Water Resources for Envoirmental Science.ppt

Nuclear energy has long been hailed as a promising solution to our energy needs, offering a relatively clean and efficient source of power. However, alongside its benefits come significant risks and hazards that cannot be ignored. From the potential for catastrophic accidents to the long-term environmental and health impacts of radioactive materials, nuclear hazards pose complex challenges that demand careful consideration. In this comprehensive exploration, we delve into the various aspects of nuclear hazards, from their origins and mechanisms to their effects and the strategies employed to mitigate them.

Understanding Nuclear Hazards:1.1. Nuclear Energy and Its Hazards:
- Nuclear energy harnesses the power of atomic reactions to generate electricity, primarily through nuclear fission.
- The hazards associated with nuclear energy arise from the radioactive materials produced during fission, which emit harmful ionizing radiation.
- Types of nuclear hazards include accidents, radiation exposure, radioactive contamination, and the long-term storage of radioactive waste.1.2. Sources of Nuclear Hazards:
- Nuclear power plants: Accidents such as Chernobyl and Fukushima have demonstrated the potential for catastrophic failures in nuclear reactors.
- Nuclear weapons testing: The detonation of nuclear weapons releases large amounts of radioactive fallout into the environment.
- Radioactive waste: The disposal and storage of spent nuclear fuel and other radioactive materials present ongoing hazards.
Impacts of Nuclear Hazards:2.1. Health Effects:
- Acute effects of radiation exposure include radiation sickness, burns, and organ damage.
- Chronic exposure to low levels of radiation increases the risk of cancer, genetic mutations, and other long-term health problems.
- Vulnerable populations, such as children and pregnant women, are particularly susceptible to the harmful effects of radiation.2.2. Environmental Consequences:
- Radioactive contamination can persist in the environment for thousands of years, affecting ecosystems and wildlife.
- Contaminated water sources, soil, and air can lead to bioaccumulation of radioactive isotopes in plants and animals, potentially entering the food chain.

1. Water Resources
-Vijay Samant
-152358
-B.Tech.(Information Technology and Mathematical Innovation)

2. •Itissignificantsincelifecannotsurvive
withoutit.
•Agricultural,commercial,household,
leisure,andenvironmentalactivitiesall
usewaterinsomeway.
•Almostallofthehumanusesnecessitate
theuseoffreshwater.
•Irrigationinagricultureisexpectedto
accountfor70%ofglobalwater
consumption.
Importance of Water

3. Water Resources
Water is essentialto life on Earth. Humans
can live for more than month without food,
but we can live for only a few days without
water.
Two kinds of water found on Earth:
•Fresh water, the water that people can drink,
contains little salt.
•Salt water, the water in oceans, contains a
higher concentration of dissolved salts.
Most human uses for water, such as drinking
and agriculture, require fresh water.

4. The Water Cycle

5. The Water Cycle
Water is a renewable resource because it is
circulated in the water cycle.
In the water cycle, water molecules travel
between the Earth’s surface and the
atmosphere.
Water evaporatesat the Earth’s surface.
Water vapor rises into the air.
As the vapor rises, it condensesto form
clouds. Eventually the water in clouds
falls back to the Earth.
The oceans are important because almost
all of the Earth’s water is in the ocean.

6. Global Water Distribution
Only a small percentage of the water on Earth is liquid fresh water that
humans can use.
The fresh water we use comes mainly from lakes and riversand from a
relatively narrow zone beneath the Earth’s surface.

7. Global Water Distribution
Although 71percent of the Earth’s surface is
covered with water, nearly 97percent of
Earth’s water is salt waterin oceans and seas.
Of the fresh water on Earth, about 77percent
is frozenin glaciers and polar icecaps.

8. Global Water Distribution

9. Surface Water
Surface wateris all the bodies of fresh
water, salt water, ice, and snow, that are
found above the ground.
The distribution of surface water has
played a vital role in the developmentof
human societies.
Throughout history, people have built
cities and farms near reliable sources of
water.
Today, most large cities depend on surface
water for drinking water, water to grow
crops, food such as fish, power for
industry, and transportation.

10. River Systems
Streams form as water from falling rain
and melting snow drains from mountains,
hills, plateaus, and plains.
As streams flow downhill, they combine
with other streams and form rivers.
A river systemis a flowing network of
rivers and streams draining a river basin.
The Amazon Riversystem is the largest
river system in the world as it drains an
area of land that is nearly the size of
Europe.

11. Watersheds
A watershedis the area of land that is
drained by a water system.
The amount of water that enters a
watershed varies throughout the year.
Rapidly melting snow as well as spring
and summer rains can dramatically
increasethe amount of water in a
watershed.
At other times of the year, the river
system that drains a watershed may be
reduced to a trickle.

