WEEK-1 Ethicali-SUMMER-2020-UPDATED.pptx

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1. BIOETHICS SUMMER 2023 MODULE 1 UPDATED : June 18, 2023

2. At the end of the unit the learner will be able to: 1. Identify and discuss the concept of Bioethics and other related terminologies 2. Apply learned ethical concepts in order to clarify ethical issues and dilemma 3. Demonstrate self awareness and therapeutic use of self whenever encountered in a state of confusing in nursing field. Objectives:

3. Innate human nature to accept the beliefs and practices that surrounds them different factors that has influenced morality in nursing: - Social need - Religion - Philosophy In social need, healthcare provider expresses moral belief (agent) Introduction

4. moral relates to what is considered right and wrong, good and bad decisions must be done considering moral reasoning In religion influence, it teaches the value of individual life, death and health

5. In Philosophical influence, happenings from ancient times until contemporary morality is personal sense of right or wrong

6. Definition of Terms: ETHICS It is a PRACTICAL science of morality of human conduct that implies direction hjhgwq ` 5 - Science – deals with complete and systematic body of factual and empirical data and reasoning - Moral – dictates of reason on how things should be - Human conduct – deliberate, free and how one person SHOULD ACT

7. Definition of Terms: Ethics - concerns the needs and values of human persons in all matters of human concern including HEALTH; nothing is more human and personal than HEALTH Ethics is concern with the study of social morality and philosophical reflection on its norms and practices

8. Definition of Terms: Moral issues deals with respect for life, freedom, love, issues that provokes conscience; issues that responds to ought, should, right, wrong, good, bad and complicated

9. Definition of Terms: BIOETHICS A science that deals with the study of the morality of human conduct concerning human life in all its aspects from the moment of its conception to its natural end HEALTHCARE ETHICS is the field of applied ethics that is concerned with the vast array of moral decision-making situations that relates to human health

10. The Human Being The PERSON (Biblical) Created in the image and likeness of God; differing from animals due to possession of spiritual intelligence and free will God produces the human body through the cooperation of human parents; the creation of the human soul is direct act of God Each person is unique and ir - replaceable; and are called not only to maturity but to eternal life

11. Human Acts is an act which proceeds from the deliberate free will of man. Man knows what he is doing and freely chooses to do what he does; Not all acts are Human Acts; for an act to be human it must have: - KNOWLEDGE - FREEDOM - Voluntariness

12. Human Acts KNOWLEDGE – of what it is about and what it means facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject: awareness or familiarity gained by experience of a fact or situation Ex: What will I do? Why do I have to do it?

13. The Human Being FREEDOM – to do or leave it undone without coercion or constraint; it implies voluntariness which is to rationally choose by deliberate will the object Ex. Freedom of expression and speech

14. The Human Being CONSCIENCE/Voluntariness – spiritual discernment; The capacity to make practical judgement in matters involving ethical issues; It is person’s most secret sanctuary where he/she is alone with God; Hence the more a correct conscience prevails the more do persons and groups turn aside from blind choice and try to be guided by the objective standards of moral conduct (SVC 1965) Ex. Natural law Civil Law Code of Ethics

15. Acts of Man Actions beyond one’s consciousness; not dependent on the intellect and will Essential qualities of Acts of Man - Done without knowledge - Without consent - Involuntary Ex. Unconscious

16. Ethical Philosophers Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) A German philosopher was an opponent of utilitarianism

17. Kant’s Deontological moral theory Act done in accord with duty and act done from a sense of duty Categorical Imperative Ex: Performing nursing functions out of the desire to do so or out of fear of being accused of negligence

18. John Bordley Rawl Born: February 21, 1921 an American moral and political philosopher; Professorship at Harvard University, University of Oxford; His magnum opus, A Theory of Justice (1971 According to English philosopher Jonathan Wolff, John Rawls was the most important political philosopher of the 20th century

19. John Bordley Rawl Social Contract as a solution to Distributive Justice (the socially just distribution of goods in a society); Resultant theory known as "Justice as Fairness”: 1. Society should be structured so that the greatest possible amount of liberty is given to its members,; 2. Inequalities either social or economic are only to be allowed only if the worst will result under an equal distribution;

20. Social Contract as a solution to Distributive Justice (the socially just distribution of goods in a society); Resultant theory known as "Justice as Fairness”: 1. Society should be structured so that the greatest possible amount of liberty is given to its members,; 2. Inequalities either social or economic are only to be allowed only if the worst will result under an equal distribution;

21. John Bordley Rawl 3. Finally, if there is such a beneficial inequality, this inequality should not make it harder for those without resources to occupy positions of power, for instance public office.

22. J ohn Rawl’s Ethics Equal access to basic human rights and liberties of citizenship Fair equality of opportunity and equal distribution of socio economic inequalities

23. St. Thomas Aquinas Born 1225; Sicily, Italy Proclaimed Doctor of the Catholic Church Joined the Dominican Order • (Order of Preachers – OP) Thomas's ethics - "first principles of action.“ Summa theologiae , he wrote: - Virtue denotes a certain perfection of a power; - Now a thing's perfection is considered chiefly in regard to its end; - But the end of power is act. Wherefore power is said to be perfect, according as it is determinate to its act.[82]

24. St. Thomas Aquinas St. Thomas Four Cardinal Virtues Prudence Temperance Fortitude Justice

25. Aquinas Ethics “Do good, avoid evil” the inherent capacity of every individual , lettered or unlettered to distinguish the good from the bad through reason and reflection ( syndresis )

26. Three determinants of moral action Object - the will intends 2. Circumstances - may mitigate or aggravate 3. End of the agent - purpose

27. Aquinas Ethics double effect principles- situation in which a good and evil effect will result Principle of totality

28. William David Ross Born: April 15, 1877; Thurso , Scotland Scottish philosopher Education: University of Edinburgh The moral order...is just as much part of the fundamental nature of the universe (and...of any possible universe in which there are moral agents at all) as is the spatial or numerical structure expressed in the axioms of geometry or arithmetic; "moral intuitionist" theory,

29. The Prima Facie Duties or Moral Guidelines According to W. D. Ross (1877-1971), there are several prima facie duties that we can use to determine what, concretely, we ought to do. A prima facie duty is a duty that is binding (obligatory) " Unless stronger moral considerations outweigh, one ought to keep a promise made."

30. The prima facie duties include Fidelity Reparation Gratitude Justice Beneficence Self-Improvement Non- maleficence