WATER DRAIAGE - for interior designers by Jamila &reem .pdf

basic information about water drainage for interior designers and fresh architecture students starting form its definition, components eternal & external requirements joints and fittings , pipes , slope .... and sustainability in the system

1. BUILDING Understanding how water moves, collects,
and exits — from concept to construction.
UTILITES
B2022E | ID
WATER DRAINAGE
reem abdo - 202137039
jamila Abdelaziz -202237030

2. “Now that clean water is supplied to
the building... what happens next?”

3. A network of pipes, fittings, and components
designed to collect, transport, and dispose of
wastewater and rainwater from buildings
safely and efficiently.
WHAT IS
DRANAGE SYSTEM ?
WHY DRAINAGE
Matter in Architecture ?!
Stops water from collecting and damaging
the Structure
Maintains hygiene and free from foul Odors.
Helps people stay healthy and safe indoors.
Protects walls and floors from moisture and
leaks.

4. OH ! WAIT
WHAT ?!
Drainage vs. Sewerage
Drainage: the internal network of pipes that removes excess surface .
Sewerage: Refers to the municipal or external system that collects all drainage
from different buildings and carries it to a treatment plant or disposal point.

5. Types of Drainage Systems :
by Function or Source of Water
1.Sanitary Drainage System Carries wastewater from toilets, sinks, and kitchens.
Includes soil pipes, waste pipes, and vent pipes.
Connected to the municipal sewer or on-site treatment,
it could be single or double stack system.
2. Storm Drainage System
Collects rainwater from roofs and outdoor areas.
Uses gutters, downspouts, and surface drains.
Prevents flooding and protects building foundations.

6. single stack system
double stack system

7. 3.Fire Drainage System 4.chimmecal Drainage System Discharges large volumes of water from fire-suppression
systems to prevent flooding of the building interior.
Requires dedicated floor drains, trenches ... basement
pump rooms to lift water to higher level or municipal
sewer.
Separation from sanitary and storm networks to handle
emergency flow and avoid contamination or overload.Handles acids, solvents, and contaminated water
separately from other drainage systems.
Requires special chemical-resistant piping (PP, PVDF)
and neutralization tanks before disposal.
Must remain fully isolated from sanitary, storm, and
fire drainage networks to prevent contamination.

8. Types of Drainage Systems :
Building-Based Drainage SystemsA. Internal Drainage System
→ Collects wastewater from toilets, kitchens, and sinks inside the building.
→ Includes soil pipes, waste pipes, vent pipes, and traps.
→ Must be well-ventilated to prevent odors and pressure buildup.
C. Stormwater Drainage System
→ Handles rainwater from roofs and open areas.
→ Uses gutters, downspouts, and surface drains.
→ May include rainwater harvesting or storage systems.
B. External Drainage System
→ Located outside the building, carries wastewater to the municipal sewer.
→ Includes manholes, inspection chambers, gully traps, and underground pipes.
→ Requires proper slope (1:40 – 1:100) for smooth flow and easy maintenance.

9. Types of Drainage Systems :
Building-Based Drainage Systems
A. Internal Drainage System
→ Collects wastewater from toilets, kitchens, and sinks inside the building.
→ Includes soil pipes, waste pipes, vent pipes, and traps.
→ Must be well-ventilated to prevent odors and pressure buildup.
C. Stormwater Drainage System
→ Handles rainwater from roofs and open areas.
→ Uses gutters, downspouts, and surface drains.
→ May include rainwater harvesting or storage systems.
B. External Drainage System
→ Located outside the building, carries wastewater to the municipal sewer.
→ Includes manholes, inspection chambers, gully traps, and underground
pipes.
→ Requires proper slope (1:40 – 1:100) for smooth flow and easy
maintenance.

10. Types of Drainage Systems :
Building-Based Drainage Systems
A. Internal Drainage System
→ Collects wastewater from toilets, kitchens, and sinks inside the building.
→ Includes soil pipes, waste pipes, vent pipes, and traps.
→ Must be well-ventilated to prevent odors and pressure buildup.
C. Stormwater Drainage System
→ Collects and disposes of rainwater from flat roofs, paved areas, and open
spaces.
→ Uses roof outlets connected to vertical rainwater pipes that discharge to the
external drainage network.
→ In modern buildings, rainwater harvesting tanks are added to reuse collected
water for irrigation or cleaning.
B. External Drainage System
→ Located outside the building, carries wastewater to the municipal sewer.
→ Includes manholes, inspection chambers, gully traps, and underground pipes.
→ Requires proper slope (1:40 – 1:100) for smooth flow and easy maintenance.