12. Watersheds

13. Groundwater
Most of the fresh water that is
available for human use cannotbe
seen, as it exists underground.
When it rains, some of the water that
falls onto the land flows into lakes
and streams.
But much of the water percolates
through the soil and down into the
rocks beneath.
Groundwateris the water that is
beneath the Earth’s surface.

14. Frozen Water
Slightly more than two percent of Earth's
water is frozeninto ice.
Almost all of this ice is in glaciers, which are
huge masses of ice.
Today, glaciers are found in many
mountainous areas and in the polar regions
of Earth.
The Himalayas, which are often called "The
Roof of the World", contain some of the most
extensive and rough high altitude areas on
Earth as well as the greatest area of glaciers
and permafrost outside of the poles

15. Rain Water

16. Agriculture
Industrial
Household
How do we use Water?

17. Household Personal Use Recreationalactivities
•
Washingdishes
•
Watering the plants
•
Give water to the animals
•
Watering the grass
•
Washing the car
•
Brushing teeth
•
Drinking water
•
Take a shower
•
Going to the bathroom
•
Go to the pool.
•
Go to the beach.
•
Skiing in the mountains.
•
Fish in the lakes.
•
Play with a ball in the river.
•
Surf in the ocean.
How do we use Water?

18. Water pollution refers to the contamination
of water bodies (e.g., rivers, lakes, oceans)
by harmful substances or pollutants.
Water Pollution
A beautifulpicture depicting Water Pollution

19. Causes of Water Pollution:
Industrial discharge
Agricultural runoff
(pesticides, fertilizers)
Improper disposal of waste
(plastics, chemicals, and
plastics)
Sewage and wastewater
Water Pollution

20. Impact of Water Pollution:
Threat to aquatic life
Degradation of ecosystems
Economic consequences (loss
of fisheries, tourism)
Health risks for humans
(waterborne diseases)
Water Pollution
The thing we care about

21. WATER CRISIS
FOR BIG CITIES AROUND THE WORLD

22. MIAMI, NORTH AMERICA
FILLED IN A NATURAL WETLAND, DISRUPTED THE
AQUIFER AND IT NOW HAS SALT WATER IN IT.

23. MEXICO CITY, NORTH AMERICA
IS SINKING AS THEIR DAMS DRY UP.

24. SAO PAULO, BRAZIL WAS
AFFECTED BY
A SEVERE
DROUGHT
AND WATER
POLLUTION

25. LONDON, GREAT BRITIAN
CLIMATE CHANGE
A GROWING POPULATION, LESS RAINFALL, WATER
WASTAGE

26. ISTANBUL, TURKEY
WATER CRISIS, SEVERE DROUGHT AND GROWING
POPULATION

27. CAIRO, EGYPT
WATER POLLUTION OF THE NILE
THEIR MAIN WATER SOURCE

28. MOSCOW, RUSSIA
THEIR WATER SUPPLY IS VERY POLLUTED

29. BEIJING, CHINIA
THE MOST POPULATED CITY IN THE WORLD WITH
SEVERE WATER POLLUTION

30. TOKYO, JAPAN
A SMALL COUNTRY
WITH A LARGE
POPULATION

31. CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA
HOW DID WE AVOID
DAY ZERO?

32. BANGALORE, INDIA
OLD PIPES AND PLUMBING FITTINGS,
WATER WASTAGE AND POLLUTTION

33. VIDYARTHI PG, KAMLANAGAR,
DELHI

34. Saving water is crucial for conserving this precious resource
and ensuring its availability for future generations. Here
are 100 simple ways to save water:
1. Fix leaky faucets promptly.
2. Install water-efficient fixtures like low-flow showerheads
and faucets.
3. Take shorter showers.
4. Turn off the tap while brushing your teeth.
100 Simple Ways to Save Water

35. Here are some more
5. Use a bucket instead of a hose when washing your car.
6. Water your lawn or garden in the early morning or
evening to minimize evaporation.
7. Mulch around plants to retain moisture in the soil.
8. Group plants with similar water needs together in your
garden.
9. Collect rainwater in a barrel for outdoor use.
10. Use a broom instead of a hose to clean driveways and
sidewalks.
100 Simple Ways to Save Water

