Work Study idea and its classification and description.pdf

Work Study idea and its classification and description

1. WORKSTUDY

2. WORKSTUDY
Itisagenerictermforthosetechniques,
methodstudyandworkmeasurement
whichareusedintheexaminationof
humanworkinallitscontext.Andwhich
leadsystematicallytotheinvestigationof
allthefactorswhichaffecttheefficiency
andeconomyofthesituationbeing
reviewed,inordertoeffectimprovement
2

3. WORKSTUDYCOMPONENTS
3

4. WORKSTUDY
Methodstudy
Itisthesystematicrecording&criticalexamination
ofexistingandproposedwaysofdoingwork,asa
meansofdevelopingandapplyingeasierandmore
effectivemethodsandreducingcost
Workmeasurement/Timestudy
Itistheapplicationoftechniquesdesignedto
establishthetimeforaqualifiedworkertocarryout
aspecifiedjobatadefinedlevelofperformance
4

5. WORKSTUDYPROCEDURE
5
SELECT
RECORD
EXAMINE
DEVELOP
MEASURE
DEFINE
INSTALL
MAINTAIN

6. INFLUENCE OF METHOD & TIME STUDY IN
PRODUCTION ACIVITIES
6

7. WORKCONTENT
7
Basicworkcontent
Excessworkcontent

8. REASONSFOREXCESSWORKCONTENT
8
A.Defectsindesign
B.Inefficientmethodsofmanufacture
C.Short-comingsofthemgt.
D.Work-manattributes

9. MANUFACTURING TIME
9

10. METHODSTUDY
10
Itisthesystematicrecording&critical
examinationofexistingandproposedways
ofdoingwork,asameansofdevelopingand
applyingeasierandmoreeffectivemethods
andreducingcost

11. METHODSTUDY
11
Objectives
Criticalexaminationoffacts
Developbestpossiblesolution
Eliminateunnecessaryoperations
Addvalue&Avoiddelays
Optimize3M

12. METHODSTUDYPROCEDURE
12
SELECT
RECORD
EXAMINE
DEVELOP
DEFINE
INSTALL
MAINTAIN

13. JOBSELECTION
13
Economicaspect
Technicalaspect
Humanaspect

14. METHODSTUDYSYMBOLS
14

15. RECORDINGTECHNIQUES
15
CHARTS
Macro-motioncharts
Micro-motioncharts
DIAGRAMS
Flow&Stringdiagrams
Cyclegraph&Chronocyclegraph

16. RECORDINGTECHNIQUES-CHARTS
16
PrimaryInformationrequiredonthechart
Adequatedescriptionofactivities
Chartforpresentorproposedmethod
Specificreferencetowhentheactivities
willbegin&end
Ifapplicable,time&distancescales
Nameofperson&date

17. RECORDINGTECHNIQUES-CHARTS
17
Macro-motioncharts
Operation/Outlineprocesschart
Flowprocesschart
Multipleactivitychart
Twohandedprocesschart

18. RECORDINGTECHNIQUES-CHARTS
18
Operation/Outlineprocesschart
•Recordmajoractivities&inspections
•Operation&Inspectionsymbolused

19. 19

20. 20

21. RECORDINGTECHNIQUES-CHARTS
21
Flowprocesschart
•Materialtype
•Mantype
•Equipmenttype

22. 22

23. 23

24. 24

25. RECORDINGTECHNIQUES-CHARTS
25
Flowprocesschartusefulness:
•Reducetraveldistanceofman/material
•Avoidwaitingtime&unnecessarydelays
•Reducecycletimebycombiningoreliminating
operations
•Fixupthesequenceofoperations
•Relocatetheinspectionstages

26. RECORDINGTECHNIQUES-CHARTS
26
Twohandedprocesschart
(Operatorprocesschart)
•Recordsactivityofworkershand
•Representingsequenceofmanualactivities
oftheworker
•Studiesworkstationlayout&repetitivetask
Inspection–touch/feelbyhandistoberecorded
Storage–handusedasagriporvicetoholdtheobject

