Water Resources engineering groundwater Resources in Uganda

Hydrology

1. FACULTY OF ENGINEERING EECE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING PRE471: Introduction to Hydrology; An Environmental Approach Water Resources/Ground water & Groundwater issues in East Africa: Uganda & Kenya By Muhindo Ronald /Angela Hiuhu

2. OUTLINE INTRODUCTION 2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF UGANDA & KENYA SURFACE WATER RESOURCE 4. GROUND WATER RESOURCE 5. RAINWATER 6. REFERENCES 7. CONCLUSION 8. TAKE HOME QUESTIONS Water Resources Location, Climate and Water Resources Use Surface Water Drainage, Surface Water Issues Hydrogeology, Groundwater issues - Rainwater issues

3. Location Uganda commonly called the Pearl of Africa is in the Eastern region of Africa along the equator. It is bordered by Tanzania to the south, Kenya to the east, Sudan to the north, Democratic republic of Congo to the west and Rwanda to the southwest. Bimodal distribution with rains falling during the short ( Sept-Nov) and long ( March- May) rainy seasons with a mean annual rainfall of about 1200mm GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF UGANDA

4. Kenya: Location and Statistics Population: 56.43M ( 2024) Bimodal rains: long rains and short rains. The long rains amount to 900 mm collectively and short rains is less than half of the amount. Tropical climate with varied vegetation; savannah, coastal and rainforests. >80% is ASAL increasing vulnerability to climate change & increasing dependence on groundwater resources. Hence Kenya is defined as Water scarce country based on the distribution of the water resources ( uneven).

5. INTRODUCTION Water resources in East Africa are one of its vital assets that contribute to socio-economic development and poverty eradication. However, they are unevenly distributed in both time and space. There are two distinct water resources categories: Surface Water where Lake Victoria contributes about 85% and 59% of the total fresh surface water of Uganda and Kenya respectively it is one of the largest lakes in the world. The other sources of surface water in Kenya include Tana river and the Mau Forest complex. Ground water estimated to be 29 M m3/year with about 20,000 boreholes, 3000 shallow-wells and 200,000 springs, serving more than 80% of the rural and slum communities. In Kenya the ground water storage is estimated to be 619M cubic meters/ year with a annual recharge of 193M cubic meters ( 2012). The quality of the aquifers is dependent on the rocks and predominant activity in the respective areas.

6. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF UGANDA Water Resources Use The water resources use in Uganda & Kenya falls under four main categories namely: Domestic Consumption: drinking, cooking, washing Agriculture: irrigation Industry and Energy : manufacturing Water Transport

7. SURFACE WATER RESOURCES Drainage Significant water resources originate from precipitation as well as inflows from the upstream countries of Burundi, Dr Congo, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda and Tanzania. Uganda and Kenya are both a downstream and upstream countries in the Nile system and almost all their water resources are shared with other countries. The main surface water bodies in Uganda and Kenya are as shown.

8. SURFACE WATER RESOURCES Drainage Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Uganda, is also the World’s second largest freshwater body and it’s the source the longest river in the World, River Nile. The Lake is shared between Kenya (6%), Tanzania (49%) and Uganda (45%)

9. SURFACE WATER RESOURCES: Uganda

10. SURFACE WATER RESOURCES: Kenya

11. Population Density Vs Rainfall: Kenya

12. Surface Water Resources Issues The following are the water management issues in Uganda and Kenya: i ) Water Institutional Fragmentation The fragmentation of institutions in the water sector is a serious obstacle to the integrated management of water resources. There are insufficient links to planning and management of other closely related sectors and this minimizes the coordination to maximize the use of existing human, financial and equipment resources. The people, organizations, laws and regulations for water supply and sanitation for residential use often have very little to do with those applicable to the water used for irrigation, flood protection, or hydropower. Surface and groundwater are usually managed separately ii) Inequalities in Use, Access and Participation iii) Predatory International Water Agreements

13. Surface Water Resources Cont. Quality issues Surface Water pollution due to (agriculture, industrialization, and sewage discharge) Unequal Distribution There are significant regional disparities in distribution of surface water sources. Most of the lakes and rivers in Uganda are in the Central, Southern, Eastern, and Western regions. In the Northern and Northeastern regions, the available rivers are mainly seasonal and will flow only during heavy rains. Thus, people mainly utilize groundwater. vi) Over abstraction vii) Population increase viii) Deforestation ix) Climate change- prolonged droughts and increased rainfall amounts

14. GROUNDWATER RESOURCES Hydrogeology The geology of Uganda is dominated by Archean and Proterozoic rocks of high grade metamorphism. These rocks underlie more than two thirds of the country. The hydrogeological conditions in Uganda and Kenya are typical of Precambrian basement terrain. T he most productive aquifers in Uganda occur in the weathered overburden and in the fractured bedrock . Boreholes are typically installed into the fractured bedrock and in the interface between the weathered zone and the bedrock , while shallow wells are drilled in the weathered zone.

