Week 6.2 - Approaches in Participative Development.ppt

Approches to Participative Development

1. APPROACHES TO
PARTICIPATIVE DEVELOPMENT

2. People Centered Approaches
People
Basic
Needs
Culture
capacities
Rights

3. 1. BASIC NEEDS
APPROACH

4. Basic needs Approach
•During the 1970s, limit to top-down
approaches in reducing poverty in large
areas of world.
•‘trickling down’ benefits of economic
development were experienced largely by
the richer countries and groups (Hettne,
1995).
•Led to rethinking of how development in
terms of improving standards and quality
of life was to be achieved.

5. Basic needs Approach
•Promoted by many large multilateral
organizations , like ILO, World Bank
(under the presidency of Robert
McNamara),
•The focus of development policies was
to be directlyat the poorest in
society, rather than the macro level
policies.

6. What are Basic needs? (ILO)
1.Basics of personal consumption –food,
shelter, clothing;
2.Access to essential services –clean water,
sanitation, education, transport,
healthcare;
3.Access to paid employment
4.Qualitative needs –healthy and safe
environment, ability to participate in
decision-making

7. Basic needs Approach
•In policy terms, this approach advocated a
focus on agric development and support for
the urban informal sector.
•As Hunt (1989) stresses most advocates of
‘basic needs’ were not calling for an end to the
modernization project, rather greater attention
should be paid to smaller scale activities and
poorer sectors of society, alongside continued
investment in large-scale infrastructure.

8. Basic needs Approach
•Meeting the needs of the poor also
would improve the education and skill
levels of the population, for the potential
for contributing to greater economic
growth.
•Criticism –financially demanding and in
many cases, many governments were
unwilling to unable to afford such
expenditure

9. 2. ETHNODEVELOPMENT
ethnicity, rights, development,
indigenous peoples and
participation

10. INTRODUCTION
•‘Ethnodevelopment’introduced by Rodolfo
Stavenhagen (1986) as a critique of
Eurocentricismin development approaches
•Ethnodevelopment focuseson the problems
of ethnicityand development
•Kassam’s (in Sillitoe et. al, 2002) main
argument emphasize on community
participation in development especially
when it concerns the community’s economic
resources

11. What is ethnodevelopment?
•Kassam (2008: 65): “ethnodevelopment refers to the right of
ethnic group to participate (or not, as the case may be) in
the modern development process on their own terms”
–This assumes that ‘other peoples’ –usually minority
ethnic groups –also possess their own models of
socioeconomic growth based on their natural resources,
social capital, land use management, customs and belief
systems
•Hettne (in Willis, 2005: 122) says“ethnicity has been a
neglected dimension in development theory”
•Ethnodevelopment approach criticizes modernization
and Marxists theories –these theories do NOT take
ethnic diversity into consideration

12. ITS APPLICATION (APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT)
•Early 1990s: World Bank acknowledges the
importance of ‘ethnicity’in development
programs (based on study of marginalization
of indigenous peoples in Latin America)
•World Bank perceives ethnicity as a form of
‘social capital’i.e. the way how ethnic
identities are used to mobilize themselves
within their own territory and available
resources
•Realization of indigenous peoples
predicament originates from their
ecological destruction due to WB-
sponsored projects

13. ITS APPLICATION (cont)
•Argues that ‘development’approach at
national scale needs to focuson the
population’sethnic diversity
•Stavenhagen (in Willis, 2005) highlights
the need to maintain ethnic diversity as
development is in progress
–as an approach to development –“the need
to maintain ethnic diversity as
development takes place”(Willis, 2008: 123)

14. ITS APPLICATION
•Hettne (in Willis, 2005: 123) says there are four
main aspects of development:
–Territorialism: the spatial concentration of ethnic groups,
such that decisions about ‘development’are made
within a particular territory based on the resources of
that particular area
–Internal self-determination: the ability for a particular ethnic
group to control collectively its destiny within the context of a
nation-state
–Cultural pluralism: the existence of and mutual respect for a
number of cultures within one society
–Ecological sustainability: development should progress with
no significant destruction of the natural environment which
would threaten future livelihood

