What Are The Features Of Organizations And Formal,...

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1. What Are The Features Of Organizations And Formal,...
Objective– Describe the features of organizations and bureaucracies– formal, informal, gendered,
and network (Pages 179–195, 197). An organization is a collective purposely constructed to achieve
particular ends (pg 179). Sociology deals with organizations largely because of Max Weber's
thinking on a specific type of organization, the bureaucracies (pg 179). A bureaucracy is a highly
rational organization, especially one that is highly efficient (pg 179). In an ideal typical bureaucracy
there is a continuous series of offices, or positions, within the organization, each with its own
function and set of rules (pg 179). Other characteristics of a bureaucracy are: each office has a
specified sphere of competence, each of the offices exist in a vertical hierarchy, the positions have
technical requirements, those who hold those offices must undergo the needed training and do not
own the things needed to do the job for example, computers, desks, etc (pg 179). Lastly, those who
occupy a particular office cannot take the office as their own and everything of formal importance
(administrative acts, decisions, rules) is in writing (pg 180). Formal organization is how the
organization is supposed to work as in Weber's ideal–typical formal bureaucracy, informal
organization is how an organization actually works as opposed to how it is supposed to work (pg
183). The informal organization can help make up for inadequacies in the formal organization
(Gulati and Puranam 2009).
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5. Are Network Organizations Be Improved? Essay
In any network, there is really no boundary to what one could do within an organization. This can
pose new challenges for any organization in that there is no control or organized way of doing
things. While analyzing this, the organization I'm involved with resembles a network in many ways.
Its characteristics reflect a relational network in that its structures consists of a flexible org that uses
information technology to integrate across org functions, reengineer production, and create
interdependence. Having a flexible arrangement is good in many ways, but this arrangement can be
shattered easily. The use of information technology, on the other hand, can be shattered also in the
fact that one will never know when the internet will go down or be comprehended. So how can
network organizations be improved so these attributes won't affect it so significantly? Network
Organizations and How They Can Be Improved Since the 1930s, networks have become a big part
of history, especially when computers became the preferred way of communicating according to
Eisenberg (2015). In today's society, organizations have to adapt quickly in order to stay
competitive. Not only will this motivate leaders to stay on top, but also the subordinates. Being
competitive in today's society is key to success, but so is the knowledge of other organizations that
are involved in a similar business. It's a big task for an organization to make changes in the work
place, especially for employees. It
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9. To What Degree Does Diversification Reduce Risk? What...
Diversification: Designed for Effort
Reorganisation for an intentional emphasis
Child (2005) Suggests a bureaucratic structured organisation is not transparent for novelty and
tractability. However, hierarchal structure has been working for decades and some employers like to
work this way. Many employees prefer this type of structure as this will help them advance their
careers when they perform. Organisational 'Blueprint' gives employees their boundaries of
operations; in addition, this gives managers the knowledge of their employees and ultimate control.
Even though this might be a good formal structure, in today's market this would not help the
organisation to have any competitive edge.
Management needs to lead with diversity, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, they remain in continuous request, predominantly after one recalls whichever threat is
related to hedge fund, capitalising decreases significance, especially once the transfer of monies to
resources are assigned to assets for products. Nevertheless, when organisations acknowledge a
`portfolio diversification' this can decreases management interpretation. Gregoriou (2006) suggests
an essential question requires addressing:
....the optimal number of funds of hedge funds to effectively benefit from diversification. Using the
Altvest database, we provide evidence that from a pure market risk perspective, existing funds of
hedge funds are sufficiently well diversified. An organisation should not and would not invest in just
one activity, this shows little common sense as if the investment were to fail all cash flow would
probably cease to exist. Businesses merge for this very reason, which then enables each organisation
to increase in value. This diversification enables a wider output of investment and thus supplies
gratification to each firm.
Diversified firms that communicate will have a greater ability to share information and technology;
however, one must remember that with mergers and acquisitions each business needs to know all
mechanisms of the other to be successful. A new structure might have to deploy between the
organisations to enable full growth of any on–going operations. In
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13. My Experience With A Graduate Student
I had initial thoughts of this class being extremely difficult. I am not yet sure if this is going to be
true for me or not. I am still nervous about recording sessions with "clients" and having to review
them. Examining recorded sessions of myself is worrisome in the sense that I have never been able
to see myself communicating with someone else. I have high hopes that I am a good listener, that
needs improvement. I hope by learning skills from this class I will be able to improve my skills. It
will definitely be a learning experience that I am dreading but excited for at the same time. The
workload of this course is going to be larger than what I was used to in undergrad, I have come to
accept the reality of being a graduate student. After examining the syllabus, I noticed that the
workload is not over–whelming, but it will take time management skills and dedication. I have
reviewed the syllabus more than once, making sure that I had an understanding of everything that is
expected of me in this course. When reading the syllabus, I did find myself questioning some of the
assignments, but it stated that we would review the instructions more thoroughly during class. I did
not realize that I would be learning so much by reading the first chapter of our textbook. I found it
very interesting that Egan (2014) described two different styles of helpers, formal and informal.
Formal helper's individuals that hold a role in helping others lives. Informal helpers are individuals
that
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17. Taking a Look at New Institutionalism
Question 1.Discuss briefly the commonalities and differences between the rational, natural, and
open system perspectives on organizations. For the commonalities, they share the common features
that all organizations exhibited. They were social structures that formed by people to support the
collaborative pursuit of specified goals. Therefore, they share the common operational requirements
like: they must define their objective or goals; induce individuals to contribute, control and
coordinate these contributions; resources garnered from the environment and services dispensed or
products; participant of the organization must be trained, selected and replaced and achieved sort of
working accommodation with the neighbors (Scott 2003). These 3 types of organizational
perspectives both had the basic characteristics of organization. The first one was social structure. It
referred to the relationships among participants in an organization in patterned or regularized
aspects. It consisted of three components: normative structure consisted of values, norms and role
expectations; cultural–cognitive structure involved beliefs and understandings of individuals'
situation and interests which also provided a framework of schemas, models recipes for action; a
factual order or a behavioral structure which focused on actual behavior (Berger and Luckmann
1967; Weick 1995; Davis 1949:). The second one was participants or the social actors. They were
people that make contributions to the
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21. Xerox Case Study
Problem Summary
John Clendenin is at a career crossroads. While he has achieved swift advancement in a relatively
short amount of time at Xerox, he is now faced with role options that appear, prima facie, to be
lateral in nature. Clendenin 's boss, Fred Hewitt has made two clear offers to Clendenin: remain as
head of Xerox 's Multinational Development Center (MDC) with a two–year commitment, or
transition to a staff support position on Hewitt 's staff.
While Clendenin 's success and ascension at Xerox is attributed to his role at the MDC, an
additional two–year commitment is certainly not an advancement in role or position at Xerox.
