What constitutes Sex? Lesson 7 Gender and Society

• Primary characteristics
(Reproductive organs)
• Secondary characteristics (height, bone structures, etc.)
• Reproductive roles
• Reproductive responsibilities

1. DEFINING SEX: A Comprehensive Understanding Primary Sex Characteristics Secondary Sex Characteristics Reproductive Roles Reproductive Responsibilities

2. LEARNING GOALS: By the end of this lesson, you’ll be able to: Describe the male and female reproductive systems; Explain how reproduction occurs; and Identify ways to prevent reproductive health issues like teenage pregnancy.

3. SEX is a fundamental aspect of human identity, encompassing the biological and physiological characteristics that define us as male, female, or intersex.

4. PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS

5. The penis is the male organ for sexual intercourse. The scrotum is the loose, pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind your penis. It holds your testicles (testes) as well as nerves and blood vessels. The testes are responsible for making sperm and are also involved in producing a hormone called testosterone. The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body through the penis or vulva in placental mammals. Seminal vesicles are glands in the male reproductive system. They produce fluids that turn into semen. Semen is a reproductive fluid that usually carries sperm cells.

6. Ovaries — There are 2 ovaries, 1 on each side of the uterus where female hormones (estrogen and progesterone) are produced, and eggs are stored to mature. Every month, an egg is released. This is called ovulation . Fallopian tubes — these are 2 thin tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus, allowing the egg to travel to the uterus. Uterus (the womb) — the lining of the uterus thickens with blood and other substances every month. If pregnancy occurs, the fertilized egg will implant in the uterus and grow into a fetus and then a baby. If it does not, this lining flows out of the body. This is known as menstruation or your period. Cervix — this is the lower part of the uterus, that connects the uterus to the vagina. Vagina — this is a muscular tube connecting the cervix to the outside of the body.

7. SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS

8. WHAT ARE THE CHANGES OCCUR IN YOUR BODY DURING PUBERTY?

9. REPRODUCTIVE ROLES

10. The primary male reproductive role is the production of sperm , which is then delivered to the female reproductive system during sexual intercourse, where it can potentially fertilize an egg and initiate the process of embryonic development. The female reproductive role involves the production of eggs (ova) , which, if fertilized by sperm, can develop into a fetus within the nurturing environment of the female uterus. Females also play a crucial role in the childbirth process .

11. REPRODUCTIVE RESPONSIBILITIES

12. In addition to sperm production, men are often expected to provide e motional, financial, and practical support to their female partners during pregnancy and child-rearing . This shared responsibility helps ensure the well-being of the developing child and the mother. MALE REPRODUCTIVE RESPONSIBILITIES

13. Females bear the primary responsibility of nurturing the fetus during pregnancy, undergoing the childbirth process, and typically taking on a larger role in child-rearing , including the provision of breastfeeding in the initial stages of the child's life . FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE RESPONSIBILITIES

14. IDENTIFY WAYS TO PREVENT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ISSUES LIKE TEENAGE PREGNANCY.

15. NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION

16. 1. Abstinence - Refraining from sexual intercourse and is the most effective natural birth control method A. NATURAL METHOD 2. Calendar Method (Rhythm Method) - Withholding from sexual intercourse during the days that the woman is fertile

17. 2. Calendar Method (Rhythm Method)

18. 3. Basal Body Temperature (BBT) - Indicates the woman’s temperature at rest. - Before the day of ovulation and during ovulation, BBT falls at 0.5F. It increases to a full degree because of progesterone and maintains its level throughout the menstrual cycle.

19. 4. Cervical Mucus Method - Determining whether a woman is ovulating or not base from her cervical mucus.

20. 5. Symptothermal Method - A combination of BBT method and the cervical mucus method. The woman records her temperature every morning and also takes note of changes in her cervical mucus.

21. 6. Ovulation Detection - An over the counter kit that requires urine sample of the woman. The kit can predict ovulation though the surge of luteinizing hormone that happens 12 to 24 hours before ovulation.

22. 7. Coitus Interruptus (Withdrawal) - The man withdraws his penis from the vagina before ejaculation

23. 1. Oral Contraceptive - Also known as the pill which contains synthetic estrogen and progesterone B. ARTIFICIAL METHOD

24. 2. Transdermal Patch - Contains both estrogen and progesterone. One patch every week for three weeks is applied by the woman on: upper outer arm, upper torso, abdomen or buttocks

25. 3. Vaginal Ring - Releases a combination of estrogen and progesterone and it surround the cervix. - It is a silicon ring inserted into the female reproductive organ and remains there for three weeks and then remove on the fourth week as menstrual flow would occur

26. 4. Subdermal Implants - Are two rod-like implants inserted under the skin of the female during her period or on the seventh day of her menstruation to make sure that she will not get pregnant

27. 5. Hormonal Injections - Contains medroxyprogesterone, a progesterone and is usually given once every 12 weeks intramuscularly causing charges in the endometrium and cervical mucus and can help prevent ovulation.

28. 6. Intrauterine Device (IUD) - a small T-shaped object containing progesterone that is inserted in the uterus via the female reproductive organ that prevents fertilization by creating a local sterile inflammatory condition to prevent implantation of the zygote

29. 7. Chemical Barriers - Spermicides, vaginal gels and creams and glycerin films used to cause the death of sperm before they can enter the cervix and to lower the pH level of the female reproductive organ so it will not become conducive for the sperm

30. 8. Diaphragm - A circular, rubber disk that fits the cervix and should be placed before sex, inhibiting the entrance of the sperm into the vagina. Works better when used together with a spermicide.

31. 9. Cervical Cap - Made of soft rubber and fitted on the rim of the cervix. It is shaped like a thimble with a thin rim and could stay in place for not more than 48 hours.

32. 10. Male Condoms - A latex or synthetic rubber sheath that is placed on the erect penis before penetration into the vagina to trap the sperm during ejaculation.

33. 11. Female Condoms - Made up of latex rubber sheaths that are pre-lubricated with spermicide. - Usually bound by two rings. The outer ring is first inserted against the opening of the female reproductive organ and the inner ring covers the cervix.

34. 12. Surgical Methods - In men, it is called vasectomy wherein small incision is made on each side of the scrotum. The vas deference is then tied, cauterized, cut or plugged to block the passage of the sperm. In women, it is called tubal ligation.