27. 27

28. RECORDINGTECHNIQUES-CHARTS
28
Multipleactivitychart
•Activitiesofmorethanonesubject(manor
equip.)areeachrecordedonacommontime
scaletoshowtheirinter-relationship
•Studyidletimeofman&machines
•Determingnumberofmachineshandledby
oneoperator
•Determingnumberofoperatorrequiredin
teamworktoperformgivenjob

29. 29

30. MICRO-MOTIONSTUDY
30
Micro-motion/Therbligs
Techniqueofrecordingandanalyzingthe
timingofbasicelementsofanoperation
Developingbestpossiblepatternof
movement;operatorperforming@minimum
effortandfatigue,forrepeatedoperations
Consistsoftakingmotionpicturesofthe
operationwithaclockinthepicture(orwitha
videocamerarunningataknownspeed)

31. MICRO-MOTIONSTUDY
31
Micro-motion/Therbligs
Thespeedofthecamerausedrangesfrom960
to1000framesperminute.Butfastercameras
maybeusedtostudyveryfasthandmotionsor
complexoperations.
Micromotionstudyshouldbeusedwhenitis
economicaltodoso(shortcyclehighly
repetitiveoperations,largevolumeproduction
oroperationperformedbyalargenumberof
workers)

32. MICRO-MOTIONSTUDY
32
Therbligs

33. MICRO-MOTIONSTUDY
33
Therbligs
Search (SH) –attempt to find an object using eyes or hand
Find (F) –mental reaction at end of search
Select (ST) –choose among several objects in a group
Grasp (G) –grasp an object
Hold (H) –hold an object
Transport loaded (TL) –move an object with hand and arm
Transport empty (TE) –reach for an object
Position (P) –position object in defined location
Assemble (A) –join two parts
Use (U) –manipulate a tool
Disassemble (DA) –separate multiple parts that were previously joined
Inspect (I) –determine quality of object
Pre-position (PP) –position object for next operation
Release load (RL) –release control of an object
Unavoidable delay (UD) –waiting due to factors beyond worker control
Avoidable delay (AD) –worker waiting
Plan (PN) –decide on an action
Rest (R) –resting to overcome fatigue

34. MICRO-MOTIONSTUDY
34
Micro-motion study involves the following steps:
1)Filmingtheoperationtostudy
2)Analysisofthedatafromthefilms
3)Makingrecordingofthedata
(usingSIMOchart)

35. 35
MICRO-MOTIONSTUDY
SIMO chart format:
(SImultaneous MOtion cycle chart)

36. MICRO-MOTIONSTUDY
36
Providesapermanentrecordofmotionstudyonfilms.
Alargenumberofoperatorscanseetheprocedureat
anytimeevenafterthecompletionofmotionstudywork.
Filmscaneasilyrevealthedifferencebetweenthe
presentandtheproposedtechnique.
Filmscanbedemonstratedtolargeworkforceatany
desiredspeed.
Itprovidesveryaccuratetimeforeachoperationor
motionincomparisontostopwatchtimestudy.

37. MICRO-MOTIONSTUDY
37
Ithelpsinmakingdetailedandaccurateanalysisofthe
prevailingtechnique.
Tostudytheactivitiesofthemachineandtheoperator.
Toimparttrainingtotheworkersoroperators
regardingmotion;economysothatunnecessarymovement
bytheworkersmaybeavoided.
Tostudytherelationshipbetweentheactivitiesof
operatorandthemachine.
Toobtainmotiontimedatafordevelopingsynthetictime
standardsforvariouselements.