Clendenin also has to deal with the current pressure from Hewitt to cut MDC budget and headcount
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Xerox operating units were disconnected, self–interested and in many ways siloed. Clendenin found
that "the interests of systems managers in the various Xerox operating units did not always align
with those of Xerox as a whole."
In building and staffing the MDC, Clendenin went against the standard Xerox "Close–knit society"
culture, where someone is badmouthed and black–listed while the rest of the group closes ranks.
Clendenin hired individuals from this black–listed group – essentially building a team of non–
Xeroxed employee copies who in contrast brought some uniqueness and natural propensity and
willingness for change and innovation. While the external perception was of a group of undervalued,
"stray cats and dogs" – Clendenin 's hired for "intelligence, ability to be motivated, caring, involved
and [ability to be] a team player."
Clendenin built a team that was well–positioned to respond to his vision for cooperation, unity and
innovation. He reinforced this culture by emphasizing empowerment and trust–building, focusing on
career development and goal setting, and emphasizing team over individual. Finding the people that
fit this approach, and reinforcing these guiding beliefs in his management methodology directly
impacted MDC 's success in executing a multinational strategy. Like the culture that Clendenin was
fostering, the multinational approach required willingness for change and innovation, commitment
to
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25. Difference Between Formal And Informal Learning
The text being analyzed is "Informal vs. Formal learning: What's the Difference." Firstly, this text
was chosen because it contains a meaning of informal and formal learning, which is interesting
because it seems like there are only two ways of learning in life. Firstly, this text was chosen
because it contains a simplistic meaning of what informal and formal learning is. Furthermore, the
text states that formal learning is like a bus, the driver decides where the bus is going, and the
passengers are along with the ride (Cournoyer 2012). Additionally, this is an interesting way to
explain formal learning because there is one force that is in control of how everyone is supposed to
learn. In this example, the person driving the bus is independent of driving while the passengers are
dependent to when the driver makes it's stops. The point to make across is that if the formal force
makes an error, then the people who are not the force are at risk. Secondly, informal learning is like
a bike because the rider chooses the destination, and the route. Formal learning has much more
structure than informal learning because informality has more flexibility. Formal learning is
considered to have more control over the learning experience (Cournoyer 2012). The article from
class being analyzed here is "Welcome to The World Is a Text" by Johnathan Silverman and Dean
Rader. Firstly, the article is about how people experience reading through a formal and informal
way. Interestingly, people
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29. Organizations: Managing Life Cycles Essay
Organizations: Managing Life Cycles Early theories and empirical studies have identified various
organizational life cycles. Many authors who have addressed the topic of developmental phases
have presented different models. As a result, when researching this topic one will find
differentiations between the numbers of phases within an organization's life span. Some models
identify three stages, others four or more. However, regardless of the number of life cycles, what we
know is that these cycles are: "sequential in nature; occur as a hierarchical progression that is not
easily reversed; and involve a broad range of organizational activities and structures" (Gupta &
Chin, 1994, p. 270). The following will examine four fundamental ... Show more content on
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These are just a few challenges management must consider during the start–up cycle. Nonetheless,
managers must work hard toward the implementation of business strategies which will enable the
organization to progress into the next phase. For instance, although the organization may have
limited resources (i.e., operational budget and staffing) these should not be perceived as limiting
factors impacting the organization's ability to move into the growth phase. Management will need to
develop a plan that allows for adequate staffing and do so by thoroughly assessing the essential
needs of the organization at that specific time. Some options to consider could include part–time
versus full–time staff, as well as determining which operations would be incorporated in–house or
outsourced. It is not uncommon for organizations in this phase to hire within their own social circles
as a means of meeting budgetary constraints (Leung, 2003). Simulation– Start–up: In the Managing
Life Cycles Influences in an Organization simulation, one of the key challenges during the start–up
phase included a limited budget as well as limited operational resources. Key decisions to consider
involved: fulfilling the organization's immediate staffing needs while considering the allotted
budget. Another concept to consider during the decision process is the organization's values and
client profiles, and how the decisions made
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33. Essay about Organizational Management
I. Introduction The organizational life cycle (OLC) is a model which proposes that over the course
of time, business firms move through a fairly predictable sequence of developmental stages. This
model, which has been a subject of considerable study over the years, is linked to the study of
organizational growth and development. It is based on a biological metaphor–that business firms
resemble living organisms because they demonstrate a regular pattern of developmental process.
Marketing experts acknowledge the existence of product–market life cycles. It seems reasonable to
conclude that organizations also have life cycles. This paper examines the life cycle using four
fundamental organizational life cycles: start–up, growth, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This paper will use four fundamental organizational life cycles: start–up, growth, maturity, and
decline. Phase 1: Start–Up In the start–up cycle an organization will typically have substantial
limitations. For example, organizations during this phase will often have limited operational
budgets, infrastructure and manpower. The internal structure will be comprised of a few members, if
not just the founder in some cases. This non–bureaucratic environment contributes to other
challenges which include: highly controlled decisions and information, as well as placing the overall
ownership in the hands of one or few individuals. The decision–making process is placed in the
hands of the one(s) who are focused on the development and existence of the organization (Lester,
Parnell & Carraher, 2003). During this phase the organization will attempt to secure a competitive
place in the marketplace through the use of long hours, informal structure and information, and
centralization. Other challenges deal with the organization's focus on production and quality while
operating with limited resources (Beverland & Lockshin, 2001). These are just a few challenges
management must consider during the start–up cycle. Nonetheless, managers must work hard
toward the implementation of business strategies which will
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37. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Grapevine
The term grapevine is commonly used to denote informal communication. Its origin may be traced
to the United States Civil War of the 1860s when telegraph lines were strung from tree to tree like a
grapevine. For so long, grapevine was equated with rumour. However, the so called grapevine is
now a recognised instrument of communication (Banerjee, 1995). Within a business, there are two
types of internal communication, formal and informal. Formal communication spreads through
newsletters, emails, memos, staff meetings, conferences and official notices. Informal
communication occurs through the grapevine, which is generally word–of–mouth communication.
Internal business communication that moves through the grapevine spreads throughout the
organization ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main danger is that much of the information that gets spread through the grapevine is not
verified. Some of the information is likely false and difficult, if not impossible, to verify.
We discount information when the source is a known gossiper. But not completely... Even when the
source is someone known to spread rumors, we believe that where there's smoke... Since we don't
know what part is fire and what is smoke, we accept the whole rumor. To justify our participation in
spreading the rumor, we tell ourselves that part of it must be true.
The main reason why we give credence to a rumor is that it seems to match what we think about the
situation or person that the rumor is about. We also tend to believe the person sharing the rumor with
us.
Another main disadvantage of grapevine communication is that it's often used to spread more than
rumors; it's used to spread gossip.
