Writing proposals and project reports

Slides of Writing Proposals & Project Report

1. Writing Proposals and Project Reports

2. Generally, a project work is a field study conducted by students on a particular topic It is an organized, systematic and data based investigation on any topic which helps the students to generate more knowledge in the field of study Project works are conducted by the students under the guidance of their supervisor

3. The main aim of project work is to provide insights about social and business phenomena To Provide Insights To Develop Communication Skills To Provide Opportunity to Work To Promote Student Centered Learning To Develop Skill of Data Collection and Analysis To Develop Reporting Skill

4. It is a research plan It is a blueprint for conducting and controlling research work It serves as a means of communication between the researcher and the stakeholders

5. Proposed Activities Stating objective Include preliminary data Describe methodology s ignificance

6. Solicited Proposal It is a proposal that is prepared on the request of sponsor Sponsoring organization determine the Terms of References (TOR) for proposals Researcher should prepare proposal under TOR Unsolicited Proposal It is a proposal prepared by the researcher in his/her own interest not on the request of sponsoring organization Such proposal may be submitted to the sponsor for asking any financial assistance in research Such proposal must be unique and appealing

7. 3. Academic Proposal It is a proposal that is prepared to complete any academic degree is known as academic proposal

8. Components of Research Proposal Title Background of the study Statement of problem Objectives of research Literature review Theoretical framework Statement of hypothesis 8. Significance of the study 9. Research methodology Research design Population and sampling Data collection methods Data analysis methods 10. Limitation of the study 11. References

9. 9. Research methodology Research design Population and sample Instruments Data collection strategy Analysis of data 10. Limitations of the study 11. R eferences

10. The research report is the final outcome of the research. Research report is the structured presentation of the overall research work Research report provides information to the concerned parties regarding analysis of data and findings of the research work The quality of the report largely contributes to the quality of the research. Researcher should follow a pattern of style that has become conventional in academic/professional circles.

11. Process of Research Report Logical analysis of subject matter Preparation of the final outline Preparation of the rough draft Rewriting and polishing the rough draft Preparation of the final bibliography Writing the final draft

12. Process of Research Report

13. Procedures of Writing Report

14. Conventions of Academic Writing No Use of the First Person Researcher should not use first person like I, me, we, us, ours, my, etc. Avoid Emotional Terms emotional terms like fantastic, best, tremendous, etc. should not be used Use of emotional terms present bias over subject matter E.g. sales increased tremendously. Confidentiality Confidentiality should be maintained as per necessity

15. 4. Use of Direct Positive Sentence Researcher should use direct and positive sentences Unnecessarily long, technical and unusual words and phrases should be avoided 5. Consistency Change in format even slightly is not considered as good writing 6. Use of Non-gender Language It is advisable to use terminologies that do not indicate any gender E.g. respondent, researcher, writer, etc. 7. Presentation Charts, tables and graphs should be logically presented Introduction, data analysis and findings are to be written in past tense Conclusion in present tense and recommendations in the future tense

16. 8. Consistency in Spelling Format Use either British English or American English consistently 9. Abbreviation Repeatedly used words can be abbreviated Full form should be written at the first time for the words for which abbreviation will be used subsequently 10. Use of Opinions Experts opinions can be presented and citation is necessary 11. Use of Non-English Terms Non-English terms if necessary, should be written in italics E.g. dhami - jhakri

17. Types of Research Report Classification of Reports by UNDP Preliminary Report Prepared when final report preparation takes a long time but major information need to be disclosed immediately Report is prepared immediately after data collection and analysis General Report A report that is prepared after the completion of research work incorporating the procedures and findings concisely are known as general report Technical Report It focuses on the research methodology rather than other information It portrays what was done and how it was done

18. Academic Research Report Classification Descriptive Report It is a report that is prepared explaining the collected data and facts in organized way It shows the problems of the organization under study and suggests the remedial actions Analytical Report A report that contains the analysis of data is knows as analytical report It does not explain the entire situation but it analyses to the specific area or single area

19. Contents of Project Report Preliminary Part Title page of the project report Certification Declaration of authenticity Acknowledgements Table of content List of tables and figures Abbreviations used Executive Summary 2. Body of the Report Chapter I: Introduction Chapter II: Review of Literature and Theoretical framework Chapter III: Research Methods Chapter IV: Analysis of Results Chapter V: Discussion, Conclusion and Implication

20. 3. Supplementary Part References or Bibliography Appendices

21. Method of Citation and References Citation refers to the words or lines taken from a piece of writing or speech It is a style of managing the information in the research report which was obtained from various sources Referencing is a standard of acknowledging sources of information that is used in research There are various methods of citation and referencing American Psychological Association(APA) Style Modern Language Association(MLA) Harvard Style

22. Citation Under APA Style Short Citation If the sayings or theories of less than 3 lines is to be cited E.g. Pandey & Adhikari (2016) defined business research as “an activity of solving an existing problem.” Long Citation If the citation has more than 40 words or more than three lines Pierce (1990) found that age was found to be positively correlated to the organizational commitment of managers in service industries. Employees who have served in the organization for longer periods of time were more committed to the system than those who just join the organization. But conflicting reports have been found as to the association of gender with organizational commitment. (p. 33)

23. 3. Use of ellipses When researcher does not require the entire quotation but she needs some part of it Citation can be done by giving three dots (…) to the missing part E.g. “… employees who had served in the organization for longer period of time were more committed to the system.” 4. Indirect quotations or paraphrasing Name of the writer and year of publication is required E.g. Adhikari (2003), Training in Nepal is just to comply with regulatory provisions but not for motivating the employees. 5. Footnote Footnotes can be shown at the end of page with superscript numbers

24. 6. Abbreviation Abbreviations can be used in research report Full form of abbreviations should be presented separately 7. Citation when there is one or more than one writer If single writer Pant (2007) states that ... If two writer Pant & Adhikari (2006) found that ...

25. For How to do Referencing and Prepare Bibliography Refer the books of Prem Raj Pant and Dev Raj Adhikari

26. Essentials of a good Research Report