Word Class in English

Different words do different jobs in a sentence.

1. Different words do different
jobs in a sentence.
word class
Danial Mohammadzadeh

2. Different words do different
jobs in a sentence.
noun
ad
je
ctive
pronoun
verb
preposition
These are called
word classes.
adverb
conjunction
determ
iner

3. Lexical categories
Functional categories
Morphological properties of English verbs

4. 1.Nouns
2.Verbs
3.Adjectives
4.Adverbs
5.Prepositions

5. a noun is
the name of
a person,
place, animal
or thing
Nouns 1
girl
city
dog
day
Emma
Belfast
Fido
Monday
girl
city
fox
man
girls
cities
foxes
men
common
noun
general
names
proper
noun
particular
names
singular
just one
plural
more
than one

6. Nouns 2
Nouns
can be…
collective
nouns
abstract
nouns
groupteam
crowd
flock
herd
class
singular noun
for a plural group
justice
h
a
p
p
in
e
s
sgrief
wisdom
idea
things you can’t
see, hear, touch, smell
A group of words built
round a noun is
called a noun phrase..
It acts like a noun in a sentence.
The small boy with grubby
knees was laughing.
We had an interesting
discussion about life.

7. Verb 1
The verb is
the word that tells
you what’s
happening in a
sentence
past
tense
future
present tense
e.g. ate
was eating
used to eat
had eaten
e.g. will eat
is going
to eat
e.g. eats is eating
Where more than one
word is needed it’s
called a verb chain.

8. Verb 2
Verbs can
be…
imperative
negative
interrogative
conditional
active or passive
e.g. Stop!
Mix the flour…
e.g. is not…
cannot… don’t…
e.g. What is she doing?
May I have a drink?
e.g. may be…
might have…
could be…
The monster
ate the pie.
The pie
was eaten
by the
monster.

9. Nouns and Verbs
Phrase(Art+N) eg. The books
1.Complement(V+Art+N) borrow the books
2.Subject eg. The rabbit ran.
3.Argument(complement and subject)

10. Adjectives
Adjectives
tell you
more about
a noun.
They can come
before the noun…
e.g. The huge
fluffy monster
or after it…
e.g. The monster
was huge and
fluffy.
They can be…
comparative or superlative.
taller
more enormous
tallest
most enormous
rather tall
ta
llis
h
quite tall
extremely tall
They can suggest degree…

11. Adverbs
how?
where?
when?
e.g.gently
sadly
happily
e.g.
now then
afterwards
yesterday
e.g.inside
outside
here
there
everywhere
comparativesuperlative
degree
more
happily
most
happily
quite happily
extremely happily
Adverbs fill in
background
detail about
what happens.

12. Prepositions
Prepositions
come at the
beginning of
a phrase.
in
up
with
round
over
on
after
through
under
in the garden
with big teeth
over the rainbow
on his best
behaviour
after lunch
under the arches
The phrases
sometimes act like adjectives… and sometimes like adverbs.
The dog in the garden
was barking.
telling us more
about the dog The dog was barking
in the garden.
up the stairs
round the
corner
through the
years
adjectives adverbs
where was it barking?

13. 1.Determiners
2.Auxiliaries
3.Pronouns
4.Conjunctions
5.Complementisers

14. Words which do not denote objects, ideas, etc.
are known as function words and they belong to
functional categories.
They differed from nouns, verbs, adjectives,
adverbs and prepositions(content words)
They differ:
1.In description of individual languages
2.In study of acquisition of language
3.In study of language disorders.

15. There is a relationship between content words and
function words, that assigning words to lexical
categories rely on specific types of function words.

16. Determiners
an
a the
thatthis
an apple
the car
The articles the/a and the demonstratives belong to a
class a function words called determiners
a book
This/that are known
as demonstratives
Nouns can be
preceded by a
definite or
indefinite
article
that bag
Like your, his, her, its, our, their, the
word my is half-way between a
pronoun and a determiner.

17. Auxiliary verbs
can
will
m
ust
be
have
They differ with lexical verbs in terms of “moving”, that
lexical verbs do not move in a sentence while these verbs
move.
Verbs can be
preceded by a type
of function words
which are known as
auxiliaries verbs
Also a sentence is negated by placing “not”( or n’t) after a
n auxiliary.

18. PronounsSingular Plural
First
person
A
pronoun
stands in
place of
a noun
I
me
my
mine
myself
you
you
your
yours
yourself
he/she/it
him/her/it
his/hers/its
his/hers/its
himself/herself
/itself
Second
person
Third
person
First
person
Second
person
Third
person
Any word that stands in for a noun
(or noun phrase) is a pronoun, e.g.
this, that, those, one
we
us
our
ours
ourselves
you
you
your
yours
yourselves
they
them
their
theirs
themselves

19. Conjunctions
Conjunctions
make links
between
words or phrases
time links
when while
whenever
beforeuntil
after
conditional
links
although
if unless
as long as
and
causal links
place links
or
but
so
assince
because
in order that
so that
where
wherever
Index

20. complementisers
The subordinating
conjunction “that” in
modern linguistics are
known as
complementisers
Index
Tom wondered [if it will rain]
Tom arranged [for Dick to leave early]
Each of the bracketed clauses is a complement clause,
since it serves as the complement of the bold-face verb.

21. Verbs have a simple form which are called the
base form.
There are special forms of verbs in a
sentence, that is a base form plus an ending –
s.
Eg. He plays baseball on Mondays.
Here the verb agrees with its subject.

22. 1.Daniel presented a presentation.
2.Daniel is presenting a presentation.
3.Daniel has presented a presentation.
The verb “presented” in number 1 has indicated
the Tense of the action.
In English we have regular verbs and irregular
ones.

23. 2. Daniel is presenting a presentation.
ing-form is sometimes referred to as present participle, but
it is better to call them as progressive participle which is
talking about an on-going action.
The auxiliary “be” is referred to as a “progressive auxiliary”
when it’s used in progressive aspect sentences.

24. 3. Daniel has presented a presentation.
The “presented” in this sentence is wrongly called “past
participle” of the verb “present”, which is must be called
as “perfect participle”.
The auxiliary “has” is referred to as a “perfect auxiliary”
when it’s used in conjunction with a perfect participle.

25. When a word appears in a variety of forms depending
on its grammatical role in the sentence, we say that it
inflects.
A category like Tense is therefore called an
inflectional category.
The category of Tense has two forms, past and non-
past in English.
Eg. Took(past form) and take/takes(non-past form)

26. the traditional term used to distinguish sentences in which the
relations of subject and object are changed is voice.
1.Daniel took a picture of John.( active participle )
2.A picture of John was taken by Daniel.( passive participle )

27. End Show
The End
Skeleton Poster Books
for GRAMMAR