36. 11. Install a drip irrigation system for your garden.12. Use a pool cover to reduce water evaporation.13. Fix leaks in your irrigation system.14. Plant
drought-resistant or native plants in your garden.15. Use a shut-off nozzle on your hose to control water flow.16. Use a dishwasher instead of hand
washing dishes, but only run it when it’s full.17. Don’t thaw frozen foods with running water; plan ahead and thaw them in the refrigerator.18.
Reuse water from cooking vegetables to water plants.19. Install a dual-flush toilet or a toilet dam to reduce water usage per flush.20. Collect and
reuse greywater from showers and laundry for irrigation.21. Use a rain sensor on your irrigation system to prevent watering during rain.22. Don’t
overwater your lawn or garden; adjust irrigation schedules based on weather conditions.23. Use a compost bin instead of a garbage disposal to
reduce water usage.24. Install a water-efficient washing machine.25. Use a pool skimmer instead of backwashing your pool filter frequently.26. Use
a broom to clean outdoor surfaces instead of hosing them down.27. Fix leaks in your swimming pool.28. Install a water-efficient showerhead.29.
Don’t use the toilet as a trash can.30. Use a rain gauge to measure rainfall and adjust your irrigation accordingly.31. Insulatewater pipes to prevent
leaks and reduce the time it takes for hot water to reach faucets.32. Use a commercial car wash that recycles water.33. Teachchildren about water
conservation from an early age.34. Use a timer for outdoor irrigation to prevent overwatering.35. Don’t let water run while washing dishes by hand;
fill one sink with wash water and the other with rinse water.36. Use a bucket to catch water while waiting for the shower to warm up, then use it to
water plants.37. Install a water-efficient faucet aerator.38. Use a rain barrel to collect water from your gutter downspouts.39.Use a hose with an
automatic shut-off valve for washing your car.40. Use a high-efficiency dishwasher.41. Use a rain gauge to measure rainfall and only water your lawn
or garden when necessary.42. Use a broom or leaf blower to clean outdoor spaces instead of hosing them down.43. Fix leaks in outdoor faucets.44.
Use a sponge or cloth to wash dishes instead of letting the water run.45. Use a rain sensor to automatically shut off your irrigation system during
rain.46. Use a composting toilet to reduce water usage.47. Turn off decorative water features during droughts.48. Install a greywater recycling
system.49. Use a pool cover to reduce evaporation.50. Install a water-efficient dishwasher.51. Use a low-flow toilet.52. Replaceold toilets with
water-efficient models.53. Use a rain barrel to collect water for indoor plants.54. Use a rain gauge to measure rainfall and adjust your irrigation
schedule accordingly.55. Use a rain sensor on your irrigation system to prevent watering during rain.56. Use a drip irrigation system for your
garden.57. Fix leaks in outdoor hoses.58. Use a pool cover to reduce water evaporation.59. Install a water-efficient washing machine.60. Use a
broom to clean outdoor surfaces instead of hosing them down.61. Fix leaks in your swimming pool.62. Use a bucket to catch water while waiting for
the shower to warm up, then use it to water plants.63. Install a water-efficient faucet aerator.64. Use a rain barrel to collectwater from your
gutter downspouts.65. Use a hose with an automatic shut-off valve for washing your car.66. Use a high-efficiency dishwasher.67. Use a rain gauge to
measure rainfall and only water your lawn or garden when necessary.68. Use a broom or leaf blower to clean outdoor spaces instead of hosing them
down.69. Fix leaks in outdoor faucets.70. Use a sponge or cloth to wash dishes instead of letting the water run.71. Use a rain sensor to
automatically shut off your irrigation system during rain.72. Use a composting toilet to reduce water usage.73. Turn off decorative water features
during droughts.74. Install a greywater recycling system.75. Use a pool cover to reduce evaporation.76. Install a water-efficient dishwasher.77. Use
a low-flow toilet.78. Replace old toilets with water-efficient models.79. Use a rain barrel to collect water for indoor plants.80. Use a rain gauge to
measure rainfall and adjust your irrigation schedule accordingly.81. Use a rain sensor on your irrigation system to prevent watering during rain.82.
Use a drip irrigation system for your garden.83. Fix leaks in outdoor hoses.84. Use a pool cover to reduce water evaporation.85.Install a water-
efficient washing machine.86. Use a broom to clean outdoor surfaces instead of hosing them down.87. Fix leaks in your swimming pool.88. Use a
bucket to catch water while waiting for the shower to warm up, then use it to water plants.89. Install a water-efficient faucet aerator.90. Use a
rain barrel to collect water from your gutter downspouts.91. Use a hose with an automatic shut-off valve for washing your car.92. Use a high-
efficiency dishwasher.93. Use a rain gauge to measure rainfall and only water your lawn or garden when necessary.94. Use a broomor leaf blower to
clean outdoor spaces instead of hosing them down.95. Fix leaks in outdoor faucets.96. Use a sponge or cloth to wash dishes instead of letting the
water run.97. Use a rain sensor to automatically shut off your irrigation system during rain.98. Use a composting toilet to reduce water usage.99.
Turn off decorative water features during droughts.100. Install a greywater recycling system.
And here are the next 90 ones

37. These are just a few
simple ways to save
water in your daily
life. Every drop
counts!
Simple Ways Save Water

38. Here are some harder ways to save water:
1.Rather than relying on these simple steps, do some hard
work, and make it a habit to save and reuse water
wherever possible, and encourage others to do the
same.
2.Repeat Step 1
Harder Way to Save Water