The terms rumors and gossip are used sometimes interchangeably, but rumors are not quite the same
as gossip. Both are pieces of information that can't be verified, but rumors tend to affect
organizations or groups of people, while gossip refers to more personal
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41. Organisational Requirements and Planning Tools
Organisational requirements and planning tools Identify organisational requirements and protocols
for diaries and staff planning tools A schedule is a tool for managing time effectively. There are
several different types of schedules that can be as simple as a "To do List" or as complex as a plan
for a construction project. It involves a reference to a sequence of steps or events and the allotted
time for each one. In your role organising schedules you will have to work according to the
organisation's policies and procedures. If you look at the GSE Intranet, you will see the
Administration policies and procedures for making appointments and processing schedules. An
organisation's requirements will depend on the availability of ... Show more content on
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Outlook  Ensure the date, day and time of the appointment is recorded precisely to requirements as
well as the estimated length of time of the appointment.  It is essential to read back the details of
the appointment to reconfirm the correctness of the appointment time / place etc.  If there is a
clash of appointments, that they are prioritised in accordance with organisation and legislative
requirements.  If there is a cancellation, this is documented according to requirements  Share
electronic calendars according to organisational requirements.  All scheduling is conducted in
accordance with organisational and legislative requirements Formal documents include:  Policies
and Procedures  Quality Assurance Manual  Data Protection Guidelines  Ethical principles 
Codes of practice You will also be required to understand the relationship between satisfactorily
organising another person's schedule and achieving team goals. This will require that the
information you relay is accurate and in the format the organisation requires. Accordingly that the
responsibility involved in making arrangements for other members of staff is understood. Informal
Informal or "unwritten" rules could also be called "the way things work here". They will not be
written in a policy or manual. These sorts
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45. The Organization 's Formal Organisational Structure Essay
1.0 Introduction
The purpose of this report is to further analyse and provide potential solutions for the issue
addressed in the previous brief – Sig–Processing System's inefficient communication network.
Framed by the management function of organising, this report aims to discuss how the organisation's
formal organisational structure has led to a highly centralised communication network and the
ramifications of this. This issue will then be addressed with several recommendations focussed on
replacing the structure of the communication network to a more efficient one by changing the
current organisational structure.
2.0 Defining and Framing the Issue
Sig–Processing Systems, as noted in the organisational profile (Blackboard, n.d.), is a rapidly
changing business which is facing issues with its internal environment. The organisation has been
growing quickly and has the potential to expand overseas, where most revenue comes from. This
requires Sig–Processing Systems to have a strong organisational change capacity – the ability to
adapt to change efficiently (Soparnot, 2011). Judge and Douglas (2009) have identified several
factors as contributing to organisational change capacity, one of which is effective communication
vertically and horizontally between departments. Effective inter–departmental communication has
also been identified as an important in the company's overall organisational performance (Ramezan,
Sanjaghi & Kalateh Baly, 2013). The underlying issue for
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49. Factors That Have Been Used By Managers
Introduction
There are many theories and strategies that managers used to achieve business success. The strategy
research and 'practical' models assumes that organizations are able to adapt to their environment.
However that is not necessarily the case as there are many examples of mainstream approach that
has been criticised for not taking into account how environments can also constrain individuals and
organisations. Mainstream approach such as organizational ecology and institutional theory is
argued for not considering on how environments are also one of the factors that constrain individual
and organisations which are also known as task environment. Task environment is the external
environment of an organization which affects its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Examples of strategies that have been used that do not take environment into account are such as
organizational ecology and institutional theory.
Organizational ecology is the combination of organizational demography and the population
ecology of organization which focus on scientific analysis and study of interactions among
organisms and their environment. Organizational ecology utilizes the insights from biology,
economics, and sociology, and employs statistical analysis to try to understand the conditions under
which organizations emerge, grow, and die. This strategy analyse the effects of the environment on
organization structure population. According to the organizational ecology theory by (Dimaggio &
Powell, 1983) the strategy research and practical models assume that organizations are able to adapt
to their environment. However this is not always true as the theory did not take account of
economics problems such as sunk costs caused by environmental changes such as the case of The
Celler–Kefauver Act of 1950 was just such a shock, in that it opened horizontal and vertical mergers
to federal scrutiny and encouraged firms to spend excess capital on other kinds of acquisitions.
Other factors such as not enough information as they
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53. Reciprocal Votional Changed By Peter Holley
"I have a dad bod. Here's why women love it" – Peter Holley
It is a well–known fact that men and women are attracted to each other, excluding homosexuals. But
to whom does the reciprocal attraction primarily apply, and are some individuals more attractive
than others? In that case, what decides that? These rather complicated questions are treated and
addressed in Peter Holley's article "I have a dad bod. Here's why women love it" from the 11th of
May, 2015. In the article, Holley elucidates and clarifies women's attraction to men, claiming that it
exclusively and indubitably concerns men with dad bods, for which reason they are more desirable
than men who are fit.
Holley utilizes a particularly interesting language that contains informality ... Show more content on
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Much more." (ll. 13–17, p. 2). In this quotation, Holley states that his latter body type has resulted in
much more success with women, which he argues for later. However, he only takes his own
experiences into account, which makes his arguments invalid and untenable. Additionally, he
generalizes isolated incidences, claiming that they apply to everybody. An example of this is seen
when he outlines his friend's success with a woman, who, according to Holley, loves his dad bod:
""She keeps telling me she loves my body," he told me over the phone after things with his new
woman started getting serious. "She says it turns her on!"" (ll. 3–4, p. 5). In this quote, we are
dealing with an isolated case, for which reason it cannot be used to say something general about
women's attraction to men. Moreover, Holley uses a research to argue for the reason that women
love dad bods, after which he jumps to a conclusion that deviates remarkably from the results of the
study: "The implication? When women don't have to worry so much about threats to their survival,
they instinctually go for softer and more cuddly types." (ll. 13–15, p. 4). Holley construes the
research for the benefit of himself and his arguments, as men with less masculine features are not
necessarily soft and cuddly types, just like it does not mean they are in possession of dad bods. Less
manly features could instead indicate a nice or sweet personality, which could be why women from
wealthier countries have voted for them. Hence, the results of the research do not inevitably
demonstrate that women love dad bods, for
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57. Essay about Organizatinal Change
I. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to discuss the plan to implement a major change within
the department of an organization. The change will involve a substantial change to the departmental
structure, the department's processes, personnel responsibilities and the reporting lines of the
individuals within the department. Studies have shown the majority of change initiatives have failed
over the last several decades (Kotter, 1995, p. 59) with some researchers findings that over two–
thirds have failed (Szabla, 2007, p. 256). Kotter suggests the primary reasons for these failures
include a lack of urgency, guiding coalition, vision, communication, unremoved obstacles, lack of
recognition of successes, and not institutionalizing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That will be followed by a discussion of the key items to consider as part of the organizational
change plan, the methods to obtain feedback from the various organizational members, and the
implementation plan for the change. II. Discussion Planned changes in organizations occur either to
address recognized weaknesses in the organization or to accommodate new strategies of the
organization. In some cases, the status quo organizational environment is so intolerable that
revolutionary change is needed to quickly move to the new desired end state (Blake & Mouton,
1970, p. 30). Revolutionary change can have dramatic negative impacts on the organization and its
members leading to resistance, resentment and sabotage (p. 31). According to Kotter, successful
change includes an accepted vision that defines the path the organization's leaders follow in support
of the new strategy (Kotter, 1995, p. 63). Bass argues the leader is responsible for promoting
organizational change (Bass, 1985, p. 27). The organization's leader's must establish the
environment for the organizations members to succeed (Eisner, 2011, p. 51–52). The leader's vision
and strategy must be accepted by the team so they can move together, if goals are to successfully
implemented (Jerry II, 2013, p. 348). Effective leaders use a participative approach to leadership
style (Eisner,
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61. What Is Important About Literacy?
