What is Geography, Branches of Geography and Scope of Geography.

The basic purpose of this ppt Presentation is to understand the following main topics of geography in detail.
1. DEFINITION OF GEOGRAPHY

2. TWO MAIN BRANCHES OF GEOGRAPHY:
(PHYSICAL || HUMAN)

3. SUB-BRANCHES OF GEOGRAPHY

4. SCOPE OF GEOGRAPHY
(MATERIAL || FIELD)


..........That's all......Thank you.

1. GEO-GRAPHY ASSIGNMENT

2. ASSALAM U ALAIKUM! I am MUHAMMAD SAAD . (B.S. I NTERNATIONAL R ELATIONS ) (QURTUBA UNIVERSITY) (SEMESTER = 2 ND ) (ID # ----- ) TO = MR. SAID ALAM. 2

3. Q.1 DEFINE GEOGRAPHY , AND WRITE DOWN THE PHYSICAL AND HUMAN GEOGRAPHY IN DETAIL.

4. WHAT IS GEOGRAPHY? 4 People use the word "geography" all the time. And while it has many uses and meanings, most people would be at a loss to define what "geography" is. We are going to examine the definition of “geography”. The word geography comes from two GREEK words. GEO = EARTH GRAPHY = TO WRITE ABOUT SOMETHING. Thus GEO + GRAPHY literally means "to write about the Earth." We have commonly come to understand that the translation might also be taken as to describe and map the earth The American Heritage dictionary defines geography as "the study of the earth and its features, inhabitants, and phenomena."

5. DEFINITION OF GEO-GRAPHY Geography is the science of spatial variation of cultural and physical phenomena over the globe is called geography. with aspects of physical as well as social science, is the study of the features of the Earth's surface and of their relationships to each other and to mankind is called geography. 5

6. TWO MAJOR BRANCHES OF GEO-GRAPHY 6

7. 7 1. PHYSICAL GEO-GRAPHY :  study of physical features and changes on the earth’s surface. 2. HUMAN GEO-GRAPHY; study of human and their ideas, and the impact of human ideas and actions on the earth

8. PHYSICAL GEO-GRAPHY? Physical geography is another major branch of geography. It is concerned with the natural features on or near the surface of the earth. 8

9. PHYSICAL GEO-GRAPHY BIO-GEOGRAPHY GEOMORPHOLOGY HAZARDS GEOGRAPHY MOUNTAIN GEOGRAPHY CRYOSPHERE GEOGRAPHY ARID REGIONS COSTAL AND MARINE GEOGRAPHY SOILS GEOGRAPHY. 9

10. 1. Biogeography Biographers study the geographic distribution of plants and animals on the earth in the subject known as biogeography. 10

11. 2. Geomorphology Geo-morphologists study the landforms of the planet, from their development to their disappearance through erosion and other processes. 11

12. 3. Hazards Geography As with many branches of geography, hazards combines work in physical and human geography. Hazard geographers research extreme events known as hazards or disaster and explore the human interaction and response to these unusual natural or technological events. 12

13. 4. Mountain Geography Mountain geographers look at the development of mountain systems and at the humans who live in higher altitudes and their adaptations to these environments. 13

14. 5. Cryo -sphere Geography Cryo -sphere geography explores the ice of the earth, especially glaciers and ice sheets. Geographers look at the past distribution of ice on the planet and ice- cause features from glaciers and ice sheets. 14

15. 6. Arid Regions Geographers studying arid regions examine the deserts and dry surfaces of the planet. The explore how humans, animals, and plants make their home in dry or arid regions and the use of resources in these regions. 15

16. 7. Coastal and Marine Geography Within coastal and marine geography, there are geographers researching the coastal environments of the planet and how humans, coastal life, and coastal physical features interact. 16

17. 8. Soils Geography Soil geographers study the upper layer of the lithosphere, the soil, of the earth and its categorization and patterns of distribution. 17

18. HUMAN GEO-GRAPHY

19. HUMAN GEO-GRAPHY Human geography focuses on the role that human play in the world. Human geography focuses on understand processes about human populations, settlements, economics, transportation, recreation and tourism, religion, politics, social and cultural traditions, human migration, agriculture, and urbanization. 19