15. Geology of Uganda

16. Geology of Kenya

17. GROUNDWATER RESOURCES Groundwater recharge The estimated annual groundwater recharge rates in Uganda are highly variable and range from approximately 10 percent of the annual rainfall in the deep weathering zone of central Uganda to approximately one percent of the annual rainfall in the zone of stripping in western Uganda

18. GROUNDWATER RESOURCES

19. Groundwater Issues in Uganda & Kenya Accessibility issues Quality issues Distribution and Utilization of groundwater Issues a) Irrigation, b) Livestock watering

20. RAINWATER Rainwater in is the primary source of the renewable freshwater. Therefore, rainwater issues can’t remain undiscussed. Quality issues Rainwater quality tends to deteriorate during collection, storage, and use. The collection surfaces and storage tanks are usually the potential sources of contamination since environmental contaminants can adsorb to those surfaces

21. Proposed Solutions Improvement in the management of water resources- policy/legal framework (EIAs, Abstraction limits, pollution limits) infrastructure( improved designs; dams, water pans, water harvesting- recharge enhancement), Monitoring and assessment (real time data collection, data based decisions): RS, sensors; water levels/quality– IWRM. Participatory management – communal projects Public education. Development of regions away from wetlands- improve infiltration. Re-afforestation and forest protection. Institutional capacity-Upskilling Research

22. CONCLUSION Generally, the water resources of Kenya and Uganda face a challenge of achieving the UN SDGs for a holistic water management strategy. A dual approach is essential in meeting the International SDGs related to water resources Through Improving Surface Water Management by investing in infrastructure, pollution control, and transboundary cooperation, since most of her waterbodies are shared with other countries. Protecting Groundwater is also essential through treating it as a strategic reserve by mapping aquifers, regulating abstraction, and protecting recharge zones from pollution to ensure the availability of clean water.

23. TAKE HOME QUESTIONS 1. Discuss the Water Resources Management in Uganda, taking into account: i ) Water Availability ii ii) Water Use 2. What are the key challenges facing water resources management in Uganda 3. Discuss the issues of the following water sources in Uganda ( i ) Surface Water (ii) Groundwater (iii) Rainwater

24. TAKE HOME QUESTIONS 1. Discuss the various methods of reducing the challenges faced in water resources Upskilling of institutional capacity on new technologies aimed at efficiency Embracing and funding research providing modern solutions to modern problems Development of regions away from wetlands increasing the recharge capacity Protection of the existing forests and re- afforestation Promoting integrated water resources management approaches. 2. Discuss the impact of water institutional fragmentation on water resources They work in silos working on projects in a manner that affects/ duplicates the operations of the other organization limiting the

25. TAKE HOME QUESTIONS management of water resources and resulting to wastage. Development is also limited given the power struggles within the different organizations. Discuss the various water uses Domestic/ Agricultural/ Industry& Energy/ Water transport List three sources and types of pollutants that are found in water resources. Industrial effluent: Industrial Chemicals Agricultural run offs- Pesticides Sanitary- Sewage

26. TAKE HOME QUESTIONS List the four components of integrated water resources management approach. Technological Policy& regulatory Infrastructure Monitoring and Assessment List any water source and highlight its biggest threat of existence . Rivers- Over abstraction and pollution Lakes- Over abstraction and pollution Aquifers- Over abstraction and pollution

27. REFERENCES Guyo , R. H. (2018). A review of groundwater vulnerability assessment in Kenya. Italian Journal of Groundwater, Volume (328),Page (07-16). Ingati , C.J. (2024). Addressing the challenges of economic water scarcity in Kenya: Multi-Barrier and Multilateral Integrated Approach Systems for Sustainable Access to Safe Drinking Water. Journal of Sustainable Development, Volume (18). Kuria, Z. (2013). Groundwater Distribution and Aquifer Characteristics in Kenya. Elsevier, Volume (16), Page 83-107. Ngaira , J.K.W. (2009). Challenges of water resources management and food production in a changing climate in Kenya. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning , Volume 2 (4), Page (97-103). https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/96540/18/Dossier_Country_Kenya.pdf https://winrock.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Kenya_Country_Profile-Final.pdf

28. REFERENCES Kumar, R., Singh, R., & Sharma, K. (2005). Water resources of India. Current science, 794-811. Kundzewicz , Z. W., Mata, L. J., Arnell, N. W., Doll, P., Kabat, P., Jimenez, B., Miller, K., Oki, T., Zekai, S., & Shiklomanov , I. (2007). Freshwater resources and their management. MEMD. (2007). The Renewable Energy Policy for Uganda. MEMD. Nayebare, S. R., Wilson, L. R., Carpenter, D. O., Dziewulski, D. M., & Kannan, K. (2014). A review of potable water accessibility and sustainability issues in developing countries–case study of Uganda. Reviews on environmental health, 29(4), 363-378. NEMA, N. E. M. A. (2006). The State of Environment Report for Uganda, 2004/05. Ngʼwandu , P. Y. (2008). Challenges and prospects for a new Nile water agreement : the Nile River Basin Commission. In. Nairobi, Kenya :: African Centre for Technology Studies. Nsubuga, F. N., Namutebi, E. N., & Nsubuga- Ssenfuma , M. (2014). Water resources of Uganda: An assessment and review.

29. WATER IS LIFE 