Harmon and Holman (1996) write that
poetry is “a term applied to the many forms
in which human beings have given
rhythmic expression to their most intense
perceptions of the world, themselves, and
the relation of the two”
Poetry
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Poetry
Came from the Greek word poiesiswhich
means “to make or to create”
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Poetry
Poetry is an imaginative, significant, sensuous,
and impassioned rhythmic work of art. It may
be spoken (or sung) or written. It may be
conventional or unconventional.
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The shortest poetry “ME WE”, was
uttered by Muhammad Ali during a speech
at graduation ceremony of the Harvard
University (1975).
Poetry
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Poetry does not usually follow strict
grammar not like Prose.
Poetry
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Structure of Poetry
Poetry is usually arranged in lines.
A group of lines is called a stanza.
Poetry
Poetry Prose
Poetry pays attention
to rhyme and rhythm
Prose does not pay
attention to rhyme
and rhythm
Poets use limited words
The writer usually
has not word limit
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Poetry Prose
Ideas are written in lines
grouped into stanzas
Ideas are written in sentences
usually grouped into paragraphs
Language is figurative
and rhythmical
Language is more natural
and grammatical
More than one reading
may be needed to understand
the meaning
Understandable by
reading it once
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Characteristics
of a Poem
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•Languages Musical Quality (Rhyme,
Rhythm, and Meter)
•Uses Condensed Language
•Features Intense Feelings
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Poetry
Major Forms
of a Poem
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Narrative: a narrative poem tells a
story. Narrative poems often have
all the elements of short story,
including characters, dialogue,
setting, conflict, and plot. Ballads
and epics are different kinds of
narrative poems.
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Poetry
Lyric: A lyric poem expresses the
thoughts and feelings of the poet.
Lyric poems create a single
unified impression. A lyric poem
may resemble a song in form or
style.
Poetry
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Poetry
Poetry according to
Famous Poets
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“Poetry is the spontaneous overflow
of powerful feelings: it takes its
origin from emotion recollected in
tranquility.”
-William Wordsworth
Poetry
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Poetry
“Poetry is not a turning loose of
emotion, but an escape from
emotion; it is not the expression
of personality, but an escape
from personality.”
-T.S. Elliot
Poetry
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Poetry
“Emotional and imaginative discourse in
metrical form –is, the representation of
experiences or ideas with special reference
to their emotional significance, in
language characterized by imagery and
rhythmic sound.”
-The Encyclopedia Americana
Poetry
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Poetry
Poetry is like painting and sculpture
because of its use of imagery,
symbolism, simile and metaphor and
other kinds of tropes, which creates
in the reader’s mind concrete objects
and pictures.
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Poetry
Poetry is also like music because of its
use of rhythm and rhyme, metrical
measures, alliteration and assonance,
and other types of rhetorical figures,
which invokes in the reader's inner
ear sound patterns that are
oftentimes melodious and
harmonious.
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Poetry
There are five fundamental characteristics
distinguish poetry from prose:
(1) using the poetic line rather than the sentence
the primary unit;
(2) relying more on images than in abstractions;
(3) cultivating the sound of words;
(4) developing rhythms of language; and
(5) creating density by implying far more than is
stated."
Poetry
1.The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe
2.Ozymandiasby Percy Bysshe Shelley
3.The Road Not Takenby Robert Frost
4.Annabel Leeby Edgar Allan Poe
5.Invictusby William Ernest Henley
6.Nothing Gold Can Stayby Robert Frost
7.Sonnet 18: Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Dayby William Shakespeare
8.O Captain! My Captain! by Walt Whitman
9.Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Eveningby Robert Frost
10.No Man is an Island by John Donne
Most Famous Poems
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The Nature of
Poetry Writing
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Mimesis
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Poetry imitates the real world.
It allows the poet to transfer, or copy, the real
world as he or she perceives it into his or her
poem.
Defamiliarization
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Poetry makes the familiar strange.
