Water Resources_groundwater _Issuess _Uganda .pptx

Water Resources

1. FACULTY OF ENGINEERING EECE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING PRE471: Introduction to Hydrology; An Environmental Approach Water Resources/Ground water & Groundwater issues in Uganda الموارد المائية/المياه الجوفية وقضايا المياه الجوفية في أوغندا By Muhindo Ronald ID: 072025007 MSc. Environmental Engineering

2. OUTLINE INTRODUCTION 2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF UGANDA SURFACE WATER RESOURCE 4. GROUND WATER RESOURCE 5. RAINWATER 6. CONCLUSION 7. TAKE HOME QUESTIONS Water Resources of Uganda Location, Climate and Water Resources Use Surface Water Drainage, Surface Water Issues Hydrogeology, Groundwater issues - Rainwater issues

3. INTRODUCTION Water resources of Uganda are one of its vital assets that contribute to socio-economic development and poverty eradication. However, they unevenly distributed in both time and space. There are two distinct water resources categories in Uganda that is; surface Water where Lake Victoria contributes about 85% of the total fresh surface water of Uganda and it is one of the largest lakes in the world and Ground water estimated to be 29 million m3/year with about 20,000 boreholes, 3000 shallow-wells and 200,000 springs, serving more than 80% of the rural and slum communities

4. Location Uganda commonly called the Pearl of Africa is in the Eastern region of Africa along the equator. It is bordered by Tanzania to the south, Kenya to the east, Sudan to the north, Democratic republic of Congo to the west and Rwanda to the southwest. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF UGANDA

5. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF UGANDA

6. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF UGANDA Climate Rainfall Uganda exhibits a bimodal distribution with rains falling during two rainy seasons. The short rains occur between September and November while the extended rains occur between March and May and between September – October with a mean annual rainfall of about 1200mm. The spatial distribution of rainfall has resulted in a network of great rivers and lakes that possess big potential for development

7. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF UGANDA Water Resources Use The water resources use in Uganda falls under four main categories namely: Domestic Consumption, Agriculture, Industry and Energy and Water Transport

8. SURFACE WATER RESOURCES Drainage In Uganda, significant water resources originate from precipitation as well as inflows from the upstream countries of Burundi, Dr Congo, Kenya, Rwanda and Tanzania. Uganda is thus both in a downstream and upstream country in the Nile system and almost all its water resources are shared with other countries. The main surface water bodies in Uganda are Lake Victoria, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, Lake Edward and Lake Albert

9. SURFACE WATER RESOURCES Drainage Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Uganda, is also the World’s second largest freshwater body and it’s the source the longest river in the World, River Nile. The Lake is shared between Kenya (6%), Tanzania (49%) and Uganda (45%),

10. SURFACE WATER RESOURCES

11. SURFACE WATER RESOURCES Surface Water Issues The following are the water management issues Uganda is facing; i ) Water Institutional Fragmentation The fragmentation of institutions in the water sector is a serious obstacle to the integrated management of water resources. The people, organizations, and laws and regulations for water supply and sanitation for residential use often have very little to do with those applicable to the water used for irrigation, flood protection, or hydropower. Surface and groundwater are usually managed separately

12. SURFACE WATER RESOURCES Surface Water Issues The following are the water management issues Uganda is facing; i ) Water Institutional Fragmentation There are insufficient links to planning and management of other closely related sectors and this minimizes the coordination to maximize the use of existing human, financial and equipment resources. ii) Inequalities in Use, Access and Participation iii) International Water Agreements

13. SURFACE WATER RESOURCES Surface Water Issues International Water Agreements Uganda shares the waters of the Nile Basin with nine other Riparean States. Uganda is a signatory to the Agreements with Egypt of the 20th Century. These Nile Water Agreements allocate all the waters of the Nile to Egypt, while denying the Upper Riparians the right to utilize the waters for irrigation and power generation

14. SURFACE WATER RESOURCES Surface Water Issues Quality issues Surface Water pollution due to (agriculture, industrialization, and sewage discharge) Distribution There are significant regional disparities in distribution of surface water sources in Uganda. Most of the lakes and rivers are in the Central, Southern, Eastern, and Western regions. In the Northern and Northeastern regions, the available rivers are mainly seasonal and will flow only during heavy rains. Thus, people mainly utilize groundwater.

15. GROUNDWATER RESOURCES Hydrogeology The geology of Uganda is dominated by Archean and Proterozoic rocks of high grade metamorphism. These rocks underlie more than two thirds of the country. The hydrogeological conditions are typical of Precambrian basement terrain , and the most productive aquifers occur in the weathered overburden and in the fractured bedrock . Boreholes are typically installed into the fractured bedrock and in the interface between the weathered zone and the bedrock , while shallow wells are drilled in the weathered zone.

16. GROUNDWATER RESOURCES

17. GROUNDWATER RESOURCES Groundwater recharge The estimated annual groundwater recharge rates in Uganda are highly variable and range from approximately 10 percent of the annual rainfall in the deep weathering zone of central Uganda to approximately one percent of the annual rainfall in the zone of stripping in western Uganda

18. GROUNDWATER RESOURCES

19. GROUNDWATER RESOURCES Groundwater Issues Accessibility issues Quality issues Distribution and Utilization of groundwater Issues a) Irrigation, b) Livestock watering

20. RAINWATER Rainwater Issues Rainwater in Uganda is the primary source of the renewable freshwater. Therefore, rainwater issues can’t remain undiscussed. Quality issues Rainwater quality tends to deteriorate during collection, storage, and use. The collection surfaces and storage tanks are usually the potential sources of contamination since environmental contaminants can adsorb to those surfaces

21. CONCLUSION Generally, water resources of Uganda face significant challenges in achieving SDG 6 “Clean Water and Sanitation” which ensures availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. A dual approach is essential for Uganda to meet the International SDGs related to water resources that is. Through Improving Surface Water Management by Investing in infrastructure, pollution control, and transboundary cooperation since most of her waterbodies are shared with other countries. Protecting Groundwater is also essential through treating it as a strategic reserve by mapping aquifers, regulating abstraction, and protecting recharge zones from pollution to ensure availability of clean water.

22. TAKE HOME QUESTIONS 1. Discuss the Water Resources Management in Uganda undertaking into account: i ) Water Availability ii) ii) Water Use 2. What are the key challenges facing water resources management in Uganda 3. Discuss the issues of the following water sources in Uganda ( i ) Surface Water (ii) Groundwater (iii) Rainwater 4. Briefly relate water resources issues to international Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

23. WATER IS LIFE 