11. Components of
Internal Drainage System & External Drainage
drainage system codes & standers
Translating Plumbing Codes into Interior Space Planning
Core Premise: Drainage codes (e.g., UPC, IPC) are not merely engineering
constraints; they are the definitive framework that dictates functional space
requirements and user safety. Compliance is a prerequisite for effective
design.
: A proactive review of the relevant drainage
codes early in the conceptual phase is essential to lock down
accurate spatial dimensions and avoid costly layout revisions later.
Designer's Takeaway

12. Code Requirement Design Implication Interior Designer's Focus
Fixture Count Minimums
Codes specify the minimum number
of fixtures (toilets, sinks, showers)
required based on building occupancy
.and floor area
Planning & Allocation: Directly
determines the required size and number
of restroom blocks, core service areas,
.and kitchenettes in the overall floor plan
Accessibility Standards
(ADA/Universal Design)
Defines minimum clearances and
maneuverability space around
fixtures and within restrooms to
.ensure use by all individuals
Layout & Dimensioning: Governs the
minimum distance between fixtures, walls,
and doors. Critical for selecting fixture sizes
.and positioning grab bars/accessories
Ventilation & Stacks Location
Mandates the inclusion of vent piping
(stacks) to ensure smooth drainage
.and prevent odor/syphoning
Wall Thickness & Ceilings: Stack size affects
the required depth of utility walls and
chases. Coordination is vital to avoid
unnecessary bulkheads or ceiling drops in
.finished spaces
Inspection Access Points
Requires accessible points for
cleanouts and system inspection for
.maintenance
Aesthetic Integration: These points (often
cover plates) must be integrated
aesthetically into walls or floors, requiring
careful coordination with tile patterns,
.millwork, and paneling
UPC MAIN REQUIRMENTS YOU SHOULD KEEP IN MIND AS A DESIGNER

13. Design Decision Engineering Consequence Direct Interior Design Impact
Fixture Selection (Type)
Weight Factor: Toilets (high DFU)
require the largest pipe connection
(usually $4''$ minimum), while sinks(low
.DFU) require smaller pipes (1.5'' or 2'')
Wall Thickness: The presence of
a toilet immediately dictates the
minimum wall depth required for
.the large Soil Stack
Fixture Count (Quantity)
Load Factor: Adding more sinks,
showers, or other fixtures increases the
.overall DFU load on the branch line
Pipe Upsizing: If the DFU limit is
exceeded, the pipe size must increase
(e.g., from 3'' to 4''). This leads to
unforeseen conflicts with ceiling
height or wall alignment
Stack Location
Pipes must maintain a specific slope
and route, often vertically through
.mechanical chases
Space Allocation: Designers must
ensure the built-in depth of utility walls
and chases is sufficient to conceal the
required pipe diameters without
.pushing into the usable room area
Drainage Fixture Units (DFU)
DFU: The Design Link to Pipe Sizing and Wall Depth
The Concept for Interior Design: The Drainage Fixture Unit (DFU) is the engineering metric used to
calculate the probable water load on the drainage system. This load dictates the necessary size
(diameter) of the main drain pipes.

14. Pipe Materials & Coatings
Components of
Internal Drainage System
PVC / UPVC
The most widely used
materials in modern
drainage systems —
lightweight, easy to install,
corrosion-resistant, and
durable. Commonly used
for both internal and
external drainage.
Still used in high-rise and
commercial buildings
where sound insulation
and resistance to hot
wastewater are required.
Heavier and more
expensive, but highly
durable.
Cast Iron Vitrified Clay Pipes
resistant to chemicals and
acids.
They were common in older
external drainage networks
and industrial settings.
Rarely used now cause
they’re heavy, brittle, and
hard to cut or join.
FOR CAST IRON ONLY
Primer coat:
Applied when pipes
are installed inside
walls.
Bitumen (oxidized
petroleum coating):
Used for underground
or floor installations to
protect against
moisture and soil
contact.