Defamiliarization, or ostranenie, is a property
of art that makes the familiar seem strange,
allowing you to experience a sensation as
though it is the first time you have
encountered it.
Emotional Expression
Creative Writing
Poetry expresses the thoughts and feelings of
the poet through images (emotional
expression).
An emotional expression is defined as a process
of putting forth someone’s feelings
through words.
Figures of Speech
Creative Writing
Figurative language, according to Harmon
and Holman, is the “intentional departure
from the normal order, construction, or
meaning of words .”
Poetry utilizes figures of speech.
Poetic Form
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A poetic form is a set of rules a poem should
follow. These rules might vary, depending on the
type of poetry the writer wishes to create. They tell
the number of lines and stanzas the poem should
have, the poetic meter and the rhyme scheme that
should be used, and the subject matter that the
poem should focus on.
Poetic Description
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Poetry describes anything through proper choice
of words.
Poetry should have the ability to describe, or
illustrate, both the tangible and intangible to
its readers.
Structure of
Poetry Writing
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Verse
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•This is a unit of poetry similar to a line or
stanza
•The number of lines within a stanza and the
number of stanzas in a poem are known as the
vertical measure.
•It may also refer to the whole poem.
Meter
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•This is a unit of poetry that refers to the
number of syllables in a line
•According to Harmon and Holman (1996), it is
the repetition of a rhythmic pattern in poetry,
or the rhythm created by the repeated
occurrence of similar sound components
Meter
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Table 1.Common types of metrical foot in English poetry
Type of Meter Example
trochee GARden, HIGHway, TIger
iamb deSTROY, deLAY, eQUATE
dactyl TYpical, HOSpital
anapest manneQUIN, promiNENT
Meter
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Table 2. Numbers of metrical feet within a line
Metrical Foot Definition
monometer a one-foot line
dimeter a two-feet line
trimeter a three-feet line
tetrameter a four-feet line
Meter
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Table 2. Numbers of metrical feet within a line
Metrical Foot Definition
pentameter a five-feet line
hexameter a six-feet line
heptameter a seven-feet line
octameter an eight -feet line
The meters with two-syllable feet are:
IAMBIC(x /) : That time of year thou maystin me
behold
TROCHAIC(/ x): Tell me not in mournful numbers
SPONDAIC(/ /): Break, break, break/ On thy cold gray
stones, O Sea!
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Meterswiththree-syllablefeetare
ANAPESTIC(x x/): And the sound of a voice that is
still
DACTYLIC(/ x x): This is the forest primeval, the
murmuring pines and the hemlock (a trochee replaces
the final dactyl)
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When tranquillity conjured my atmosphere
And piercing emotions within me linger
Remnants of concepts are forming
Circulating inside the depths of my brain
All the while such figments reached my heart
It wanted to travel, they don’t want to stop
It wanted to go out, needed to be seen
But how, why? With what means?
Words came out reaches the pen
Tainted the paper with its visible tint
The pen mobilizes as it has its own will
While the paper freely catches what the
pen might tell
Words talk as if they have life
They bond with each other and unite
They form visually legible images
Heavy and deep as such of the ocean’s
trenches
Lines formed as perfect symmetrical horizons
Intensifying each of clandestine-founded tone
With rhythm so melodic could be heard from
the moon
Denuding all the tantalizing perks of
emotions
With a rhyme scheme so musically pure
Massaged with rhyming words to further lure
Spiced up with little simile or metaphor
Now it sounds far from a lurking bore
Slice some imagery and sprinkled it on top
Auditory, olfactory or erotic ones or the like
It should be perceived by our senses
So to enliven them inches to inches
But a magnum opus isn’t polished yet
It demands a lil’ fire to be lit
A fire burning from the very depth
A depth where the emotions silently sleep
We should put a part of us to our delicacy
Our emotions, our life, our fantasy -
When arranged aesthetically on plate
The dish becomes holistically poetic.