What is Important about Literacy? Literacy is arguably one of the most important qualities a human
can acquire. It is used every day and without it we could not communicate, but what part of literacy
is the most important? Technology is moving faster than ever before and literacy has begun to take
on a different form. It is no longer just writing formal in letters and communicating over the
telephone from a call. In this day and age literacy must be formal and informal. The cell phone is
arguably the biggest factor in this change. Texting has made sending messages as easy as pressing a
button. People no longer try to be proper due to how quick they can exchange messages. Even the
business world is changing from the more formal communication to a more rapid quick and fast
paced work. Managers and bosses no longer want well written messages and would rather have a
quick to the point message. This is why I believe that informal literacy is more important than
formal literacy. Today's world is changing every day, in order to keep up we must change with it. No
longer will literacy only be considered good if you can write a letter properly. The work place has
moved to the inform way. There are many advantages to informal literacy that many people fail to
see. These assets are crucial in the day to day operations. "Informal communication is more flexible
than formal communication because it is free from all type of formalities. (businesscom)" This
flexibility allows business to
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65. Communication Is The Most Important Aspect Of Being A...
One of the biggest challenges facing leaders/managers is communication, yet it is the most
important aspect of being a leader/manager. Communication builds trust and trust is a powerful
force that builds loyalty, increases credibility and supports effective communications. It gives you
the benefit of the doubt in situations where you want to be heard, understood and believed. For
instance, developing a new policy or changing a current policy, communication is vital for all
physicians and employees to know, apply, educate, and inforce. Formal and informal
communication are just a few ways to communicate information (Beslin, 2004).
Formal communication is a type of verbal presentation or document intended to share information
and which conforms to established professional rules, standards, and process. There are four types of
formal communication such as: Upward or Bottom–up, Downward or Top–down, Horizontal or
Lateral, and Crosswise or Diagonal. Upward or Bottom–up, is the communication in which the flow
of information goes from sub–ordinate to superior authority. Next is Downward or Top–down,
which is the communication in which the flow of information goes from superior to sub–ordinates.
Another one is Horizontal or Lateral, which is the communication between two employees of
different departments working at the same level. Last is Crosswise or Diagonal, which is the
communication between the employees of two different departments working at different levels
(Surbhi, 2016).
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69. A Study On My Current Ign
IGN (Include Previous Names Also): My current IGN is 'Mehrp ' and my previous IGNs are:
Chief_Constable, Passata, _Merp and Awesomerp. Age: Turned 15 this year a couple of months ago.
Timezone: I am in the GMT timezone. This may be to my advantage as I often see a lack of EU staff
members on some servers. Location : Bristol, England. Gender: Male How many hours can you play
each day? 2–5 hours on a school day, normally the latter time, however, I will soon be entering a
period of heavy examination meaning I have to complete lengthy homework tasks and revise for
upcoming tests so I may occasionally only be on for a couple of hours on every odd day or so. The
long hours I can be available for means that I can help many people throughout their day on Velt.
Have you had any past experience? Although around 5 years ago when I was somewhat immature, I
was an administrator on a small survival server known as "Draggoncraft" then later on called "VGS"
for about . This server would only average around 5 players playing at any one time but it was a
useful experience in helping me to mature nonetheless. I learnt the basics of making sure that
players are happy and whilst although the server hardly had a professional staff team, I learnt to
structure and organise, to a small extent, the current staff team that there was. The owner of that
small server is, if I am correct, a developer on the ParaPvP Network. More recently I was a member
of The Avicus Network 's staff team. The
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73. Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth...
Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony Author(s): John W. Meyer
and Brian Rowan Reviewed work(s): Source: American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 83, No. 2 (Sep.,
1977), pp. 340–363 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2778293 . Accessed: 25/01/2012 14:10 Your use of the JSTOR archive
indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not–for–profit service that helps
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This paper argues that the formal structures of many organizations in postindustrial society (Bell
1973) dramatically reflect the myths of their institutional environments instead of the demands of
their work activities. The first part describesprevailing theories of the origins of formal structures
and the main problem the theories confront. The second part discusses an alternative source of
formal structures:myths embeddedin the institutional environment. The third part develops the
argument that organizations reflecting institutionalized environments maintain gaps between their
formal structures and their ongoing work activities. The final part summarizes by discussing some
researchimplications. Throughout the paper, institutionalized rules are distinguished sharply from
prevailing social behaviors. Institutionalized rules are classifications built into society as
reciprocated typifications or interpretations (Berger and Luckmann 1967, p. 54). Such rules may be
simply taken for granted or may be supported by public opinion or the force of law (Starbuck 1976).
Institutions inevitably involve normative obligations but often enter into social life primarily as facts
which must be taken into account by actors. Institutionalization involves the processesby which
social processes, obligations, or actualities come to take on a rulelike status in social
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77. Weber 's Stress On The Formal Aspect Of Organization
This model has been thoroughly critiqued. Many scholars have pointed out that Weber 's stress on
the formal aspect of organization in fact ignored the informal structure of relationships which
represent the reality of organizational life. Goal displacement, where rules become an end in
themselves is an instance of an unwanted result of this rule bound method. Parsons highlights the
potential rivalry which may arise between a bureaucrat 's authority correlated to his rank in the
hierarchy, and that taken from technical expertise (Parsons, 1960). Other members of the
organization will not know who's orders to follow regarding the mismatch– the person with the
appropriate command or an individual possessing greater expertise. (Gouldner, 1959), determines
that individuals take their own ideologies into the workplace, which eventually affect bureaucracy,
making the concept of a value–free bureaucracy rather doubtful.
During the 1980's and 1990's the New Public Management approach placed focus on the economy,
efficiency and effectiveness of government organizations, instruments and programs, and higher
quality service delivery. This new model of public sector management, often regarded by many
authors as "not a reform of the traditional public administration, but a transformation of the public
sector and its relationship with government and society" (Hoos, J., G.Jenei and L. Vass, 2003)
emerged in the most advanced countries in addition to many developing ones.