38. MEMO-MOTIONSTUDY
38
In memomotion study, the camera speed is at
60 or 100 frames per minute
It is a form of time lapsed cine-photography
Time interval lies b/w 1/2sec to 4sec
10 or 20 min. may be compressed into 1min

39. RECORDINGTECHNIQUES-DIAGRAMS
39
Diagrams
Indicatesthepathofmovement
Studyoftraffic&frequencyoverdifferent
routesofplant
Identificationofback-tracking&obstacles
duringmovements
Studyofdifferentlayoutplans&select
optimallayout

40. RECORDINGTECHNIQUES-DIAGRAMS
40
Flow Diagram
1)Layoutofw/pisdrawntoscale
2)Relativepositionsofm/ctools,workbenches,etc
aremarked
3)Pathfollowedbythesubjectunderstudyistraced
bydrawinglines
4)Eachmovementisseriallynumberedand
indicatedbyarrowfordirection
5)Differentcolorsareusedtodenotedifferenttypes
ofmovements

41. 41

42. RECORDINGTECHNIQUES-DIAGRAMS
42
String Diagram
String/Threadisusedtomeasurethedistance
Recordsthepatternofmovementofaworker
workingwithinalimitedareaduringacertain
periodoftime
Repetitivemovementscanbeconvenientlytraced

43. RECORDINGTECHNIQUES-DIAGRAMS
43
String Diagram
1)Layoutofthew/porfactoryisdrawntoscaleona
softboard
2)Pinsarefixedintoboardstomarkthelocationof
workstations,
3)Pinsarealsodrivenattheturningpointoftheroutes
4)Ameasuredlengthofthreadistakentotracethe
movement(path)
5)Thedistancecoveredbytheobjectisobtainedby
measuringtheremainingpartofthethreadand
subtractingitfromtheoriginallength

44. 44

45. 45

46. RECORDINGTECHNIQUES-DIAGRAMS
46
Cycle graph & Chronocycle graph
Bothrecordsthemotionpathofan
operator&requiresfilmingequipment
Movementswhichareveryfastandvery
difficultforthehumaneyetotraceare
tracedbythesetechniques

47. RECORDINGTECHNIQUES-DIAGRAMS
47
Cycle graph
Indicatesapermanent
recordofthemotionpattern
employedintheformofa
closedloopofcontinuous
line.
Itdoesnotindicatethe
directionorspeedofmotion.

48. RECORDINGTECHNIQUES-DIAGRAMS
48
Chronocyclegraph
Indicatesshortdashesoflinespacedinproportionto
thespeedofthebodymemberphotographed
Widespacingwouldrepresentfast
moveswhileclosespacingwould
representslowmoves
Jumblingofdotsatonepointwould
indicatefumblingorhesitationofthebodymember
Usedtostudythemotionpatternaswellastocompute
velocity,accelerationandretardationexperiencedbythe
bodymemberatdifferentlocations.

49. CRITICALEXAMINATION
49
Asystematicandprogressiveseriesof
questionswiththepurposeofdeterminingtrue
reasons
Basedonthereasons,improvementsarefound
andadoptedintoanewmethod,calledbetter
method
Theuseofquestioningtechniquereducesthe
possibilityofmissinganyinformationwhich
maybeusefulforthedevelopmentofbetter
method

50. CRITICALEXAMINATION
50
Apopularprocedureofcarryingoutcritical
examinationusestwosetsofquestions:
Primaryquestions(answerstotheseshowupthe
necessityofcarryingouttheactivity),&
Secondaryquestions(answerstotheseallow
considerationstoalternativemethodsofdoingthe
activity)
Selectionofthebestwayofdoingeachactivityis
laterdeterminedtodevelopnewmethodwhichis
introducedasastandardpractice.

51. CRITICALEXAMINATION
51
PRIMARY QUESTIONS
the PURPOSE for which
the PLACE at which
the SEQUENCEin which
the PERSON by whom
the MEANS by which

52. CRITICALEXAMINATION
52
PURPOSE: whatisdone?
whyisitdone?
whatelsemightbedone?
whatshouldbedone?
PLACE: whereisitdone?
Whyisitdonethere?
Whereelsemightitisdone?
Whereshoulditbedone?
SECONDARYQUESTIONS

53. CRITICALEXAMINATION
53
SEQUENCE: Whenisitdone?
Whyisitdone?
Whenmightitbedone?
Whenshoulditbedone?
PERSON: whodoesit?
Whydoesthatpersondoit?
Whoelsemightdoit?
Whoshoulddoit?
MEANS: Howisitdone?
Whyisitdonethatway?
Howelsemightitbedone?
How should it be done ?