20. Sub-branches of Human Geography Population Geography Medical Geography Military Geography Political Geography Transportation Geography Settlement Geography Urban Geography Economic Geography Historical Geography. 20

21. 1. Population Geography: In most cases, scholars usually equate population geography to demography even though this is usually not the case. This is mainly owing to the reason that population geography is deeper than the study of the patterns of a group of people with regards to birth, marriage & death as is the case with demography. Geographers who are involved in this discipline normally study the population of regions in much more detail. This means that they normally look at the manner in which the population of a given area is distributed, how the people there migrate, and the rate as well as pattern of the population growth. 21

22. 2. Medical Geography: In this branch, geographers normally study the patterns in which particular diseases spread. This means that pandemics & epidemics are usually studied here as well as common illnesses, general health care and death as well. 22

23. 3. Military Geography Geographers who practice this discipline normally conduct their research and studies within the military network. They mainly study the manner in which military facilities are distributed as well as the best ways in which the troops can be able to utilize the facilities that they have at their disposal. In addition to this, the branch also covers the techniques that can be implemented in developing solutions to the common problems that military units commonly face. 23

24. 4. Political Geography: This is a very interesting branch of geography that is involved in the investigation of every aspect of politics. This is with regards to the boundaries of a country, the states it has and the development strategies that it has in place. In addition, there are other details which are also covered such as: Voting, sub-divisions, diplomacy and international organizations. 24

25. 5. Transportation Geography Geographers who are involved in this branch of geography are usually involved in the research of the available networks for transportation. This includes both the public ones as well as private ones. Once the networks have been studied, ways in which to maximize their use in the movement of people and products can be explored. 25

26. 6. Settlement Geography: Settlement geography, which includes urban geography, is the study over time and space of areas where humans have or currently reside. 26

27. 7. Urban Geography : With the development of urban cities worldwide, the branch of urban geography came into play since it enables researchers to study these trends much more effectively. In addition to this, these geographers are able to investigate potential locations that are suitable fore development for the tiniest of villages to sprout into the desired huge cities. 27

28. 8. Economic Geography Economic geography is the subfield of human geography which studies economic activity. It can also be considered a subfield or method in economics. Economic geography takes a variety of approaches to many different topics, including the location of industries, economies of agglomeration (also known as "linkages ” ), transportation, international trade, development, real estate, gentrification, ethnic economies, gendered economies, core-periphery theory, the economics of urban form, the relationship between the environment and the economy (tying into a long history of geographers studying culture-environment interaction), and globalization. 28

29. 9. Historical Geography Historical geography is the branch of geography that studies the ways in which geographic phenomena have changed over time. It is a synthesizing discipline which shares both topical and methodological similarities with history, anthropology, ecology, geology, environmental studies, literary studies, and other fields. 29

30. Q.2 Write in detail, the Material and Field Scope of Geography.

31. Every subject in world is having two types of scope ; 31

32. Every subject in world having two types of scope ; 1. Material scope: The subjects in a course of study or teaching. 2. Field Scope: Geography careers offer opportunities to develop solutions to some of the most pressing issues for modern society, including climate change, natural disasters, overpopulation, urban expansion, and multicultural integration. 32

33. Field Scope: What Can You Do With A Geography Subject? The career path you choose may depend on whether you have studied physical geography or human geography. The former is a natural science, focusing on the Earth’s physical materials and processes, while the latter is a social science, focusing on issues relating to human communities and cultures. Whatever career path you pursue, it’s advisable to try and get work experience in your chosen field, to gain an awareness of the roles available and to form contacts. Fieldwork is a useful way of developing your practical skills and gaining hands-on experience. Your university may also provide you with opportunities to complete work placements. 33

34. Material scope 

35. 35 Week Assignment + Two Quiz Mid Term Course 1, 2,3 Definitions, scope and branches of Geography Roots of the discipline and basic geographic concepts Themes and traditions of Geography 4, 5 Lithosphere Internal structure of earth Rocks–origin, formation and types: Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks Plate tectonics, mountain building forces 6, 7 Earthquakes and volcanic activity, folding and faulting Weathering, mass wasting, cycle of erosion, erosion and deposition 8, 9 Atmosphere Composition and structure of atmosphere Atmospheric temperature and pressure, global circulation Atmospheric moisture and precipitation Elements and factors of climate

