What are rubisco and RuBP And what do they do Briefly list 4 simil.pdf

What are rubisco and RuBP? And what do they do? Briefly list 4 similarities in how ATP is
made in mitochondria and in chloroplasts. A. How does the second law of thermodynamics
explain why diffusion occurs across a membrane? B. Describe how oxidative phosphorylation,
substrate-level phosphorylation, and photo phosphorylation differ in the way ATP is made.
Solution
RuBisCO , is an enzyme Which is used in the Calvin cycle for catalyzing the first step of carbon
fixation, a process by which the atoms of atmospheric carbon dioxide are made available to
organisms in the form of energy-rich molecules such as sucrose. RuBisCO catalyzes either the
carboxylation or oxygenation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (also known as RuBP) with carbon
dioxide or oxygen.
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) is an important 5-carbon intermediate in the Calvin cycle
taking place during photosynthesis. It is the substrate, which is used by the enzyme to fix CO2 to
create a highly unstable 6 Carbon PO4 which decays into two molecules of glycerate 3-
phosphate.
In both i.e. Mitochindria as well as in Chloroplast ATP synthesis takes place via a proton
gradient-
Both have ATP synthatases
Both have Electron Transport Chains
Both have 70s ribosomes.
The second law is a trend towards the randimization or increasing entropy. When the
concentration of a substance on both sides of a membrane are equal, the distribution is more
random than when they are unequal. Diffusion of a substance to a region, where it is initially less
concentrated increases entropy, making it energetically favourable (SPONTANEOUS) process.
-Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in the cytoplasm during Glycolysis and Mitochondria
during Krebs cycle.
-2ATP/GTP are produced by conversion of ADP or GDP
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
-Occurs in Mitochondria
Occurs during respiration
pigment systems are not involved
ATP is produced from ADP and iP
Molecular O2 is required for terminal oxidation.
PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
Occurs during photosynthesis inside the chloroplasts.
Pigment systemt I & II are involved
Sunlight is the external source of energy
Molecular Oxygen is not required.

1. What are rubisco and RuBP? And what do they do? Briefly list 4 similarities in how ATP is
made in mitochondria and in chloroplasts. A. How does the second law of thermodynamics
explain why diffusion occurs across a membrane? B. Describe how oxidative phosphorylation,
substrate-level phosphorylation, and photo phosphorylation differ in the way ATP is made.

Solution

RuBisCO , is an enzyme Which is used in the Calvin cycle for catalyzing the first step of carbon
fixation, a process by which the atoms of atmospheric carbon dioxide are made available to
organisms in the form of energy-rich molecules such as sucrose. RuBisCO catalyzes either the
carboxylation or oxygenation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (also known as RuBP) with carbon
dioxide or oxygen.

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) is an important 5-carbon intermediate in the Calvin cycle
taking place during photosynthesis. It is the substrate, which is used by the enzyme to fix CO2 to
create a highly unstable 6 Carbon PO4 which decays into two molecules of glycerate 3-
phosphate.
In both i.e. Mitochindria as well as in Chloroplast ATP synthesis takes place via a proton
gradient-
Both have ATP synthatases
Both have Electron Transport Chains
Both have 70s ribosomes.
The second law is a trend towards the randimization or increasing entropy. When the
concentration of a substance on both sides of a membrane are equal, the distribution is more
random than when they are unequal. Diffusion of a substance to a region, where it is initially less
concentrated increases entropy, making it energetically favourable (SPONTANEOUS) process.
-Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in the cytoplasm during Glycolysis and Mitochondria
during Krebs cycle.
-2ATP/GTP are produced by conversion of ADP or GDP
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
-Occurs in Mitochondria
Occurs during respiration
pigment systems are not involved
ATP is produced from ADP and iP
Molecular O2 is required for terminal oxidation.
PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION

2. Occurs during photosynthesis inside the chloroplasts.
Pigment systemt I & II are involved
Sunlight is the external source of energy
Molecular Oxygen is not required