Poetry is served, bon appétit!
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Rhymes
Rhyme
It refers to the repetitive occurrence of identical or
similar sounding words usually found at the end of
lines in poems or songs.
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The different types of rhymes are classified
according to two system:
The position of the rhyming words in the lines,
and
The number of rhyming syllables involved.
Different Types of Rhymes
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The Position of the
Rhyming Words
in the Lines
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End Rhyme
Occursbetweenwordsattheendoflines;
themostcommontypeofrhymeinclassicaland
traditionalpoetry;endrhymesarethebasisof
rhymeschemesinfixedformsofpoetrylike
sonnetorthevillanelle.
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Sonnet 1
José Garcia Villa
First, a poem must be magical,
Then musical as a sea gull
It must be a brightness moving
And hold secret a bird’s flowering
It must be slender as a bell,
And it must hold fire as well
It must have the wisdom of bows
And it must kneel like a rose
It must be able to hear
The luminance of dove and deer
It must be able to hide
What it seeks, like a bride
And over all it would like to hover
God, smiling from the poem’s cover
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The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge
‘The ship was cheered, the harbourcleared,
Merrily did we drop
Below the kirk, below the hill,
Below the lighthouse top.
The Sun came up upon the left,
Out of the sea came he!
And he shone bright, and on the right
Went down into the sea.
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The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe
‘Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore—
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,
As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.
“’Tissome visitor,” I muttered, “tapping at my chamber door—
Only this and nothing more.”
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Whyshould I have returned?
Myknowledge should not fit into theirs
I found untouched the desert of the
unknown…
(from W.S Merwin’s“ Noah’s Raven”)
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The Number of
Syllables Involved
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Occursifthecorrespondenceofsoundis
limitedtotheaccentedorstressedconcluding
syllablesoftherhymingwords,likein“bold”and
“gold”alsoknowntruerhymeorperfectrhyme,
masculinerhymeconstitutesthemajorityof
rhymesinEnglish.
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Masculine Rhyme
Rhyme that occurs in stressed final syllables.
If love is like a bridge,
or maybe like a grudge
and time is like a river
that kills us with a shiver,
then what have all these mornings meant?
But aginginto love
(from George Wolff’s “To My Wife”)
Creative Writing
Alsoknownasvisualrhymeorprinter’s
rhyme;itoccurswhenwordsappeartorhymeon
theprintedpagebecauseofthesimilarityoftheir
terminalletters,butdonotsoundthesameatall
whenreadaloud.
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Eye Rhyme
Also known as sight rhyme.
Itisalsoknownasopenrhymeorcrossrhyming,
alternativerhymeisthemostcommonrhymein
Englishpoetry.Analternativerhymeconsistinthe
repeatedalternationoftwodifferentrhymesinaseries
offourormorelinesthatcanbeschematically
diagrammedasabab.
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Alternative Rhyme
To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time
Robert Herrich
Gather ye rosebuds while ye may,
Old time is still a fyling;
And this same flower that smiles today
To-morrow will be dying
The glorious lamp off heaven, the sun
The higher he’s a getting,
The sooner will his race be run,
And nearer he’s to setting.
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To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time
Robert Herrich
Gather ye rosebuds while ye may, a (“ay”)
Old time is still a fyling; b (“ing”)
And this same flower that smiles today a (“ay”)
To-morrow will be dying b (“ing”)
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When I, in love with folly and with Pride,
Denounced my God and kin with words of fire,
Transformed my clean surroundings into mire,
Destroy my idols, threw the Cross aside,
(from Francisco B. Icasiano’s“ Repentance”)
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Sonnet 75
One day I wrote her name upon the strand,
But came the waves and washed it away:
Again I wrote it with a second hand,
But came the tide, and made my pains his prey.
Vein man, said she, that doesn’t in vain assay
A mortal thing so to immortalize,
For I myself shall like to this decay,
And ekcmy name be wiped out outlikewise.