54. CRITICALEXAMINATION
54

55. DEVELOPMENT& SELECTIONOFIMPROVEDMETHOD
55
Eliminate all unnecessary operations
Combine operations & elements
Change the sequence of operations
Simplify the necessary operations
Steps in development & selection
Evaluation (evaluate the alternatives)
Investigation (tech. & eco. feasibility)
Selection

56. PRINCIPLESOFMOTIONECONOMY
56
Theseprinciplescanbeconsideredunderthree
differentgroups;
Thoserelatedtotheuseofthehumanbody
Thoserelatedtotheworkplacearrangement
Thoserelatedtothedesignoftools&
equipment

57. PRINCIPLESOFMOTIONECONOMY
57
Principles related to the use of human body:
Bothhandsshouldbeginandendtheirbasicdivisionsofactivity
simultaneously&shouldnotbeidleatthesameinstant,except
duringtherestperiods
Momentumshouldbeemployedtoassisttheworkerwherever
possible,anditshouldbereducedtoaminimumifitmustbe
overcomebymusculareffort
Continuouscurvedmotionsshouldbepreferredtostraightline
motionsinvolvingsuddenandsharpchangesinthedirection
Workthatcanbedonebythefeetshouldbearrangedsothatitis
donetogetherwithworkbeingdonebythehands
Twistingmotionsshouldbeperformedwiththeelbowsbent

58. PRINCIPLESOFMOTIONECONOMY
58
Principles related to the arrangement & conditions of workplace:
Fixedlocationsshouldbeprovidedforalltoolsand
materialssoastopermitthebestsequenceandeliminate
searchandselect
Gravitybinsanddropdeliveryshouldbeusedto
reducereachandmovetimes
Usemaybemadeofejectorsforremovingfinishedparts
Worktableheightshouldpermitworkbytheoperatorin
alternatelysittingandstandingposture
Glare-freeadequateillumination,properventilationand
propertemperatureshouldbeprovided

59. PRINCIPLESOFMOTIONECONOMY
59

60. PRINCIPLESOFMOTIONECONOMY
60
Principles related to the design of tools and equipment:
Usecolour,shapeorsizecodingtomaximizespeedandminimizeerror
infindingcontrols
Usesimpleon/off,either/orindicatorswheneverpossible
Alllevers,handles,wheelsandothercontroldevicesshouldbereadily
accessibletotheoperatorandshouldbedesignedsoastogivethebest
possiblemechanicaladvantage
Usequickactingfixturetoholdthepart/materialuponwhichthework
isbeingperformed
Usestopguidestoreducethecontrolnecessaryinpositioningmotions
Operating,set-upandemergencycontrolsshouldbegrouped
accordingtothefunction

61. INSTALLATIONOFTHEPROPOSEDMETHOD
61
Recommendation phase
Implementation phase

62. MAINTAINTHEPROPOSEDMETHOD
62
Follow-up
Monitoring&control
Auditofthesavings
Reviewoftheapproach
Evaluationofeffectivenessof
proposedmethod

63. WORKMEASUREMENT/ TIMESTUDY
63
Theapplicationoftechniquesdesignedto
establishthetimeforaqualifiedworkertocarry
outaspecifiedjobatadefinedlevelof
performance
Workmeasurementreferstotheestimationof
standardtimeforanactivity,thatisthetime
allowedforcompletingonepieceofjobbyusing
theprescribedmethod.Standardtimecanbe
definedasthetimetakenbyanaverage
experiencedworkerforthejobwithprovisionsfor
delaysbeyondtheworker'scontrol.