NPM reforms were
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81. Importance Of Social Norms
Norms are regarded as important rules and expectations set by the society as their way of not only
organizing a group but more importantly as their way of maintaining order. More often than not,
these rules and expectations are implicitly dictated by the society and are valued as a standard how
an individual should behave. At times, expected behaviors are explicitly set by the group. Although
the reason behind the emergence and existence of norms are unclear, what is certain is that these
norms are seen as important. Thus, breaking it or deviating from the social standards are often
frowned upon and even condemned by the society.
Laws are not sufficient enough to keep a society at peace. The two types of norms that exist are
formal and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The overarching theme had to do with making college kids feel uncomfortable with prolonged eye
contact, no eye contact at all, getting a little too close for comfort, not dancing or joining in socially
with friends when expected to do so, eating a nice dinner with hands, and many strange elevator
escapades. Along with similarities, there were also differences that stood out to me. These
differences include wearing clothing that is not considered "appropriate" or looks strange to the
general public; For example, wearing a dress shirt and tie to the gym or arriving in a costume to
lecture. Another student discussed how her shaved head threw multiple people off, and how many
people in America, especially in the Mid–Western states, do not expect to see a woman with no hair
unless she is sick or is doing it for a cause. Ultimately, she is not considered "feminine". Her
experience really stood out to me because of how we view what is classified as "feminine" and
"masculine" in this country. It disappoints me to see both men and women be judged by the way
they style their hair or the clothing they wear. America has held such strict gender roles, like
creating toys specifically for girls (dolls) and boys (trucks), to literally gendering products like pens
and boxes of tissues because of the color. I am hoping that our next generations become more
relaxed with the
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85. My Friends And I Speak Nonstandard English
My friends and I speak Nonstandard English because that is what we hear the most because that is
what most of our family speak. We insult each other and sometime we cuss at wach other. For
example when we insult each other we often call one another "fat," "ugly," and "dumb." When we
insult each other it is not meant to hurt one another feelings. Some time our insult can be harsh but
that is how we relieve some stress. Our life is hard when we are at home because we struggle day to
day. So when we get the chance to hang out with each we try to make each other laugh. Also when
my friend and I decided to do something like skip class or go to a party and someone back out we
make fun of them. For example, we will call them "scary," "wack," or a "weenie." We do this for
they can feel embarrass and so they can change their mind about backing out. I make fun of them
because when I was little my sister and brother always made fun of me because I was the youngest
so as I got older I wanted to do it back to other for I can feel like I have the power to change
someone 's mind.
With my siblings, we tend to use body language when we are out in public. We do this when we
want to talk about someone we don't like and we do not want to say it out loud. For instance, if we
see someone that we do not like we look at each and laugh and look at that person we do not like.
Another example is when we see someone who is wearing something ugly on and they think they
are cute, we signal each
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89. Advantages Of Formal Business Structure
Question 1
Define organizational structure and discuss some of the problems/challenges of keeping and running
businesses structure less. Support your arguments with hypothetical examples
Large or small, every organization should operate with a defined organizational structure . A
structure of an organization is the base that illustrates how a business runs, and how the powers,
resources, activities and tasks are distributed. It helps in putting every person working within that
organization in their suitable role or position. A structure gives a business and identity and provides
continuity. Organizations can be structured in many different ways, depending on their objectives,
products and the services that they provide. This helps the work ... Show more content on
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 Formal organizational structure lays more affirmation on work.
 Organizes and focuses on achieving the goals and objectives of the organization.
 Provides a framework for the allocation of responsibilities and authority. It is structure that makes
it clear for employees to know who reports to whom and who does what work. In other words, a
formal structure helps people to work together.
 Formal business structure can align all activities and objectives of the different departments and
project teams. The key to effective coordination is information. For example: how do service
delivery teams share information about their customers and the areas of work they are planning to
develop.
 Establishes an identity for the business. For example: suppliers and customers need to be able to
identify whom to contact within the business.
 Makes the process of decision making easier and more efficient.
 Without a structure there're possibilities for people to constantly change and set up new systems
and plans in response to new situation. A structure can provide continuity.
(326
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93. What Are The Reasons For Informalisation
Reasons for Formation of Informal Sector
1.) Informalisation is correlated to income and development i.e. Impacts of globalisation on trade
openings and employment generation.
From the advent of neo liberalization, trade opening became a common phenomenon across
countries. This meant that the goods produced in the country could be exported and the producers
could earn greater profits. However, at the same time there is a large influx of goods from other
countries. In order to keep pace with the growing competition, more goods had to be exported rather
than imported. Cheap labour and technology hence became the most sought after solution for
producing large amount of goods at a cheaper and faster pace. Large firms, in order to maximize
their profits, started hiring labourers on contractual basis. This had two impacts:
Firstly, a large ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Though people are now being employed, it doesn't contribute to the GDP since this sector is a
grey/shadow sector.
Apart from this, there are several other reasons for informalisation such as:
2.) Governance and regulatory burdens
Another major reason for informality is the governance and the regulatory structure. According to
De Soto, burdensome regulations thwart the efforts of small entrepreneurs and thus force them to
stay in shadow. Interaction of governance with regulations also leads to informality.
Regulation structure which includes high taxation, lack of pension plan, social security, MMIC
based measure coupled with other social factors like level of schooling, share of youth, share of
rural population and share of agriculture in GDP, encourages people to remain in the informal sector.
Also government indicators such as presence of corruption, weak rule of law and poor level of
democracy also cause informality.
3.) People's perception about the use of the taxes to provide
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97. My View On Public Speaking From Bob 's Anthem
During your lifetime, you would be thrown many bricks. Many of them you would be able to build a
castle to show your success, but some of them can destroy your hard work. Unfortunately for me, I
thought that COMM 101 was going to destroy my life. I hated the thought of presenting in front
people. In many circumstances, I wish this class was not required. However, since the first day of
class, I began to have a feeling this class was not going to be like the rest. Bob, my professor, did
not want us to address him by his last name. He had also given all of us Burger King Crown, and to
this date I still wonder where he got a large amount of them. If you are willing to get past your fears,
you will be able to succeed in a communication class. In all honesty, there were three main
components that made me change my view on public speaking from Bob's anthem, "My Personal
Belief", to the informal presentations, and the formal presentations. I have never had a class where a
professor had made an anthem for their students. Anthems can be used as a celebration or it can act
as empowerment for the people. Bob's anthem went like this, "I believe in myself. I can do anything
I put my mind to. I have a personal power that guides me to create EVERYTHING that is good. My
inner voice is my best GPS. It guides me and I trust it. The only thing I have to do is spread my
wing and soar. I AM DESTINED FOR GREATNESS!" It was a class necessity to say "My Personal
Belief" in the beginning
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101. Watching Kung Fu Panda Three Times
"MOM! It's not fair!" My youngest child yelled again. Alex continued with his exasperated three–
year–old logic, "AJ got to watch Kung Fu Panda three times, and I only got to see it twice last
night!" (A. G. Neff, personal communication, October 4, 2012). The consternation arose from my
insistence that a different movie should be viewed other than the same one that had been continually
playing on the television set for the previous three days. My children always love repeat
performances, and ever since I had pulled the DVD out of the moving boxes and told them I needed
to watch it as part of my own homework, it was as if no other film would satisfy (Cobb, Stevenson
& Osborne, 2008). My five–year–old recognized that I would not allow another viewing without a
change in tactics. "But Mom, if you don't watch it again you won't be able to do your homework.
