Week 2 Phonetics The Sounds of Language.pptx

This slides presents useful information to carry out the lesson on phonetics in English language classroom for English as a Second Language teachers. It introduces the foundational concepts of phonetics, focusing on the physical production, transmission, and perception of speech sounds. It explores the scientific study of sound production, including the articulatory, acoustic, and auditory branches of phonetics. The lesson aims to provide students with a comprehensive overview of how language sounds are formed and perceived.

1. MHPZ 1123 Phonetics The Sounds of Language Wan Farah Wani Wan Fakhruddin

2. 2 The study of the physical production, transmission, and perception of speech sounds. Focus : How sounds are created with our vocal tracts, how sound waves travel, and how our ears interpret them. Phonetics

3. 3 Scientific study of production, transmission & reception of human speech sounds Brances of Phonetics Articulatory Phonetics (Production) Acoustic Phonetics (Transmission) Auditory Phonetics (Reception) Phonetics

4. 4 A good phonetic transcription system should have an unambiguous and consistent relationship between written symbols and the sounds that they represent. Each symbol should represent one sound only, and each sound should have only one symbol. The reason that we cannot use the English spelling system to describe sounds is that there is no one-to-one correspondence between English orthography and the sounds it represents. English spelling is highly irregular —the same letter can represent different sounds, or the same sound can be represented by different letters. Why Do We Need a Phonetic Alphabet?

5. 5 5. For example, the letter s can represent a number of different sounds in English writing. It can represent the [ s ] sound in words such as s un, fa s t, phonetic s , the [z] sound in is, use, thieves or the [ ʒ ] sound in words like plea s ure, lei s ure or no sound at all in ai s le, i s land, debri s . Conversely, the [ i ] sound in English can be written using different letters of the English alphabet, as in s ee , s ea , ic y , c ei ling, sc e nic, rav i ne, br ie f. Additionally, the English alphabet is not able to accurately represent sounds that are not in English, such as the [ħ] sound in Arabic or the click sounds in Xhosa. Why Do We Need a Phonetic Alphabet?

6. 6 Solves these problems by representing each sound in human speech with a single symbol. Enables us to transcribe spoken language consistently and accurately. The IPA is applicable to all spoken human languages and can be used to describe the sounds of any language. The symbols in the IPA are enclosed in slashes / / or brackets [ ] to indicate that the transcription is phonetic. The IPA does not represent the spelling system of any particular language. Use of Phonetic Alphabet

7. Your Date Here Your Footer Here 7

8. 8 Most speech sounds are made by pushing air out of the lungs. Air from the lungs goes up the trachea (also known as the windpipe) and into the larynx, where it passes through the space between the vocal cords , called the glottis . After the air passes through the glottis, it goes through the tube in the throat called the pharynx . Then the air goes out of the oral cavity through the mouth, or out of the nasal cavity through the nose. Sounds made when the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced . Sounds made when the vocal cords are apart are called voiceless . Articulatory Phonetics: How Sounds Are Produced

9. 9 To hear the difference between a voiced and a voiceless sound, put your fingertips lightly on your throat and say a long s sound (like a snake). You should feel no vibration as the vocal cords are separated to make this voiceless sound. Now with your fingertips still on your throat, say a long z sound. You will feel a vibration of the vocal cords for this voiced sound. Voiced vs Voiceless Sound

10. 10 The underlined sounds in the first row, [p] and [b], differ only in voicing. TEST : Put your fingertips on your throat and say just the underlined consonant in each of these words. Say [p] and [b] alternately—[p, b, p, b, p, b]. Notice that both of these sounds are formed in the same way in the mouth. The only difference is that [p] is voiceless whereas [b] is voiced. The same goes for [f] and [v], for [θ] and [ð], for [s] and [z], and so on. Voiced vs voiceless sound

11. 11 The Vocal Tract Articulators The most important articulator is the tongue

12. 12 Consonants & Vowels

13. 13 Consonants (Obstruction in the passage of airstream) Vowels (No obstruction in the passage of airstream) Consonants vs Vowels

14. 14 Consonants are formed by the obstruction of the airstream through the vocal tract. Consonants can therefore be classified according to the place and manner of this obstruction, along with voicing at the larynx. Any given consonant is described by using the following three features: (1) Voicing, (2) Place of Articulation, and (3) Manner of Articulation. What are Consonants?

15. 15 Consonant sounds can be classified according to three dimensions: Voicing (voiceless or voiced) The Place of Articulation (where the sound is made) The Manner of Articulation (how the sound is made) Consonant Sounds

16. 16 Consonant Sounds

17. 17 A sound is voiced if the vocal cords vibrate. A sound is voiceless if the vocal cords are not vibrating. Voicing

18. 18 Bilabial - two lips touching each other ( pay, bay, may ) Labio dental - lower lip touches the upper teeth ( fine, vine ) Dental - tip of the tongue and the inner edge of the upper teeth Alveolar - tip of the tongue and hard palate ( tee, dee, see, zee, knee ) Palatal - the tongue and hard palate (yes, you) Velar - dorsal tongue and soft palate Glottal - throat passage Places of Articulation

19. 19 The way the airstream is modified by the vocal tract to produce sounds. The lips, tongue, velum, and glottis can be positioned in different ways to produce different sounds. Manner of Articulation

20. 20 Stops/Plosives Stops are made when there is a complete closure of the articulators so that air is stopped. ( M y n a nn y ) Fricatives These are the sounds produced when the air stream is compressed and passes through a small opening creating friction. (The beginning consonants in face, vase, thigh, thy, sue, zoo , and ship, as well as the consonants in the middle of the words measure and aha, ) Affricates are a combination of two manners of articulation: a stop and a fricative. ( chewed, Jude) Nasals are produced by lowering the velum and opening the nasal passage to the vocal tract. Liquids are consonants that involve substantial constriction of the vocal tract but the constriction is not sufficiently narrow to block the vocal tract or cause friction. (hill, rate) glides are sounds that are made with little or no obstruction of the airstream in the mouth. (which, yes) Manner of Articulation

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22. 22 Learning to accurately produce these non-English sounds can be challenging but with practice one can achieve reasonable approximations of native pronunciations. How words are formed by breaking them down into their meaningful units (morphemes) like roots, prefixes, and suffixes. Consonants in Other Languages

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25. Your Date Here Your Footer Here 25 International Phonetic Alphabet

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27. Thank You ! See you in the next class! Phonology and phonological rules and the second language learner