15. System Functionality & Layout
Components of
Internal Drainage System
Horizontal pipes are laid with a uniform slope, typically 1–2% (1–2
cm/m), to prevent stagnation and ensure self-cleansing velocity.
The distance between a fixture and its stack should not exceed 3–4
meters, to maintain effective flow and avoid pressure differences.
Plumbing fixtures on different floors are usually aligned vertically to
minimize the number of stacks and reduce construction complexity.
The pipework within the building is designed to ensure smooth,
uninterrupted flow by gravity. Each sanitary fixture connects through
branch pipes to vertical stacks, and finally to a main horizontal drain
at the base.

16. Components of
Internal Drainage System
P-Trap: Used where the outlet is through the wall.
S-Trap: Used where the outlet is through the floor .
Each trap must be connected to a vent pipe, which equalizes
air pressure and maintains the water seal
The vent continues vertically to open above the roof,
releasing gases and stabilizing flow within the stack.
Traps and Ventilation
Traps are crucial components maintaining a water seal to prevent
foul gases from entering the interior spaces.

17. Traps and Ventilation
Key Vent Configurations & Design Impact
1. Individual Vent (Localized):
Function: A dedicated vent pipe serving one single fixture (e.g., one
lavatory sink).
Design Impact: This approach increases the number of small pipes
behind the wall, as every fixture needs its own vent run, requiring
meticulous planning for wall depth.
2. Common/Continuous Vent (Shared):
Function: A single vent pipe designed to serve two
closely placed fixtures (e.g., back-to-back sinks or a
double vanity) at the same floor level.
Design Impact: This is space-efficient, consolidating two
separate vent runs into one, which is ideal for
maximizing usable space within a shared or compact
utility wall.

18. 3. Circuit Vent (Systemic):
Function: A single vent pipe used to serve a
series of fixtures (typically four or more)
connected to a long horizontal branch drain
(common in public restrooms).
Design Impact: Essential for large commercial
layouts. Requires coordinating for a potentially
long horizontal vent run in the ceiling plenum,
impacting the false ceiling height in that area.

19. Components of
Internal Drainage System
Fittings and Connections
Pipe fittings are critical for shaping
the flow network, enabling direction
changes, transitions in pipe size,
and maintenance access in internal
drainage.
Types of Connections
Push-fit (Rubber Ring Joint):
Uses an elastic rubber seal for
quick, watertight connection
between pipes; allows minor
movement or misalignment.
Solvent Weld Joint:
Pipes are bonded using a chemical solvent
that melts the PVC surfaces, forming a
permanent and leak-proof connection
Coupling (Mechanical Joint):
Connects of different materials or
diameters using a stainless-steel
band and rubber sleeve; provides
vibration resistance.

20. Bends (Elbows):
Change the direction of flow in
horizontal or vertical pipe runs.
Types of fittings
Branches (Tees & Y-junctions):
Connect secondary lines to main pipes,
directing waste from multiple sources.
Traps:
Retain a water seal that prevents foul
gases from re-entering the building
Access Fittings (Cleanouts):
Provide openings for inspection
and maintenance of drainage
lines.
Reducers & Adaptors:
Connect pipes of different diameters or
materials, ensuring smooth flow transition.

21. Components of
Internal Drainage System
Installation & Design Coordination
Key Site-Level Considerations
FFL (Finished Floor Level):
Determines all outlet and pipe levels — drainage must always flow by
gravity below FFL, so accurate leveling is crucial.
IL (Invert Level):
The lowest inner surface of the pipe — defines actual flow height.
Coordination between ILs of all connected pipes prevents reverse flow or
stagnation.
CO / FCO (Clean-Outs / Floor Clean-Outs):
Installed at every 10–15 m, at changes of direction or junctions, for
maintenance and inspection.
FB / LL / MH (Floor level, Low Level, Manhole):
Manholes are placed at junctions or every 25–30 m in straight runs,
allowing inspection and access to underground lines.