15. •There are several aspects “cultural change
and destruction” for indigenous peoples that
ethnodevelopment addresses :
1.Land
•Land is the main source of indigenous
peoples’ livelihood –subsistence, security
and identity
•Land rights are the major issue encountered
by indigenous peoples –land are
systematically dispossessed by the state and
IPs struggle to preserve their access to land
•Stavenhagen (2005: 18) argues “current
neoliberal development policies, instead of
helping indigenous farmers and hunter -
gatherers to strengthen their local
economies, have in fact pushed many of
them off the land”

16. INDIGENOUS PEOPLES & DEVELOPMENT
•Existence of indigenous peoples depend on their
right to own, occupy and use land collectively
•Some countries have legislation that protect
indigenous peoples’ land rights but may be
override by powerful economic interest
–Transformation of communal land into individual or
corporate property (e.g. Section 47 land acquisition
for development projects for public purposes)
–Hydroelectric dam projects, large-scale commercial
plantations such as oil palm plantation, tourism,
environmental conservation programs, etc.
•Stavenhagen (2003, 2005) regards the IPs as
victims of “development aggression”

17. INDIGENOUS PEOPLES & DEVELOPMENT
•Indigenous peoples struggle to have their land rights
recognized to ensure their social, economic and cultural
survival
–They even struggle against bio-piracy (e.g. patent,
privatization) of their indigenous ecological knowledge and
assert their freedom to use their own environment
according to their customs
2.Development refugees
•Stavenhagen (2005) refers to indigenous peoples that
are forced to migrate to the urban centers for labor
and/ordisplacement and involuntary resettlement as a
result of development projects, as “development
refugees”

18. INDIGENOUS PEOPLES & DEVELOPMENT
•Some “development refugees” are forced to
change their livelihood or abandon their
settlements due to strict enforcement of
environmental laws
–e.g. indigenous farmers, hunters, fishermen, or
gatherers prevented from using their land and
access to their resources
•Failure to abide by these laws –or subsist
on their own resources –would often make
the indigenous communities as ‘criminals’

19. INDIGENOUS PEOPLES & DEVELOPMENT
3.Language
•Indigenous communities regard their mother
tongue as their cultural rights
•Formal schooling usually perceived as an
instrument of assimilation and acculturation
–The use of ‘national language’ to override mother
tongues of indigenous peoples in school
•Increasing number of intercultural schooling
nowadays as a response against acculturation
through conventional formal schooling (e.g.
Maori of New Zealand

20. INDIGENOUS PEOPLES & DEVELOPMENT
4.Intellectual property rights of indigenous
peoples
•Preservation of indigenous cultures becomes
the subject of international organizations
–e.g. arts, artifacts, traditions, ecosystem
management, traditional knowledge
•Indigenous cultures were often eliminated
and transformed by state policies because it
threatens the idea of national integration and
development

21. •Stavenhagen (2003, 2005) provided an important
research framework in development studies (not just
an alternative of ‘development’)
•Ethnodevelopment emphasizes on the rights of
indigenous people to determine their own
development
•Ethnodevelopment is the direct response to
economic and cultural ethnocide
–Economic ethnocide: destruction of traditional systems of
production (e.g. alienation of land for ‘development’
purposes)
–Cultural ethnocide: linguistic, educational and other
policies designed by the state to assimilate ethnic groups
into the ‘national’ culture and replaces the indigenous
peoples’ traditional value systems
CONCLUSION

22. CONCLUSION
•‘National’ culture usually refers to the culture of
the dominant group –elites of this dominant
group controls the power of the state
•Such states where the minority ethnic groups or
indigenous peoples are marginalized from
development policies are labeled as “ethnocratic”
states
•The non-dominant groups within the “ethnocratic”
states often find themselves in a situation of ‘internal
colonialism’(Stavenhagen, 1990)
•Ethnodevelopment, therefore, is an approach to
minimize the possibility of ethnic conflict, prejudice
and violence