64. WORKMEASUREMENTOBJECTIVES
64
Comparingalternativemethods
Assessingthecorrectinitialmanning
Realisticcosting
Deliverydateofgoods
Costreduction&costcontrol
Trainingnewemployees
Findineffectivetimeinaprocess
Evaluateworker'sperformance
Facilitateoperationsscheduling
Establish wage incentive schemes

65. WORKMEASUREMENTTECHNIQUES
65
Forrepetitivework(shortworkcycle)ornon-repetitivework;
Timestudy(stopwatchtechnique)
Worksampling
Syntheticdata
Analyticalestimating
PredeterminedMotionTimeStudy
(PMTS)
Note-Timestudy&Worksamplinginvolvedirectobservation
whileremainingaredata-based&analyticalinnature

66. WORKMEASUREMENTTECHNIQUES
66
Techniques Applications Unit of
measurements
Time study Short cycle repetitivejobs.
Widely used for direct work
Centi-minute
(0.01 min)
Work samplingLong cycle jobs Minutes
Synthetic dataShort cycle repetitivejobs Centi-minute
Analytical
estimating
Short cycle non-repetitivejobsMinutes
MTM Manual operation confined to
one work centre
TMU (1 TMU =
0.006min)

67. TIMESTUDYPROCEDURE
67
SELECT
OBTAIN & RECORD
DEFINE
MEASURE
EXTEND
DETERMINE
COMPUTE

68. TIMESTUDY–BASICSTEPS
68
a.Obtainingandrecordingallavailableinformation
aboutthejob,operatorandthesurroundingconditions
likelytoaffecttheexecutionofthework
b.Recordingthecompletedescriptionofthemethod,
breakingdowntheoperationinto'elements'
c. Measuringwithastopwatchandrecordingthe
timetakenbytheoperatortoperformeachelementof
theoperation
d.Assessingtherating
e.Extendingobservedtimeto'basictimes'
f.Determiningtheallowancestobemadeoverand
abovethebasictimefortheoperation
g.Determiningthe'standardtime'fortheoperation

69. TYPESOFELEMENTS
69
Arepetitiveelement
Anoccasionalelement
Aconstantelement
Avariableelement
Amanualelement
Amachineelement
Governingelement
Aforeignelement

70. TIMESTUDYEQUIPMENT
70
Therearetwomethodsoftimingusing
astopwatch.Theyare:
FlybackorSnapbackmethod
ContinuousorCumulativemethod

71. TIMESTUDYEQUIPMENT
71
1.FlybackMethod:
Herethestopwatchisstartedatthebeginningofthefirstelement.At
theendoftheelementthereadingisnotedinthestudysheet.Atthe
sametime,thestopwatchhandissnappedbacktozero.Thisisdone
bypressingdowntheknob,immediatelytheknobisreleased.The
handstartsmovingfromzerofortimingthenextelement.Thusthe
timingforeachelementfoundiscalledobservedtime.
2.Continuousmethod:
Herethestopwatchisstartedatthebeginningofthefirstelement.
ThewatchrunsContinuouslythroughoutthestudy.Attheendofeach
elementthewatchreadingsarerecordedonthestudysheet.Thetime
foreachelementiscalculatedbysuccessivesubtraction.Thefinal
readingofthestopwatchgivesthetotaltimeknownasobserved
time.

72. TIMESTUDYEQUIPMENT
72
EquipmentsusedtomeasuretimeusingStop
watch:
Digitalorelectronicsstopwatch
Electronicdatacollectorandcomputer
Observationboard
Observationsheet
Stationary–Pen,Pencil,Eraser,Calculator

73. PERFORMANCERATING
73
Processofadjustingtheactualpaceof
workingofanoperatorbycomparingitwith
mentalpictureofpaceofanoperatorworking
atnormalspeed
Performanceratingmethods
Speedrating
Westinghousemethodofrating(S,E,C,C)
Syntheticrating(R=P/A)
Objectiverating

74. ALLOWANCES
74

75. STANDARDTIMECOMPUTATION
75

76. WORKMEASUREMENTTECHNIQUES
76
Worksampling(ratiodelaystudy)
Atechniqueofgettingfactsaboututilizationof
machinesorhumanbeingsthroughalargenumber
ofinstantaneousobservationstakenatrandom
timeintervals.
Theratioofobservationsofagivenactivityto
thetotalobservationsapproximatesthepercentage
oftimethattheprocessisinthatstateofactivity.