“Not so” (qouthI), “let baser things devise
To die in dust, but you shall live by fame:
My verse your virtues rare shall eternize,
And in the heavens write your glorious name.
Where whenasDeath shall all the world subdue,
Our love shall live, and later life renew.”
a (“and”)
b (“ay”)
a (“and”)
b (“ay”)
b (“ay”)
c (“ize”)
b (“ay”)
c (“ize”)
c (“ize”)
d (“ame”)
c (“ize”)
d (“ame”)
Couplet
Chain Rhyme
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The Hardship of Accounting
by Robert Frost
Never ask of money spent,
Where the spender thinks it went.
Nobadywas ever meant
To remember or invent
What he did with every cent
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Upon Jullia’sClothes
Robert Herrick
Whenasin skills my Julia goes,
Then, then, methinks, how sweetly flows
That liquefaction of her clothes.
Next, when I cast mine eyes, and see
That brave vibration each way free,
O how that glittering takethme!
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Major Forms
of Poetry
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Lyric poetry is a type of
subjective and formal poetry
originally accompanied by a
lyre.
Lyric Poetry
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115
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Narrative Poetry
115
Narrative poetry is
type of poetry that
tells a story.
The Elements of Poetry
Dramatic poetry is a type of
emotional poetry that is created to
be spoken or acted. It tells a story,
like narrative poetry.
Dramatic Poetry
Creative Writing
Ballad
•Ballad is a type of poetry that narrates a story.
•Ballads are a type of narrative verse, with
some consisting ofquatrainsand others
consisting of couplets.
•It tends to have some sort of musical quality
to it.
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Ballad of the Cool Fountain(Anonymous Spanish poetess (15th century))
Fountain, coolest fountain,
Cool fountain of love,
Where all the sweet birds come
For comforting–but one,
A widow turtledove,
Sadly sorrowing.
At once the nightingale,
That wicked bird, came by,
And spoke these honiedwords:
"My lady, if you will,
I shall be your slave."
"You are my enemy:
Begone, you are not true!
Green boughs no longer rest me,
Nor any budding grove.
Ballad Poetry
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Haiku
•Haiku is a type of poetry that consists of
three lines with a syllable count of 5-7-5.
•Usually about nature
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Haiku
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Riding Coach, Amtrak
(the Lake Shore Limited)
by Marta Holliday
We gaze, zone out, read.
Boxed dinners, cards, Ipodbeats
Our lives intersect.
day off
by K.L. Johnston
this book, some bug spray
comfortable bench in the shade
worlds overlapping
storm wash
by K.L. Johnston
new light reflecting
on ebb tide, storm wrack, pale foam
peace washing ashore
Limerick
•Limerick refers to a five-line poetry that is
usually amusing and cheeky.
•It follows the AABBA rhyming pattern.
•Aform of humorous poetry that’s been
making us laugh for hundreds of years.
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Limerick
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There was a grumpy man of Manila
who didn't care the slightest scintilla.
He'd lay on the horn -
even on Sunday morn.
When the sign failed, the Church hired a guerilla.
The Manila Limerick
There once was a man from Nantucket,
Who kept all his cash in a bucket.
But his daughter, named Nan,
Ran away with a man,
And as for the bucket, Nantucket.
Princeton Tiger (1902)
Sonnet
•one of the oldest, strictest, and most enduring poetic forms,
comes from the Italian word sonetto, meaning “little song.”
•14 lines
•iambic pentameter
•Petrarchan:ABBA ABBACDECDE or ABBA ABBA
CDCDCD
•Shakespearean:ABAB CDCD EFEF GG
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Petrarchan Sonnet
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How Do I Love Thee? by Elizabeth Barrett Browning
(Petrarchan/Italian Sonnet)
How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.
I love thee to the depth and breadth and height
My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight
For the ends of being and ideal grace.