You won't know that Po's Dad [Note: according to the movie transcript "Po's Dad" is the character's
actual name] isn't even a panda!" (Aibel & Berger, 2008, p. 3). Without explaining that I had already
familiar with the situation because I had seen the movie no less than three times in the previous 72
hours, I replied, "Is that really important?" "YES!" They both yelled back. AJ unwittingly
enlightened me, "All the animals are different, but they're ALL important! They all have to do
different stuff to help Po be[come] the Dragon Warrior!" (A. J. Neff, personal communication,
October 4, 2012). It took a first grader
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105. Consent Vs Formal Consent
Is it better to scrutinize the idea of consent on the fact that consent should be partially given or that
we should be required to give full consent for all that we do? I believe that consent, in all of its
importance should not always be fully mandatory. O'neill however did not believe this. He felt that
full consent should be given at all times, whether it be hypothetical or actual consent. Throughout
this response essay I will be talking about the two different types of consent in which O'neill's
perspective is founded and I will also be telling why it is dangerous to follow this reasoning and
why I do not agree with this point of view. Consent is a key component to how we live our lives. It
is something we use more frequently than we ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This style may be used in the condition in which a person would consent if he or she were in the
position of doing so. We would say it might be acceptable to perform an operation on an
unresponsive person because they might have been inclined to consent if they were able to do so.
The argument that I have against hypothetical consent is that: who is to say what is rational and was
is not rational. It can also override actual dissent, this can be very problematic in take for instance
the example of the unconscious victim. The comatose person may be suffering from a terminal
disease or may be towards the end of their life and do not have the funds to support a medical
operation. Not having the operation may be what they actually want to do but by performing it the
doctors would be going against the patient's actual consent. Although the perspective force of
hypothetical consent is effective, some have argued that hypothetical consent is not real consent, and
it cannot do any moral good.
In conclusion, I believe O'neill did an excellent job classifying the different types of consent.
Hypothetical and Actual consent are applicable to almost everything in life, but the pitfalls that
come along with any type of consent are too great to be
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109. Organizational Structure Essay
Each organizations when its start any type of business, they have goal to achieve to success their
organizations, in additional of the organizational to reach the goal will need a group of people to
help them to success the missions. The organization will create organizational structure to make the
group of people in these organizations to understand their duties and responsibilities. This
organizational structure will be chart display in the organization to illustrate the positions of each
people in the organization and the relationship, coordination and the ranks between them in terms of
work progress. The highest person on the organizational structure is always on the top of the chart
he / she will be the decision maker and the leadership ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Avoids duplications of effort: – formal organization help in avoiding duplication of effort due the
clarity in the rules and duties of each member.
Unity of command: – in formal structure the unity of command through the formal organization it
has been establish by the top management as chain of command on the organization so the
employees will know who reports to whom.
Achievements of objective: – formal structure leads to effective accomplishment of goals and
achievements through systematic allocation of duties and responsibilities to each employee.
Stability: – due the business development any business can face any changes of work progress,
formal organization provide stability to an organization, so a business enterprise can keep operating
in spite of changes in work force.
Example of formal organization: – airline company such as Oman air.
Example of informal organization: – Oman air football
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113. Essay Legal rationale Authority
SUBJECT NAME:
Public Administration
Question: According to max Weber, legal rational authority is the most rational type of authority. Do
you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer.
The aim of essay is to discuss legal rational authority commonly known as bureacracy. It high lights
why legal rational authority is the best way of authority for any professional run organization. The
essay also highlights some of the problems of legal rational authority and the solutions that can
make it more flexible in communication and decision making
Legal rational authority according to Webber was the most rational and most stable of authority.
Formal rules and regulations legitimize this authority. People obey orders ... Show more content on
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This means an official in a bureaucratic organization should be compensated by being paid a salary.
The salary paid to the worker should be according to the work he does. Weber argues that a good
pay enhances official loyalty Some writers such as Herbert Simon and Chester Barnard have argued
to say that bureaucracy is not the ideal way running an organization, stating that it is inefficient and
promotes red tape, and that administrative efficiency would be reduced by using Weber's structural
approach and that efficiency in an organization can be increased by informal organization and better
human relations. (Rumki basu)
As much as the structural approach to running the organization may seem to have too much routine
because of the rules and regulations, and possibly slow when urgent decisions are need to be made,
it is still the best way, because humans on their own without rules to follow cannot be trusted to be
100% rational when making decisions,
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117. Therefore, dependent on the view of the person deciding...
Therefore, dependent on the view of the person deciding the intensity of the light, other people will
possibly disagree on the strength for the situation, so it's hard to work out the proper level required
for each situation. Specifically, a strength in this method would be that, you can usually roughly and
easily guess what type of lighting would be most appropriate for different settings however a
weakness would be that you will never get the most appropriate light that everyone will agree upon.
Space:
Space can affect communication dependent on the formality of the situation. For instance, if it was a
formal situation such as at a school, you would expect that there would be at least an arm's length
between the teacher and the student ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Time:
Time can affect communication in that if a meeting or consultation is scheduled at a later time then
the atmosphere between the people will not only be strained in that I imagine they would both be
tired, but also there could be misread signals in the use of a later slot, due to the connotations or the
stigma attached to night or evening time gatherings, not only this but no one will be able to
concentrate due to the thoughts of bed and sleep running through their minds. A method of removing
the problems or issues attached to having a later meeting time would be to try and schedule for
another, earlier time or if this is not possible, reschedule for another day when it is. A strength with
this method is that it does not take too much time or effort to do and takes into account that if one
day will not be available, another day would be just as appropriate. On the other hand, a weakness
would be that, in most cases rescheduling may not be possible. For instance if there was a deadline
to keep to or there are no other times that everyone else can manage around their schedules and late
nights were the only times that everyone is free, therefore, they would all have to try to pull
themselves together and get the work done to the best of their abilities. In a nutshell, a strength in
this method would be that it is quick and easy to reschedule a meeting time with
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121. Managing Change in Organisations Essay
Edexcel Level 7
ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY : UNIT No: 2 UNIT NAME: Managing Change in Organisations
ASSESSMENT NO: 1 OF 1 FOR THIS UNIT
Full Name: RAHUL DESHMUKH 4 Intake: October' 2008
Date issued: ____________ Date due: February 13, 2009 Date submitted: June 01, 2009
Assessor(s):_______________________________________ Learning Outcomes: 1, 2, 3
Unit outcomes
Outcome Evidence for the criteria Feedback Assessor's decision Internal Verification 1
Explore the background to change affecting the current organisation (2.1) discuss the background to
change that exists intoday's economy a evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of bureaucratic
organisations b compare alternative forms of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of these factors are macro and micro economics policies, global climatic conditions,
unemployment poverty, inflation, politics and difference in political ideologies, technological
advancement. According to PEST model, the background to change that exists in today's economy
can be categorised as political influence, economic circumstances, social factors and technological
component.
