , green waste or food waste . It is a renewable energy source and in many cases exerts a very small carbon footprint.

23. PROBLEMS WITH PLASTIC Disposal of waste plastic is a major problem It is non-biodegradable Burning of these waste plastic bags causes environmental pollution. It mainly consists of low-density polyethylene To find its utility in bituminous mixes for road construction, laboratory performance studies were conducted on bituminous mixes. Laboratory studies proved that waste plastic enhances the property of the mix. Improvement in properties of bituminous mix provides the solution for a useful disposal of plastic waste.

24. MAKING PLASTIC ROADS Plastic use in road construction is not new. Recent studies in this direction have shown some hope in terms of using plastic-waste in road construction i.e., Plastic roads. Plastic roads mainly use plastic carry-bags, disposable cups and PET bottles that are collected from garbage dumps as an important ingredient of the construction material. When mixed with hot bitumen, plastics melt to form an oily coat over the aggregate and the mixture is laid on the road surface like a normal tar road.

25. ADVANTAGES :- No cracking or potholes Resistance to water Reduced cost of maintenance Reduced stress on bitumen which is not an unlimited resource either. DISADVANTAGES :- Cleaning process- Toxics present in the co-mingled plastic waste would start leaching. During the road laying process- in the presence of chlorine will definitely release noxious HCL gas. After the road laying- It is opined that the first rain will trigger leaching. As the plastics will merely form a sticky layer, (mechanical abrasion). The components of the road, once it has been laid, are not inert.

26. Solid Waste in India 7.2 million tonnes of hazardous waste One Sq km of additional landfill area every-year Rs 1600 crore for treatment & disposal of these wastes In addition to this industries discharge about 150 million tonnes of high volume low hazard waste every year, which is mostly dumped on open low lying land areas. Growth of Solid Waste In India Waste is growing by leaps & bounds In 1981-91, population of Mumbai increased from 8.2 million to 12.3 million During the same period, municipal solid waste has grown from 3200 tonnes to 5355 tonne , an increase of 67% City like Bangalore produces 2000 tonnes of waste per annum. Waste collection is very low for all Indian cities.

27. WASTES PER INDIAN CITIES

28. Waste Collection in India Primarily by the city municipality -No gradation of waste product e.g. bio-degradable, glasses, polybags , paper shreds etc -Dumps these wastes to the city outskirts Local raddiwala / kabadiwala -Collecting small iron pieces by magnets -Collecting glass bottles -Collecting paper for recycling How solid waste affected us in recent years? In Mumbai (2005) clogged the sewage line due to large no. of plastic bags. Blast in the Bhusan Steel factory at Noida , caused due to imported scrap from Iran Reduction in the number of migratory birds due to consumption of contaminated foods animals dying on streets and farmland due to consumption of plastic bags, which blocks the food movement in their stomach

29. International awareness regarding waste At the 1992 Rio Conference, waste was made one of the priorities of Agenda 21 Agenda 21 is a comprehensive plan of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally and was adopted by more than 178 Governments at the United Nations Conference in Rio de Janeiro At the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, the focus was on Initiatives to accelerate the shift to sustainable consumption and production reduction of resource degradation, pollution and waste.

30. International awareness regarding waste Implementation plan adopted by the Summit, stated the priority to: "Prevent and minimize waste & maximize reuse, recycling & use of environmentally friendly alternative materials, with the participation of government authorities all stakeholders to minimize adverse effects on the environment and improve resource efficiency, with financial, technical and other assistance for developing countries.” This would include actions at all levels to: Develop waste management systems, with the highest priority placed on waste prevention and minimization, reuse and recycling ,and environmentally sound disposal facilities, including technology to recapture the energy contained in waste.

31. International awareness regarding waste Promote waste prevention and minimization by encouraging production of reusable consumer goods and biodegradable products.

32. Waste management policies Environment protection act, 1986 Hazardous waste rule 1989 Bio-medical waste rule 1998 Municipal solid waste rule 2000 Waste management act 1996 Solid waste policy in India 2006

33. DID YOU KNOW About 0.1 million tonnes of municipal solid waste is generated in India every day. That is approximately 36.5 million tonnes annually. Per capita waste generation in major Indian cities ranges from 0.2 Kg to 0.6 Kg. Difference in per capita waste generation between lower and higher income groups range between 180 to 800 gm per day. The urban local bodies spend approximately Rs.500 to Rs.1500 per tonne on solid waste for collection, transportation, treatment and disposal. About 60-70% of this amount is spent on collection, 20-30% on transportation and less than 5% on final disposal. Calorific value of Indian solid waste is between 600 and 800 Kcal/Kg and the density of waste is between 330 and 560 Kg/m3.

34. DID YOU KNOW Waste collection efficiency in Indian cities ranges from 50% to 90%. Out of the total municipal waste collected, on an average 94% is dumped on land and 5% is composted. Between 2000 and 2025 the waste composition of Indian garbage will undergo the following changes: Organic  Waste will go up from 40 percent to 60 percent Plastic  will rise from 4% to 6% Metal  will escalate from 1% to 4% Glass  will increase from 2% to 3% Paper  will climb from 5% to 15% Others  (ash, sand, grit) will decrease from 47% to 12%

35. CONCLUSION It is found that with increase in the global population and the rising demand for food and other essentials, there has been a rise in the amount of waste being generated daily by each household. Waste that is not properly managed, especially excreta and other liquid and solid waste from households and the community, are a serious health hazard and lead to the spread of infectious diseases.

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