23. 3. Human Development
Approach

24. Human Development Approach
•Basic purpose is to enlarge peoples choices.
These choices can be infinite and can change
over time
•Mahbub ul Huq –the objective of development is
to create an enabling environment for people to
enjoy long, healthy and creative lives.
•Human achievements –key indicators of
progress –not merely per capita income which is
not a reliable indicator
•People mey value non-income parameters like
peace and security, gender equality, satisfying
leisure hours, sense of participation

25. FOUR PILLARS OF HD
•EQUITY
•PARTICIPATION
•EFFICIENCY
•SUSTAINABILITY

26. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HYHow0VVeSQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gApXueVX-vs
People First: Human Development Reports [HQ]

27. Guiding Principles
Three components:
Well-being: expanding people’s real
freedoms so that people can fluorish
Empowerment and agency: enable
people and groups to act –to drive
valuable outcomes
Justice: expanding equity,
sustaining outcomes overt time and
respecting human rights and other
goals of society

28. “Development as
freedom”
Amartya Sen

29. Development as Freedom
•Freedom to choose functionings is
crucial
•People as ‘agents’ –not recipients of
welfare and benefits
•Amartya Sen –Development as
Freedom
•Freedom has intrinsic value (Valuable
in itself)
•Freedom has instrumental value (as a
means to other things)
•Freedom ‘from’ is as important as
freedom to

30. Agency, voice and empowerment (Sen,
1999)
Development relies on people’s freedom
to make decisions and advance key
objectives
People themselves decide upon what
kind of development they would like for
themselves
When people and social groups are
recognized as agents they can define
their priorities as well as choose the
best means to achieve them

31. Functioningsand Capabilities
•Developmental goal: to enhance
people’s potential to be and to do
•Functionings –valuable ‘beings and
doings’ of people
–Elementary functioning –being
healthy and nourished
–Complex functionings –ability to
contribute to community life
achieving self respect, ability to
appear in public without shame
•Combination of functionings –
capabilities

32. “Enhancing human
capabilities, to live
a life of dignity”
Martha Nussbaum

33. Enhancing Human Capabilities

34. HD IS ABOUT
•People –‘how’ and for ‘whom’; not
just ‘what’ to do
•Emphasis from ‘are we doing
things right’ to are we doing the
right things”
•Go beyond income to ensure
growth is not jobless, voiceless,
rootless, ruthless, futureless
(1996 Global HDR)

35. Human development
•Human development: the process of
widening people’s choices at the level
of their achieved well-being (UNDP,
1990, p9)
•To enhance people’s capabilities in the
present and in the future, in all areas of
their life:
•social, political, economic and
cultural
•Central goal: enabling people to
become agents in their own lives and in
their communities

36. Comparing Approaches
Human
Development
Economic
Growth
Human
Resource
Development
Basic Needs
Approach
People Instrumental and
intrinsic value-
agency
Instrumental Factor of
production –
instrumental
Beneficiaries
End-goalsFormation of
human capabilities
and use of acquired
capabilities
Creation of
wealth
Maximizing
human
productivity
Welfare
Indicators Human liberty and
choices
GDP per capitaLabour
productivity
Eradication of
poverty
Orientatio
n
Ethical Economic Utilitarian Protectionist

37. Calculating the HDI
•Human Development Index used as an
important composite
•HD –combined index of three choices reflected
in indicators
•Long lasting and healthy life –Life Expectancy
at Birth
•Access to knowledge –adult literacy rate,
combined enrolment ratio
•Resource for a decent life –GDP per capita

39. Shift: Human development and income
•HD focuses on :
•“what makes life worthwhile”: people!
•The meaning of income changes: income not
as an end on itself, but as an instrument:
•Aristotle: “wealth is evidently not the good
we are seeking, for it is merely useful and
for the sake of something else”
•That people matter does not mean that
income does not. Income is obviously an
important instrument in enabling people to
realize their full potential