22. Fixture Type Connected Stack Type
Pipe Diameter
(inches)
Drain Height from
Finished Floor
Notes
Water Closet (Toilet)
Soil Stack (Main Waste
Stack)
4"
Set at base of the fixture
(≈ 8–10 cm above slab
level)
Connected via outlet
bend/manija. Keep within
3–4 m of the main stack for
proper flow and air balance.
Urinal
Soil Stack (Branch
Connection)
4" main
50 cm from finished
floor
Vent pipe (2") required to
maintain trap seal.
Lavatory Basin (Wash
Basin)
Waste Stack (Branch)
1½"–2" waste, 3"
branch
45–50 cm from finished
floor
Shared vent (2") is
recommended to avoid
pressure drop.
Kitchen Sink Waste Stack (Branch) 2" waste, 3" branch
90–95 cm from finished
floor
High-level outlet ensures
proper slope and prevents
backflow.
Laundry Sink Waste Stack 2"
60 cm from finished
floor
Maintain slope of 1–2% for
effective drainage.
Bathtub / Shower Tray
Waste Stack (Floor
Connection)
2"
10–15 cm below finished
floor (embedded)
Requires floor trap
connection; distance to
stack ≤ 3 m.
Floor Drain (Gully Trap)
Soil Stack / Floor Drain
Line
3" Flush with finished floor
Must include water seal
trap (minimum 50 mm
depth).
?????? Plumbing Fixtures Installation Table

23. Coordination With Other Drawings:
Installation Principles (Field Execution)
Structural Coordination :
Drainage lines must avoid beams, foundations, and structural footings — early
coordination reduces site rework.
Architectural Coordination :
Outlets and traps must align with interior layouts (toilets, kitchens, washrooms)
while maintaining aesthetic concealment.
MEP Coordination :
Align vertical stacks with HVAC ducts, water supply, and electrical risers to
avoid overlap in shafts.
Short and direct routes are preferred for efficiency and fewer
losses.
Provide access points at all changes in direction.
Ventilation stacks must rise above roof level to release gases
safely.
Material transition joints (e.g., PVC to cast iron) should use approved
flexible couplings to prevent leakage or vibration damage.

24. Vertical Coordination and Routing in Drainage
The Stack Effect: Ensuring Spatial Efficiency through Vertical Alignment
Core Premise: Effective Interior Design in multi-story buildings requires the strategic
alignment of wet areas—a process known as Stacking. This ensures the drainage system
runs primarily through vertical shafts, minimizing horizontal piping.
Achieving Optimal Vertical Coordination
1. The Principle of Stacking (فصارتلا)
What it is: The deliberate architectural decision to place plumbing-intensive rooms
(restrooms, kitchens, mechanical closets) directly above one another on every floor.
Design Gain: Stacking allows fixtures to connect to a shared vertical stack (Soil and
Waste). This dramatically reduces the length of horizontal branch lines that consume
valuable space in the ceiling plenum.
2. Controlling Ceiling Depth
The Conflict: Long, horizontal drain lines require a specific downward slope
(لويم) to maintain gravity flow. The longer the run, the greater the vertical
drop required, forcing the false ceiling to be lowered significantly.
The Solution: By minimizing horizontal runs through Stacking, the designer
preserves the maximum finished ceiling height in the primary occupied
spaces, avoiding undesirable bulkheads (تاطوبه) and maximizing volume.

25. 3. Dedicated Utility Chases (ةدمعألا تاحاسم)
Requirement: All vertical stacks ( Soil Stack, Vent Stack)
must be contained within dedicated vertical shafts or chases.
Designer's Role: Allocate sufficient wall depth (25-30 cm) in
the service core to accommodate the large pipe diameters,
insulation, and the required structural backing.
4. Noise and Acoustic Mitigation
Noise Source: Vertical stacks are significant sources of noise
(rushing water and gurgling).
Acoustic Strategy: Locating all noisy pipes in one dedicated
chase allows the designer to specify targeted acoustic
insulation (sound-dampening wrap) around the stacks and
specialized sound-rated gypsum board on the chase walls,
ensuring silent operation in adjacent finished areas.

26. Gully Traps: receive greywater they
prevent foul gases from entering the
building. Usually placed at ground level
near the exterior wall.
Manholes: deeper chambers that connect
several inspection chambers before linking
to the municipal sewer.
Inspection Chambers: small access
chambers outside the building that collect
flow from multiple gully traps or waste
pipes, allowing inspection and cleaning.-The external drainage
system transfers
wastewater from the
building to the main public
sewer network through a
series of outdoor
components.
- As interior designers, our
role is to ensure proper
connection, alignment, and
accessibility between
internal and external
systems.
Components of
External drainage
System
Main Elements to Note:
Municipal Sewer Connection: the final outlet point
where the building’s private system connects to the
city’s drainage network — must be at the correct
level and clearly coordinated on site plans.