77. WORKMEASUREMENTTECHNIQUES
77
Worksampling
Estimatespercentoftimeaworker
spendsonvarioustasks
Determineshowemployeesallocate
theirtime
Usedtosetstaffinglevels,reassign
duties,estimatecosts,andsetdelay
allowances

78. WORKMEASUREMENTTECHNIQUES
78
WorksamplingProcedure
Step1.Definetheproblem.
•Describethejobforwhichthestandardtimeistobedetermined.
•Unambiguouslystateanddiscriminatebetweenthetwoclassesof
activitiesofoperatoronthejob:whataretheactivitiesofjobthat
wouldentitlehimtobein‘working’state.
Thiswouldimplythatwhenoperatorwillbefoundengagedinany
activityotherthanthosewouldentitlehimtobein‘NotWorking’
state.
Step2.Designthesamplingplan.
•Estimatesatisfactorynumberofobservationstobemade.
•Decideontheperiodofstudy,e.g.twodays,oneweek,etc.
•Preparedetailedplanfortakingtheobservations.
Thiswillincludeobservationschedule,exactmethodofobserving,
designofobservationsheet,routetobefollowed,particularperson
tobeobservedattheobservationtime,etc.

79. WORKMEASUREMENTTECHNIQUES
79
WorksamplingProcedure
Step3.Contactthepersonsconcernedandtakethemin
confidenceregardingconductofthestudy.
Step4.Maketheobservationsatthepre-decidedrandom
timesabouttheworking/notworkingstateoftheoperator.
Whenoperatorisinworkingstate,determinehis
performancerating.Recordbothontheobservation
sheet.
Step5.Obtainandrecordotherinformation.This
includesoperator'sstartingtimeandquittingtimeofthe
dayandtotalnumberofpartsofacceptablequality
producedduringtheday.
Step6.Calculatethestandardtimeperpiece.

80. WORKMEASUREMENTTECHNIQUES
80
PredeterminedMotionTimeStudy(PMTS)
Aprocedurethatanalyzesanymanual
activityintermsofbasicorfundamental
motionsrequiredtoperformit.
Eachofthesemotionsisassigneda
previouslyestablishedstandardtimevalue
andthenthetimingsfortheindividualmotions
aresynthesizedtoobtainthetotaltimeneeded
forperformingtheactivity.

81. WORKMEASUREMENTTECHNIQUES
81
PredeterminedMotionTimeStudy(PMTS)
ThemainuseofPMTSliesinthe
estimationoftimefortheperformanceofa
taskbeforeitisperformed.
Theprocedureisparticularlyusefulto
thoseorganizationswhichdonotwant
troublesomeperformanceratingtobeused
witheachstudy.

82. WORKMEASUREMENTTECHNIQUES
82
ApplicationsofPMTSarefor
Determinationofjobtimestandards.
Comparingthetimesforalternativeproposed
methodssoastofindtheeconomicsofthe
proposalspriortoproductionrun.
Estimationofmanpower,equipmentandspace
requirementspriortosettingupthefacilitiesand
startofproduction.
Developingtentativeworklayoutsforassembly
linespriortotheirworkinginordertominimizethe
amountofsubsequentre-arrangementandre-
balancing.

83. WORKMEASUREMENTTECHNIQUES
83
SomecommonlyusedPMTsystemsare:
MethodTimeAnalysis
WorkFactor
BasicMotionTime
MethodTimeMeasurement

84. 84

85. 85
MOST

86. 86
MOST WORKMEASUREMENTTECHNIQUE