36. 36 Mid Term Examinations Assignment + Two Quiz Final Term Course 10, 12 11, Hydrosphere Hydrological cycle Ocean composition, temperature and salinity of ocean Movements of the ocean water currents and tides 13, 14 Map Work Maps: its elements, types and its uses Scale: types and their use, grid reference and indexation Introduction to GIS 15 Human Geography Classification of economic activities Central place theory , Towns and villages as central places 16 Population theories and distribution and density of population Urban and rural population Population composition: gender composition, age structure, marital status, families and households, languages, religions, ethnic groups etc 17,18 Final Term Examinations

37. Field scope 

38. 1. Cartographer Careers in cartography involve developing and producing different types of maps, as well as producing related diagrams, charts, spreadsheets and travel guides. Your role as a cartographer may also include the restoration of old maps and historical documents. Cartographers work within a variety of areas, including publishing, government, surveying and conservation. Today the field commonly also draws on an array of advanced technologies, such as geographical information systems (GIS) and digital-mapping techniques. You will not usually need a postgraduate degree or previous experience to pursue this role, but you may however find it helpful to have completed a specialized degree in a topic such as remote sensing, and/or gain some practical experience. 38

39. 2. Environmental consultant Environmental consultants work to ensure that their commercial or government clients comply with regulations, and address a variety of environmental issues. This is a varied role, typically focusing on identifying whether an area of land, air or water is polluted, and what the impact would be, by means of desk-based research and field work. Environmental consultancy offers the opportunity for a structured career path with the potential to specialize in an area of interest. Work experience would be very beneficial for entry in this role, with potential employers including water-related organizations and the government. 39

40. 3.Town planner As a town planner, you may deal with the management and development not only of towns, but also cities, villages and rural areas. You will put your analytical skills and knowledge of the environment into use to improve existing infrastructure and find solutions to environmental issues, as well as ensuring new developments are in line with various policies and regulations. A part of your job will be to satisfy the needs of businesses and local communities, while ensuring that development is sustainable and natural environments are maximally preserved. You are likely to need a postgraduate qualification in order to increase your prospects of becoming a chartered town planner. 40

41. 4. Geographical information systems officer If, as well as the environment, you’re interested in working with data, analytics and computer systems, then this role might suit you. Geographic information systems (GIS) are computerized systems used for the collection, storage, analysis, management and presentation of complicated geographical information, for example radar. Geographical information systems officers carry out the gathering and examination of geographical data generated by GIS. The data can be applied in a variety of areas, such as defense, meteorology, oil, gas, telecommunications and transportation, to make decisions which benefit the environment. For entry into this role, you may find it useful to have previously studied GIS as a module during your degree, and many employers also highly value a relevant postgraduate degree and/or work experience. 41

42. 5. Conservation officer If you are passionate about the environment and want to encourage others to appreciate and safeguard the natural world, you might like to become a conservation officer. In this career you will work to protect a natural environment and raise awareness of the ways in which the local community can enjoy its settings without having a negative impact. Similarly, a sustainable development officer would promote their particular employer’s sustainability practices in the local area. To increase your chances of pursuing this career, it is essential to gain some relevant work experience, through paid or voluntary work, and a master’s degree in sustainable development may be useful. 42

43. 6. Teacher/lecturer You may also like to pass on your geography skills and knowledge to the next generation as a geography teacher in a secondary school, college or further education institution. Like other teaching roles, this will usually require completion of a specialized teaching qualification and/or specialized study at master’s or PhD level. You’ll need excellent communication skills, creativity and commitment to your subject. You’ll also need to keep up to date with new developments in geography and perhaps arrange field trips as a practical learning method. If none of the above geography careers are appealing to you, there are still plenty of options available. The skills you’ve gained during your degree would also be useful for careers in a wide range of other industries, from commerce and the public sector, to transport and tourism. 43

44. MAPS O ur Country ( PAKISTAN) 44

45. 45 THANKS! You can find me at ([email protected])