40. What is the meaning of ‘successful’
development?
•The Human Development and Capability Approach
(HDCA) starts with a shift in perspective:
•(1) From an approach where the objective in
development is economic growth
–the unit of analysis here is the economy
•(2) To an approach where the objective of development
is to expand what people are able to do and be, what we
might call their real Freedoms
–The unit of analysis here is human wellbeing and
human freedoms

41. 4. Human Rights based
Approaches

42. Human Rights Based Approaches
Rights Based Programming is a way of
approaching development that sets the
achievement of human rights as an objective of
development.
•“short-term programme objectives in the
context of longer term goals
seek to fundamentally change deeply
rooted conditions that perpetually undermine
the full implementation of the Convention on
the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the
Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of
Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)”
(UNICEF, 2003).

43. Human Rights Based Approaches
•Based on the values, standards and principles
captured in the UN Charter, the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights and subsequent
legally binding human rights
conventions/treaties.
•It not only defines the subjects of
development, but it also translates people’s
needs into rights, recognizing the human
person as the active subject and claim-holder

44. Human Rights Based Approaches
•identifies the duties and obligations of those
against whom a claim can be brought to
ensure that needs are met.
•transformative potential of human rights to
alleviate injustice, inequality and poverty.
Human rights are moral norms, standards of
accountability and weapons in the struggle
for social justice.

45. How??

46. Key principles in HRAP
•Universality, non discrimination
and dignity
•Key operational principles
responsibility, accountability,
participation, transparency,
empowerment and sustainability

47. Key principles
•Indivisibility (all have equal
status,inherent with dignity of each
person)
•Interdependence and interrelatedness
(depends wholly or in part on realization
of other rights)
•Equality and non discrimination (all
individuals are equal)
•Participation and inclusion (all are
entitled to active, free and meaningful
participation)
•Empowerment (process in which
peoples capacities to demand & use
their rights grows)

48. Key principles
Accountability and the respect for the
right of law (identify rights holders and
duty bearers.
Rights based approaches promotes the
development of laws, institutions to
ensure fulfilment of entitlements.

49. Advantages

50. Advantages of rights based approaches
The approach is anchored on solidarity, which
empowers people and enhances their capacity
to improve the quality of their lives while
charity often dis-empowers the poor and the
vulnerable
Human rights programming entails the building
of community capacity for people to understand
their rights, to claim their rights, and to make
meaningful contribution to realizing these
rights.
Facilitating participation in societal decision-
making is an

51. advantages
Participation is an objective in itself. Participation of women
and children in decision making processes strengthens
ownership and gives the marginalized a voice hence
sustainability.
Involving the marginalized in decision making processes
means the supposed beneficiaries guide the key investment
decisions. The more a community decides what it wants for
itself, the more it sees the system as its own and is able to
sustain the interventions.
HRBAP implies a people centered approach to
development

52. advantages
The HRBAP enhances transparency and
accountability by public officials and consequently
leads to good governance
Furthermore, the approach emphasizes
accountability of those with duties or obligations
and the obligation must be constantly checked.
This implies monitoring and evaluating at all
levels of the project or programme.. It cuts on
inefficiencies and adopts effective approaches to
programmes or projects

53. Conclusion

54. Bottom-line
•Ideas about what development
should be, matter.
•Different ways of understanding
what development should improve
lead to different policies and
consequences.
•Conflicts of values and interests are
common on the level of trade -offs
and choices and actions to be taken:
–E.g. how will the policy decision
affect economical progress?
versus
–how will the policy affect people’s
quality of life?

55. Development always goes hand in hand
with trade-offs
•When we ask ourselves what is the next
step to be taken in terms of actions and
policies, we are always making choices:
trade-offs:
•In the first approach (economy is the
primer indicator of progress): policy must
consider which groups of the population
(distribution) to focus on, in which period
of time in what order of priority (dynamics)
•In the second approach (the one who
focuses on human development) : trade-offs
have to been made between which aspects
of people’s life to focus on(dimension)