27. Components of
External drainage
System
A septic tank is an underground, watertight chamber designed
to treat and dispose of wastewater from buildings where there
is no connection to the municipal sewerage system.
septic tank
Main Components:
Inlet Pipe: Receives wastewater from the building drainage system.
Settling Chamber: Allows solids to settle at the bottom as sludge
while lighter materials float as scum.
Outlet Pipe: Transfers partially treated effluent to the soakaway pit
or drain field for further treatment.
Manhole Covers: For inspection, cleaning, and maintenance.

28. Main Components:
Inlet Pipe: Receives wastewater from the building drainage system.
Settling Chamber: Allows solids to settle at the bottom as sludge while
lighter materials float as scum.
Outlet Pipe: Transfers partially treated effluent to the soakaway pit or
drain field for further treatment.
Manhole Covers: For inspection, cleaning, and maintenance.
Wastewater enters → solids settle → grease floats. Design Considerations:
Should be located away from water sources (min. 30 m).
Constructed from reinforced concrete or high-density
polyethylene (HDPE).
Requires periodic desludging (every 1–3 years).
Adequate ventilation to release gases (e.g., methane,
CO₂)

29. Aspect Inspection Chamber Manhole
Depth Shallow (usually less than 1 meter) Deep (typically 1.2–3 meters or more)
Purpose
Used for inspection, cleaning, and
maintenance of smaller drainage lines
within the building plot
Used for accessing and maintaining main
sewer lines or junctions between major
drainage runs
Location
Usually located within the property
boundary or near the building
Located outside the building, along streets
or main sewer routes
Size & Access
Smaller, may allow hand tools only — not
large enough for a person to enter
Larger, allows personnel entry for
inspection or repair
Shape Usually square or rectangular
Typically circular for strength and easier
maintenance
Cover Type
Light-duty cover, suitable for pedestrian
areas
Heavy-duty cast iron cover, suitable for
traffic loads
Used For Internal or small private drainage systems Main public or municipal drainage systems
Maintenance Frequency More frequent, easy to access
Less frequent, used for major maintenance
or blockage removal
IC VS. MANHOLE

30. Components of
Fire drainage System
1. Location & Function
The fire system room is typically located at the lowest point of the building
(usually basement level).
Its main purpose is to collect discharge water from fire suppression
systems (sprinklers, fire hoses, tank overflow, and testing drains).
2. Fire Drain Room & Connection (Revised):
The room includes two main discharge lines from the fire tank: the overflow pipe
(for excess water) and the drain pipe (for maintenance drainage).
Both lines are directed to a Trench Drain, a linear floor channel covered with a
metal grate that collects and directs water efficiently.
The trench drain slopes toward a Sump Pit, where collected water is temporarily
stored.
A Sump Pump automatically lifts the collected water through discharge piping to
the Inspection Chamber or Manhole, connecting to the external sewer network.

31. 2. Floor Slope (Gradient)
Interior designer ensures floor slopes 1–2% toward floor drains to
direct water to collection points.
Slopes are planned based on space function — corridors and service
rooms are slightly inclined toward hidden linear drains or corner
traps.
If the fire water outlet (from the tank or system testing) is higher than
the drainage point, water is led through floor gullies or recessed
channels to ensure gravity flow.
5. Coordination & Integration
All interior drainage slopes must converge toward the fire drain room
or pit, maintaining smooth water flow even in case of overflow.
The designer coordinates drain grilles, trench positions, and finishes
to blend with flooring materials while keeping access for
maintenance.
If the building includes balconies or open areas, emergency overflow
drains are added to direct water away from main circulation zones.

32. Components of
chemical drainage System
Chemical drainage systems, often using specialized materials like
“Vulcathene”, are critical for safely managing chemical waste in labs,
hospitals, and industry. As an interior designer, your key
considerations are:
System Integrity (In-Lab):
Sinks & Devices: Drainage is required not only from sinks but
also from specialized equipment (e.g., Fume Hoods, automatic
analysers, distillation units). Sizing must accommodate all
sources.
Anti-Siphon Traps: Essential under benches to maintain the
water seal and prevent the escape of hazardous chemical
fumes back into the work area.
Piping: Must use chemically resistant materials (like
Vulcathene) to withstand corrosive effluents and high
temperatures.