The beginning of administrative Wisdom is the awareness that there is no optimum type of
management system. The different schools of organization theory provide a number of ways of
analysing organizations from the point of view of the formal structure, individual behaviour, and the
organization as a system and the environmental influences which affect the shape and climate of an
organization.
In early decade's organization used to follow the scientific management or classical school of
thoughts represented by Fayol, Taylor, and Urwick belived in control, order and formality. The
scientific management model has been attacked vigorously because it is too rigid and because it
makes no allowance for situational factors such as the environment or technology. Neither does it
take account of change or human factors, including the informal organization. But this approach,
with its emphasis on organization charts and manuals, job descriptions clear definitions of
responsibility and authority and limited spans of control, still thrives.
In 1920s and 1930s

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126. Summary: Description And Narration Prewriting
July 15, 2016– ENTRY 7: Description and Narration Prewriting
Describe: 1. Inside of a 1999 Chevy Blazer.
2. Todd my boyfriend sitting in the passenger seat.
3. Myself driving the Chevy Blazer
4. A lit cigarette in my boyfriends hand
5. Trees swaying in the wind outside of the car
6. One large size soda sitting in the center console
7. Cell phone in my boyfriends hand
2: Sight– 1. Watching the trees blow in the wind as we drove past them.
2. Watching my boyfriend lean over to take a picture of us together in the car.
Sound– 1.Listening to the different radio stations as my boyfriend could not make up his mind on
which station to listen to.
2. Listening to the very bad singing of my boyfriend and myself, as we sang along with the different
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I may need to explain step by step details the client will need to follow in order to care for their pet.
Description will be used in my career field while assessing an animal. I will need to describe the
patient and what is going on with them. Illustration can be used with my career to show clients more
in depth instructions that they may need to follow if the veterinarian chooses to prescribe it. Process
analysis will be very useful in my career when it comes to discharging a patient. I will need to
provide step–by–step take home instructions to the client. Comparison and contrast can be used with
my career while working with the veterinarian in comparing two or more different treatment plans
for a patient. Classification and division will be used during a treatment plan for a possible
hospitalization patient. When the patient needs more focus on a certain aspect of his or her treatment
plan. Extended definition will be helpful with my career field when needing to explain some of the
more in–depth medial procedure and medical information to a patients owner. Cause and effect in
my opinion might be one of the most helping items in my career field. This will help me aid the
veterinarian in assisting a client on when to seek medical attention. Argument can be very useful and
a tricky one in my career field. Where you should never argue with a client in order to make your
point, it can be difficult to get a client to agree to treat his or her animal the way the veterinarian
feels is
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130. Scotia Airways report
September 24
2013
Patryk Nikoniuk
Introduction
This report provides information about Scotia Airways, small, private airline based in Glasgow. It
pays attention mostly to the management side of the company highlighting major strengths and
weaknesses while offering some explanation for observed changes. This report will contain also
recommendations for control strategy, outline of company's stakeholders and explanation of Open
System Theory.
Illustrate the relationship between organisational goals, objectives, and policy and justify their
contribution to the effective management of Scotia Airways.
Organisational goals – the overall mission of a business that have been established by its
management and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Formal organisation – it is a large group in order to achieve a particular goal or set of goals, formal
organisations are carefully designed and include formal structure of statuses and roles, as well as
smaller groups
Informal organisations – type of organisation within a formal organisation in order to supplement
the efficiency and achieve the goal, the typical feature of this organisation are strong relationships
that may cause spontaneous action to give better results rather than rigid actions in accordance with
established rules
In relation to the case study there is a mixture of formal and informal types to keep harmony and
balance within organisation.
Outline the different stakeholders of Scotia Airways and explain the influence and interest of each
stakeholder.
Employees
They have a huge impact in shaping the image of the organisation as they have a contact with

131. customers and provide them information. Employees of Scotia Airways must be aware of this and
work according to few rules that have a significant impact on the image of the worker, but also of
the organization.
Suppliers
They have an important role in the development of an organization. The company cannot function
properly without them, but on the other hand they can have also a negative impact on organizations.
The company which buys everything from one provider can be paralyzed when the supplier go out
of business or will be affected by the strike, example for Scotia Airways
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135. Santa Marta Settlement Of A Farm Owned By Francisco Jose...
Minoja (2012) found that until 1824, the area now occupied by Santa Marta settlement is part of a
farm owned by Francisco Jose Leite, Baron of Vassouras. In 1824 the land then passed to a second
owner of the farm to the Baron of Macaubas. In 1920 began the growth of the nearby suburb of
Copacabana and Botafogo, causing large amounts of development and thus increasing the need for
workers. On Santa Marta hill, due to the construction of Santo Inacio church and college, many
people migrated for the economic opportunities offered by the project and for the land in which to
erect houses offered by the priests. This project lasted almost 30 years.
The priest permitted the workers to erect their houses on Santa Marta hill, marking the beginning of
this settlement. The first dwellings were built on the top section of the hill surrounded by the atlantic
forest, one of the first being the chapel built by Jesuit priests consecrated to Santa Marta, in which
the settlement is named after (Minoja, 2012, pg41).
Between 1930–1940 many people migrated from other areas of Brazil, as a result over time the
settlement densified and grew downwards towards the city. In 1940 approximately 31% of Brazil's
population was living in urban areas and the first census was conducted of 14 favelas in Rio de
Janeiro (Minoja, 2012).