I love thee to the level of every day's
Most quiet need, by sun and candle-light.
I love thee freely, as men strive for right.
I love thee purely, as they turn from praise.
I love thee with the passion put to use
In my old griefs, and with my childhood's faith.
I love thee with a love I seemed to lose
With my lost saints. I love thee with the breath,
Smiles, tears, of all my life; and, if God choose,
I shall but love thee better after death.
SpencerianSonnet
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“Sonnet 75" from Edmund Spenser’s Amoretti (SpencerianSonnet)
One day I wrote her name upon the strand,
But came the waves and washed it away:
Again I write it with a second hand,
But came the tide, and made my pains his prey.
Vain man, said she, that doestin vain assay,
A mortal thing so to immortalize,
For I myself shall like to this decay,
And eek my name be wiped out likewise.
Not so, (quod I) let baser things devise
To die in dust, but you shall live by fame:
My verse, your virtues rare shall eternize,
And in the heavens write your glorious name.
Where whenasdeath shall all the world subdue,
Our love shall live, and later life renew.
Modern Sonnet
Creative Writing
Sonnet" by Billy Collins (Modern Sonnet)
All we need is fourteen lines, well, thirteen now,
and after this next one just a dozen
to launch a little ship on love's storm-tossed seas,
then only ten more left like rows of beans.
How easily it goes unless you get Elizabethan
and insist the iambic bongos must be played
and rhymes positioned at the ends of lines,
one for every station of the cross.
But hang on here while we make the turn
into the final six where all will be resolved,
where longing and heartache will find an end,
where Laura will tell Petrarch to put down his pen,
take off those crazy medieval tights,
blow out the lights, and come at last to bed.
Villanelle
•Villanelle is a type of poetry that is composed offive
stanzas,each having three lines, followed by a sixth
stanzathat contains four lines.
Creative Writing
Villanelle
Creative Writing
The Waking
“I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow.
I feel my fate in what I cannot fear.
I learn by going where I have to go.
We think by feeling. What is there to know?
I hear my being dance from ear to ear.
I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow.
Of those so close beside me, which are you?
God bless the Ground! I shall walk softly there,
And learn by going where I have to go.
Light takes the Tree; but who can tell us how?
The lowly worm climbs up a winding stair;
I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow.
Great Nature has another thing to do
To you and me; so take the lively air,
And, lovely, learn by going where to go.
This shaking keeps me steady. I should know.
What falls away is always. And is near.
I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow.
I learn by going where I have to go.“
by Theodore Reothke, 1953 from "The Collected Poems
of Theodore Reothke" Doubleday & Company Inc.
Tanaga
•Tanaga, like the Japanese haiku, are usually devoid of
titles. They are poetic forms that should be able to stand
on their own.
•It consists of four lines, each with seven syllables and the
same rhyme at the end of each line ——that is, a 7–7–
7–7 Syllabic poem with AAAA, ABAB, AABB, ABBB
and ABBA rhyme schemes.
Creative Writing
Tanaga
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Hindi pa basapatna
Pagmamahalnasobra
Ba’tngayo’ylilisanka
Mayroonnabang iba?
Maaribang saakin
Pag-ibigmo’yibaling
Nang akingmakamtan
Ligayanginaasam
Tanka
•Tanka poetry refers to a Japanese 31-syllable poem,
traditionally written as a single, unbroken line.
Creative Writing
Tanka
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“the hot water in
the abandoned kettle
slowly cools
still carrying the resentment
of colder water“
A Spray of Water
Tanka by Tada Chimako
Heavy wind blew
trembling the soft dainty petals
while dancing to its tune
stood a cherry blossom
young and free
A Tanka by byPavithra
Free Verse
•A free verse is a type of unconventional poem that is free
of rhyme and meter.
Creative Writing
Blank Verse
•A blank verse is a type of unconventional poem that
consists of lines that do not rhyme with each other.
However, it follows a definite meter.
Creative Writing