33. The Critical Stage: Pre-Discharge Treatment
Neutralization Tank (لداعتلا نازخ): Before chemical waste enters the
public sewer system, it must pass through a dedicated
holding/treatment tank.
Function: This tank (often located in the basement or outside)
ensures that the effluent's pH level is neutralized (or filtered) to
meet local regulations, preventing damage to the general sewage
network and the environment.
Design Impact: This tank requires significant dedicated space
(often a mechanical room or utility area) that must be allocated
during the initial design phase.
Interior Design Coordination:
Space Allocation: Early coordination with MEP engineers is
essential to allocate the specific spatial requirements under
benchtops (for traps and large pipes) and the location/size of
the neutralization tank and its associated pumps/monitoring
equipment.

34. Drainage |design principles
Gravity Flow Principle
The system relies on gravity for discharge;
pipes are laid with a 1–2% slope to maintain
self-cleansing velocity.
Soil/sewage and stormwater networks must
be kept separate to prevent overloading and
contamination.
System Separation
Vent pipes balance air pressure and prevent
siphonage and backflow of gases.
Ventilation
Select materials according to location
and exposure; ensure watertight joints
and corrosion protection
Provide clean-outs every 10–15 m and at
direction changes for inspection and
maintenance.
Pipe diameters and gradients are
determined by fixture load and flow
rate to avoid blockages
Ground-floor drainage should be isolated
or fitted with backflow preventers to avoid
flooding.
Prevent odor escape and wastewater
leakage; encourage greywater reuse
where possible.
GF Protection
Material Durability
Hygiene & Environment:
Accessibility
Hydraulic Efficiency

35. TECHNICAL &
MAINTENANCE
ASPECTS
MATERIAL AND JOINTS
SUSTAINABILITY
MODERN DRAINAGE TECHNOLOGIES

36. Steps for Checking the Network
Before Closing Off
1. Water Test:
- Used to test the drainage networks (gravity pipes).
- Close all openings, and fill the system with water up to
the upper inspection point.
- Monitor the water level for 15–30 minutes to ensure
there are no leaks
2. Air Test:
The air in the internal drainage network is tested by closing all openings
and then pumping air into the network using air pumps.
- Used especially for small drainage networks or inside buildings.
- Air is pumped into the network and the pressure is measured using a
manometer.
- The pressure must be maintained for at least 3 minutes without
dropping.
- More accurate in detecting small leaks.

37. - Blockages: Due to the accumulation of
sediment and solids or poor ventilation.
- Odor leakage: Due to loose connections or
the absence of odor traps.
- Cracks or damaged connections:
Especially in old or poorly insulated pipes.
Common problems in sewer networks
- Poor slope: Leads to slow drainage
and sediment accumulation.

38. Periodic “on-site” maintenance methods:
- Cleaning the network using water pressure pumps (hydrojet).
- Inspecting rooms and maintaining traps and backflow preventers.
- Periodically inspecting internal pipes with surveillance cameras.
- Removing limescale and grease deposits using appropriate chemicals.

39. Sustainability & Modern Drainage Technologies Includes
the latest environmental solutions in drainage networks:
1.Greywater Reuse:
- Source: Water from sinks, showers, and washing machines (other than sewage).
- Treatment: Using mechanical filters, sedimentation tanks, and disinfection systems (UV/chlorine).
- Use: Garden irrigation, flushing, and floor washing.
- Benefits: Reducing water consumption by 30–50%, supporting sustainability.

40. 2. Smart Drainage Systems:
- Flow Monitoring Devices: Detects blockages, leaks, or abnormal flow.
- Humidity and Pressure Sensors: Placed within the network and transmit live data.
3. Smart Control Systems:
ultrasonic open-channel flow meter flow sensor device for industrial/drainage pipes It’s an IoT sensor node — designed to monitor
environmental parameters
Connected to applications or central control
systems (BMS).
- Benefits: Early detection of faults, reduced water
loss, and proactive maintenance.

41. 4. Green Roof Drainage:
- Function : Absorbing rainwater and reducing surface runoff.
- Components : Drainage layer, filter, light soil, vegetation cover.
- Benefits : Reducing network load, thermal insulation, improving air quality.
- Connection : Can be connected to collection tanks for later water use

42. 5. Ways to Reduce Pollution and Conserve Water:
- Oil and Sand Traps: Installed before water enters
the sewer to trap pollutants.
-Corrosion and Leakage-Resistant Pipes:
Such as HDPE or Cast Iron coated
internally.

43. Flow-saving devices
Installed in sinks and showers to reduce consumption.
- Separate networks:
Use separate networks for sewage and graywater.
- Rainwater harvesting: Collect water in tanks for reuse.Non-return valve