Santa Marta was one of the first favelas in Rio de Janeiro to experience intervention from the two
complementary State–led programs aforementioned; the Rio–Cidade Program or
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139. Interview Evaluation
Evaluation of Personal Experiences with Interviews
As an interviewee or a client in psychotherapy I have noticed several things that helped me to feel
more comfortable and some that made me feel reserved. One of the things that I found beneficial
was an intake assessment questionnaire about my current life and prior history, which allowed me to
choose the degree of transparency that I was comfortable with. Disclosing certain information was,
in a way, my permission for my therapist to talk about it much sooner in therapy, than waiting for it
to eventually come out. I also appreciated the "matter–of–fact" demeanor of my therapist when
discussing my experiences because it allowed me to think that they were commonplace and she has
dealt with things ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I struggled with keeping clients on point when they just wanted to talk about other topics, because I
could see how valuable it was for them to share their struggles. These check–ups felt impersonal and
I felt that I was not providing them with what they needed. I realized that counseling was not my
job, but I felt that there was a certain disconnect in this process. To tackle this problem I found it a
bit more helpful to inform the client that first we are going to go over a standard questionnaire and
then in the remaining time I would answer any questions or talk about a topic of their choosing. I
also went into the common area to find my clients instead of having them wait by the door, which
allowed for a few extra minutes for informal rapport building. I realized that the homeless clients in
the shelter do not have expectations of psychotherapy, however, I felt that these interviews were
one–sided; they provided the agency with information and had no value for the client. I would have
changed that by spending remaining time talking about referrals, available community resources, or
anything that could have been potentially beneficial for the client. I would also assign one volunteer
for these interviews to allow the best ongoing rapport building experience.
The context and the environment often impact the interview. In a comfortable office of a therapist I
felt open to talking about personal things, yet in the midst of strong emotions I felt invalidated by a
therapist who has chosen a formal style of an interview. In a homeless shelter, I have managed to
make some clients feel more comfortable than others, but the fact that this process was an
unbeneficial formality was always apparent to both
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143. The Formal Relationship And Usage Of An Organization 's...
Structure defines the formal relationship and usage of people to accomplish all of an organization's
activities (5). Mercedes Benz is well–organized when it comes down to making sure all
organizational activities and jobs are accomplished. It follows a matrix structure, which is a
connection of one type of organization to another so that two chains of command are directing
individual employees. Figure 1.1.shows the main operating companies and how their structure
works. The reason why they follow this structure is because they require large numbers of technical
people with different skills to work in projects as a team. Mercedes works as a pyramid with top
managers on top, middle managers, human resources, finances, marketing, sales etc. Every
department has specific jobs and task to follow, Corporate Communications/Public Relations job is
to manage public relations and internal communications to retailers, to foster a positive news–media
environment for MBUSA, Mercedes Benz, smart USA and Sprinter products, and smart USA and
Sprinter retailers, by cultivating relationships with key stakeholders and maintaining a positive
media image. In the customer service department Whenever Mercedes Benz owners are in need,
customer service is there, 24 hours a day and seven days a week, to answer their questions, provide
solutions to problems, and offer technical and roadside assistance. Their employees are trained
professionals who also support the dealer network by helping them
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147. Literature
Formalism – The Hershey Bar of Criticism
Formalism means a lot of different things to a lot of different people and refers to many different
types of critical work and analysis. But to make a complicated matter simple, we can say pretty
safely that formalism refers to critics or criticism that, first and foremost, emphasize the form or
structure of a work of art and assume that nothing in that form or structure is really accidental or
insignificant. That is, the formal elements in a work of art all mean something, in relation to one
another and to us. By looking at the architecture of art–how it is constructed, what its elements are,
how they fit together, why they are there, and where they lead–formalism assumes that we will
make ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, what we mean by "form" can range widely not just between different works of art but
within a single work of art as well. For example, when examining a literary text, we may talk about
plot as a formal element by discussing its characters and their actions, and then we may focus on
characters and actions as formal elements by analyzing voice and motivation. In turn, we may then
decide to study voice and motivation as formal elements by considering things like word choice,
feeling, or theme. And so on and so on. Plot, character, action, voice, motivation, feelings, themes–
when and where does a formalist analysis begin, and where does it end?
Some answer this question by saying it ends just before it reaches the "real world." Formalist critics
are sometimes thought to ignore the real world in favor of the representational world that the work
of art creates, looking only at its intricate internal structures and landscapes. But formalist analyses
often go hand–in–hand with different types of criticism or concerns. For example, studying how and
when certain characters are introduced into a plot might lead to claims that sound more like feminist
criticism than formalist criticism. Similarly, someone studying those thumb prints on the vase might
end up asking us to rethink a few of our historical or anthropological assumptions about a particular
group of people who worked and played within a particular cultural context. Thus, by
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151. The BART Model
The BART Model is consisted of four parts: boundary, authority, role, and task. Boundary works as
the container for the group, such as time, space, and resources. The authority is the power to lead
and direct the group project in general. When a person takes up his or her authority, it implies that he
or she is taking the responsibility and the position of the leader. But there are two types of
authorities: formal authority and informal authority. Formal authority should be clearly
characterized in one's role by the general population that is granting it and fully comprehended by
the general population that is receiving it. And the informal authority is an authority that was not
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We were limited it finish building the tower in 18 minutes, and we were only allowed to use 20
sticks of spaghetti, 3 feet of tape, 3 feet of string and one marshmallow. We finished building the
tower, and it was the highest after all, although it fell on the ground immediately. In this challenge,
we had to follow the professor's instruction, which was a formal authority that we had to obey, but I
don't think we had any informal authority; none of us knew enough to assign certain people to do
something. Desiree took the role of supplying the tape; it was not because she was assigned to do it
by someone, but because she happened to be sitting in a more suitable position to do that role. And
the rest of us didn't adhere to certain roles, but we moved from one to another.
One thing that I noticed is that I didn't find any social loafing among our group members. I have
heard a lot of social loafing happening in group projects from my friends, and I think it is natural to
have one. One of the main reasons why Socialism failed is because people didn't do their assigned
job as they were all sharing the outcome. People tend to work a lot less when the task is not their
own responsibility. However, with the competition against other teams, the reward that the professor
offered, and limited time and resources, our group members did their job
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155. Group Reflection Paper
The Information Technology department at my job is a group I am part of and also a group that has
some history. Our longest standing member has served the company for nearly ten years and could
probably describe the changes that have occurred much better than me. From my perspective, this
group has not changed much since I became member. Much of the standards and principles shared
by each member have been in place well before I started. Norms seem to predominantly represent
the flow of communication and behavior within this group. The course text describes norms as
"informal rules" or "unstated expectations" (Galanes & Adams, 2013, p. 162). Within this
department, there are various unspoken rules that are respected by each member of the group. Some
norms are influenced by common sense. For example, if there is a misunderstanding about a request
that was made or an unintended mistake. Nobody is yelled at or punished it in an embarrassing or
demeaning way. Honestly is also expected from each member of the group. In fact, there is a weekly
team meeting where each member is encouraged to discuss any issues they are having. It is a
meeting where the norm is that whatever is spoken in the room, stays in the room. The norms within
this group were reinforced by the conformity displayed by each member. When I entered the group,
I noticed that everyone followed these norms without issue. They weren't unreasonable norms nor
did they go against my beliefs. "Conformity to norms helps a
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