WEEK 4 LESSON - Earth Processes and Soil Conservation.pptx

WEEK 4 LESSON - Earth Processes and Soil Conservation.pptx

1. Earth Processes and Soil Conservation WEEK 4 LESSON Plate Tectonics, Rock Cycle, Soil Properties, and Conservation

2. LESSON OBJECTIVES: 01 Define plate tectonics and explain its relationship to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions 02 Discuss ways to conserve soil 03 04 Present a simplified diagram of the rock cycle Enumerate soil properties

3. PLATE TECTONICS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS 01

4. Question: HAVE YOU TRIED TO BOIL AN EGG?

5. Lithosphere The lithosphere is the rigid outer layer of the Earth, comprising the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle . It is not one solid piece—it is broken into huge sections called tectonic plates .

6. PLATE TECTONICS Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that explains how the Earth’s outer shell, called the lithosphere , is divided into large pieces known as tectonic plates . These plates float and slowly move on top of the softer, semi-fluid layer beneath, called the asthenosphere . Their movement is driven by forces such as mantle convection, gravity, and pressure within the Earth.

7. These plates fit together like a jigsaw puzzle, covering the Earth’s surface. They can be oceanic plates (under the oceans) or continental plates (under the continents). Examples: Pacific Plate, North American Plate, African Plate. These plates are always moving, though very slowly—about as fast as your fingernails grow! This movement is what causes earthquakes, volcanoes, and the formation of mountains .

8. Earthquakes happen when plates grind, collide, or slide past each other. Volcanoes form mainly where plates move apart (divergent boundaries) or where one plate is forced under another (subduction zones). Mountains, ocean trenches, and rift valleys are also created by plate interactions. This movement causes many important geological events and features:

9. Rock Cycle Diagram 02

10. Rocks that are formed from the solidification of molten rock material (magma or lava). Minerals are formed during the crystallization of the magma. Molten rock material can solidify below the surface of the earth (plutonic igneous rocks) or at the surface of the Earth (volcanic igneous rocks ). IGNEOUS ROCKS

11. are rocks that are formed through the accumulation, compaction, and cementation of sediments. Sediments - any solid material that is moved and deposited in a new location. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

12. Sedimentary processes at or near the surface of the Earth include: weathering of rocks, sediment transport and deposition, compaction and cementation. Weathering - breaking down of rocks at the Earth’s surface, by the action of rainwater, extreme temperature, and biological activity. Ex. Physical, Chemical, Biological

13. They are formed from the transformation of pre-existing rocks (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks) through the process of metamorphism. Metamorphism - involve changes in the phyiscal and chemical properties of rocks in response to heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids. METAMORPHIC ROCKS

14. SOIL PROPERTIES IMPORTANCE IN PLANT GROWTH AND ECOSYSTEM SUPPORT 03

15. Soil properties are the characteristics of soil that determine how it behaves and what it can support. These include: Physical properties (texture, structure, color, porosity, permeability) Chemical properties (pH level, nutrient content, organic matter) Biological properties (presence of microorganisms, earthworms, and decaying material)

16. Importance in Plant Growth and Ecosystem Provide nutrients and water that plants need to grow. Influence root development through soil texture and structure. Maintain soil fertility for sustainable agriculture. Support microorganisms and animals that recycle nutrients. Regulate water flow and storage , reducing floods or droughts. Help prevent erosion and maintain land productivity. Form the basis of ecosystems , supporting forests, grasslands, and farms.

17. SOIL CONSERVATION 04

18. Protecting soil from erosion (loss of topsoil) and degradation (loss of quality and nutrients). Importance: Ensures food security by maintaining fertile land for crops. Protects the environment by preventing pollution and sedimentation of rivers. Supports sustainable farming , allowing future generations to use the land productively. S oil Conservation

19. 1. Contour Plowing and Terracing Follows the natural shape of the land to slow water runoff Reduces erosion on slopes 2. Crop Rotation and Cover Cropping Alternating crops maintains soil nutrients Cover crops protect soil from erosion and improve fertility Methods of Soil Conservation

20. 3. Agroforestry and Mulching Planting trees/shrubs with crops reduces wind and water erosion Mulch adds organic matter and keeps moisture in the soil 4. Proper Irrigation and Drainage Prevents waterlogging and salinization Promotes healthy root growth and soil structure Methods of Soil Conservation

21. DOES ANYONE HAVE A QUESTION?

22. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!